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PubMed1997

Differential effects of baseline macronutrient preferences on macronutrient selection after galanin, NPY, and an overnight fast.

Rats display individual patterns of fat and carbohydrate intakes when allowed to self-select among individual macronutrient diets. We investigated whether these individual preferences in macronutrient selection could be modified by an overnight fast or by two orexigenic peptides, galanin and neuropeptide Y (NPY), which may selectively stimulate fat and carbohydrate intake. Rats were grouped by preference based on the ratio of average baseline fat:carbohydrate intake. In counterbalanced tests conducted on separate days, saline, galanin, or NPY was infused into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and 60-min food intake was measured. When the macronutrient intakes were expressed as percent of total caloric intake, galanin administered into the PVN did not increase fat consumption compared to saline injection in either preference group. NPY slightly enhanced the proportion of carbohydrate intake, but only in carbohydrate-preferring rats. When all three feeding stimuli were compared to baseline preferences, the only condition that significantly altered macronutrient selection was an overnight fast, which augmented fat intake. These data demonstrate that baseline preferences for fat or carbohydrate are not significantly modified by galanin or NPY but that an overnight fast increases fat preference.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

Iron deficiency among active men.

Iron deficiency in active men is well documented. To assess the relative importance of dietary iron intake, iron absorption, and iron loss in the pathogenesis of this iron deficiency, we compared a group of iron-deficient athletes to a group with normal iron stores. Iron absorption was assessed by an iron tolerance test. Serum haptoglobin was used as a measure of hemolysis. The presence of hemoglobinuria reflected urinary iron loss. Iron intake was determined by a 3-day dietary record as well as a food frequency questionnaire. Results showed iron absorption to be inversely correlated with iron stores. Iron-deficient athletes had higher absorption, suggesting a normal regulation mechanism. Major hemolysis (serum haptoglobin below 40 mg/dl) was found in 28% of subjects with no relationship to iron stores. No hemoglobinuria was detected after a usual training session. Iron intake was elevated in relation to high caloric intake, but iron intake in the form of meat was lower in iron-deficient athletes, as compared to those with normal or repleted iron stores. It is our opinion that inadequate iron intake is an important determinant of iron deficiency in athletes.

Absorption↗
PubMed1994

Protein intake and risk of renal cell cancer.

BACKGROUND: Renal cell cancer, although still relatively uncommon, has been increasing in incidence in the United States and other countries around the world. PURPOSE: Since previous studies have suggested an association with high intake of meat, we sought to further examine the role of diet in renal cell cancer risk. METHODS: Patients with histologically confirmed renal cell cancer that had been diagnosed between July 1, 1988, and December 31, 1990, were identified through the Minnesota Cancer Surveillance System, a statewide cancer registry. The patients eligible for inclusion in this study were white residents of Minnesota between 20 and 79 years of age. Control subjects were selected from the general population of Minnesota residents; subjects under age 65 were selected by use of a random-digit-dialing method and those 65 years or older were sampled from the Health Care Financing Administration files. Population-based control subjects were frequency-matched to cases by sex and 5-year age groups. A total of 690 patients and 707 control subjects were interviewed. Patients and control subjects were similar in distribution by sex, age, and educational level. Usual adult dietary intakes were assessed by questionnaire, and odds ratios were calculated by logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Significantly increased risks of renal cell cancer were observed with increasing consumption of several food groups, including red meat (P for trend = .05), high-protein foods (P = .01), and staple (grains, breads, and potatoes) foods (P = .009). When examined by macronutrient status, risks increased monotonically with the amount of protein intake, from 1.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.7-1.9) to 1.4 (95% CI = 0.8-2.5) and 1.9 (95% CI = 1.0-3.6) (P for trend = .03) in the second, third, and fourth quartiles of intake, respectively, after adjustment for age, sex, caloric intake, body mass index, and cigarette smoking. No significant or consistent associations were detected with the intake of other dietary nutrients or beverages. CONCLUSION: Although an independent effect of dietary protein has not been previously associated with renal cell cancer, high protein consumption has been related to development of other chronic renal conditions that may predispose an individual to this cancer. IMPLICATION: These findings should prompt further study of dietary protein and its potential contribution to the origins of renal cell cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Influence of some covariates on the reproducibility of an Italian semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire.

We studied the influence of age, sex, education and time between interviews on the reproducibility of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) developed in Italy for a case-control study on cancers of the breast and digestive tract. The questionnaire had been administered twice to 452 Italian men and women and included the weekly consumption of 77 food items or groups of foods, seven summary questions and three questions on some general dietary habits. Spearman correlation coefficients for the 77 dietary items plus the seven summary questions did not differ between males (median 0.61) and females (median 0.58), volunteers younger than 50 years (median 0.58) and aged 50 or more (median 0.59), volunteers with fewer than 10 years of education (median 0.58) and with 10 or more (median 0.59). A slightly higher Spearman correlation coefficient was found when the two interviews were conducted 5-6 months apart (median 0.60) or more than 6 (median 0.59) than when less than 5 (median 0.55). Similarly, Pearson correlation coefficients for the intake of 27 nutrients or micronutrients, plus caloric intake, computed from the FFQ showed no differences between males (median 0.65) and females (median 0.64), two age groups (median 0.67 for subjects aged < 50 years and 0.65 for those aged > or = 50), and two educational levels (median 0.68 for < 10 years and 0.65 for > or = 10 years). The median Pearson correlation coefficient for nutrients was slightly higher for those subjects who were interviewed with the planned interval (5-6 months, median 0.71) than when the interval was shorter (median 0.57) or longer (median 0.64).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Maternal prenatal dietary potassium, calcium, magnesium, and infant blood pressure.

We studied the association between the prenatal diets of 212 mothers assessed by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and the blood pressure of their infants. Prenatal potassium, calcium, and magnesium intakes were measured and adjusted for total caloric intake. Infant blood pressure was measured at 2-3 days and at 1, 6, and 12 months of age by using an ultrasonic-auscultatory device and was adjusted for cuff size, observer, and sleep/activity status, age in days in neonates, and weight at 6 and 12 months. Maternal prenatal potassium intake was inversely related to diastolic pressure at 6 months (r = -0.28, p less than 0.01) and at 12 months (r = -0.30, p less than 0.05). After adjustment for neonatal breast versus formula feeding, maternal prenatal calcium intake was inversely related to systolic blood pressure at 1 month (r = -0.21, p less than 0.01), and to diastolic blood pressure at 6 months (r = -0.27, p less than 0.01) and 12 months (r = -0.24, p less than 0.05). Maternal prenatal magnesium intake was inversely related to 6-month systolic blood pressure (r = -0.20, p less than 0.05). In multivariable models with all three cations, maternal prenatal potassium intake was independently and inversely related to diastolic blood pressure at 6 and 12 months. Maternal prenatal calcium intake was independently related to 1-month systolic and 6-month diastolic blood pressure. Age-specific infant blood pressure differences between the upper and lower quartiles of maternal prenatal cation intakes ranged from 3 to 7 mm Hg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1990

Nutritional intake and status of clients in the home with open surgical wounds.

The purpose of this study was to determine (a) whether the nutritional intake of patients at home with wounds healing by secondary intention was adequate to support healing, and (b) the nutritional status of these patients. Nineteen subjects with a mean age of 65.3 years were accrued. Of the 17 subjects for whom nutritional intake data were available, 16 had insufficient caloric intake to support healing and over half had less than the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) of protein. Using the RDA as a conservative measure of vitamin and mineral need with injury, Vitamin C intake was decreased in approximately one third of the subjects, while all but one had decreased zinc intake. Over two thirds of the subjects reported a decrease from their usual weight and all the subjects measured had triceps skin fold (TSF) and mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) which were below the first and second Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (HANES I & II) median. Mean serum albumin of the sample was below normal. The nutritional intake of these patients needs increased attention. Community health nurses (CHNs) need to assess nutritional status and monitor the intake of patients with wounds. Future research needs to address why intake is decreased and test strategies to increase oral intake.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Sodium intake from meals and snacks consumed by college students.

This investigation was designed to compute the total sodium intake from meals and snacks consumed by selected college students. Most students used carbonated beverages, candies, gums, cookies, and salted snack items. They consumed salted snack items mostly as evening snacks. Mean sodium intake was found to be 3,904 mg. for men and 2,628 mg. for women, without taking into consideration the use of table salt. Sodium density per kilocalorie per day was 1.40 and 1.41 for men and women, respectively, suggesting that the differences in intakes were due to women's lower caloric intake. Sodium intake was greater from regular meals than from snack foods. Evening snacks contributed more to the daily sodium intake than morning and afternoon snacks. It can be concluded that sodium intake of college students needs careful assessment. According to the Food and Nutrition Board, the most effective way to maintain intake within the suggested range is to reduce the amount of salt added at table or in cooking and to reduce moderately the selection of obviously salty foods (9). College students need to be made aware of the sodium content of foods they select for lunch, dinner, and evening snacks, as well as the amount of salt they add at the table.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Interaction between dietary pattern and alcohol intake on the risk of liver cirrhosis. The Provincial Group for the Study of Chronic Liver Disease.

In order to assess the inter-relationship between nutritional intake and alcohol consumption on the risk of liver cirrhosis we performed a hospital-based retrospective case-control study. We enrolled 115 cases admitted to hospital for liver decompensation at their first diagnosis of liver cirrhosis and 167 hospital controls without evidence of liver disease admitted for acute diseases unrelated to alcohol intake. Daily alcohol intake and average nutrient intake were measured throughout the patient's life, using a reproducible questionnaire. No dose-effect relationship was found between nutrient intake and risk of cirrhosis using classical association statistical methods. We then corrected the intake of each nutrient for the total caloric intake and this energy-adjusted nutrient intake was used in a logistic regression model together with alcohol intake, viral B and C hepatitis markers, age and gender. Using this approach, carbohydrates intake were shown to have a protective effect on the risk of cirrhosis, whereas saturated lipid intake had a significant multiplicative effect on the risk associated with alcohol consumption. By comparison with the teetotalers category who had an average daily intake of saturated fatty acids lower than 40.3 g (reference category; OR = 1), drinkers of more than 100 g ethanol per day showed ORs ranging from 14.2 (95% confidence interval 2.0-101.0) for consumers of less than 40.3 g fatty acid per day, to 39.0 (95% confidence interval 5.0-305.1) for consumers of more than 40.4 g fatty acid per day. In conclusion we give additional evidence on the relationship between diet and risk of cirrhosis, whereby saturated lipid intake multiplies the risk associated with alcohol intake. However, caution should be used to interpret such results, since they seem to suggest that diet but not a particular nutrient can modify the effect of alcohol on the risk of cirrhosis. The present lack of agreement on the mechanisms and the nutrients involved in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury should stimulate wider epidemiological studies using modern nutritional techniques.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1996

[A case control study of the relationship between diet and breast cancer in a sample from 3 Spanish hospital populations. Effects of food, energy and nutrient intake].

A case-control study was conducted to analyze the possible role of diet on the incidence of breast cancer in a group of 275 women (139 cases and 136 controls) recruited from three hospital populations (Madrid, Mérida, and Santiago de Compostela). The retrospective intake of foods was studied by a modified dietary history; from this the intake of energy, nutrients, fiber, and alcohol was derived. Intake of oils and fats was significantly higher among cases, which translates into a higher intake of lipids and vitamin E. In contrast, intake of vitamin D and legumes was significantly lower. No differences were observed regarding other foods and nutrients between cases and controls. The estimate of the odds ratio as a relative risk measure for breast cancer, adjusted and unadjusted for total energy, indicates that intake of cereals and legumes, proteins, carbohydrates and fiber is apparently a protective factor, whereas an excessive intake of meat, oils and fats and a lipid intake higher than 46% of the total caloric intake or poly-unsaturated fatty acids higher than 15 g would be a risk factor for this pathology.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Aid to decision for nutritional support in chronic digestive diseases].

In patients with chronic gastro-intestinal disease, deciding whether or not to provide nutritional support is difficult. The aim of the present study was to develop an objective index to help clinicians to decide which patients should be treated with nutritional support. Two hundred and two patients were studied prospectively. Seventy-one had an inflammatory bowel disease, 51, a malabsorption syndrome, 59, an esophagogastric disorder, and 21, a pancreatic disease. On admission, nutritional status was assessed by anthropometric and biological measurements, and spontaneous oral caloric intake. Clinical assessment of the nutritional condition was performed by an independent observer. Using discriminant analysis, collected data were correlated to the therapeutic outcome of the patient during the 15 days after admission, i. e. whether or not they received nutritional support. Clinical global assessment proved to be the most discriminant variable: 83 p. 100 of the patients were correctly classified. This variable was deleted from further analysis to obtain an objective index, calculated with four variables: mid-arm muscle circumference, body weight, serum albumin, and caloric oral intake expressed as kcal X IBW kg-1 X day-1. The index classified correctly 84 p. 100 of the patients. This study demonstrates that subjective clinical assessment is the best variable to decide whether or not a gastrointestinal patient should receive nutritional support. We suggest that this index might be of help in these situations.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed2006

Diverse basal and stress-related phenotypes of Sprague Dawley rats from three vendors.

Based on observed phenotypic differences in growth and ACTH responses to stress in Sprague Dawley rats obtained from different vendors, we ran head-to-head comparisons on rats obtained from three different vendors, Harlan, Charles River, and Simonsen, with respect to baseline phenotypic differences and a metabolic feedback hypothesis of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) regulation. Charles River and Harlan rats gained weight faster than Simonsen rats, but chow intake standardized for body weight was not increased, consistent with their greater caloric efficiency. Weight gain was inversely related with mean daily temperatures, without differences in activity levels. Half of the animals given lard and 32% sucrose solutions in addition to chow increased caloric intake and core temperature, decreased caloric efficiency, and increased fat depots, leptin, and in Simonsen rats, insulin. A 5-day regimen of once-daily 2-h restraint decreased feeding and caloric efficiency. Rats from two vendors with the availability of sucrose and lard, Charles River and Simonsen, showed blunted HPA responses to restraint compared to chow controls, whereas the Harlans exhibited no adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) response and an amplified adrenocortical response on the high-energy diet compared to chow controls. Substantial phenotypic differences exist between Sprague Dawley rats from different vendors with respect to metabolism and HPA function. The metabolic feedback hypothesis was supported in two of the three vendors' rats.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1994

[Can malnutrition be prevented in patients on chronic extracorporeal dialysis?].

In the attempt to prevent malnutrition, a seven year longitudinal evaluation was carried out in 24 RDT patients in order to assess the efficacy of the following strategy: 1) Counseling for an adequate physical activity and a high caloric intake limiting dietary restrictions to fluids, salt and fruit. 2) Improvement of anemia by increasing dialysis dose and/or by administering EPO. 3) The use of high UF HDF in order to employ more biocompatible membranes and to improve small and middle molecules removal. Nutritional status was assessed by a biochemical screening and by evaluating the variations of dry body weight (BW), which had to be also confirmed by a normal cardiac volume. Moreover in all patients a 4 consecutive days dietary record was obtained one year before the end of the observation period. During this period the mean dry BW increased significantly except in the two last years, when it remained stable. The increase of BW was associated with a reduced incidence of hypertension, a significant increase of Hb and reduction of BUN and sCr. The remaining biochemical parameters were constantly in the normal range. The dietary record showed a mean caloric-proteic intake similar to that recommended for the general population. These data point out that the above strategy can prevent malnutrition in patients on RDT. It must be confirmed whether the use of more biocompatible membranes and the removal of the middle molecules can play an important role in this setting.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

[The dietary score as a simplified methodology in processing and analyzing food consumption data].

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the dietary score as a valid and rapid alternative procedure for the processing and analysis of food consumption data in Guatemala. The dietary score consists in assigning points to a diet based upon the number of servings the diet provides of each one of the eight groups in which food has been classified. The size of the serving for each food receiving points was estimated based on available data describing the food pattern of Guatemala. The caloric contribution of each of the eight groups to the total caloric intake was also calculated, and information on the caloric and nutrient needs of the Guatemalan population is discussed. In this communication, the dietary score was compared to the percentage of adequacy for energy and nutrients in 392 diets of women, and children between the ages of 24 and 60 months. Half of the dietaries were collected using the 24-hour recall method, while in the other half, the direct weighing method was used. Nutritional adequacy was estimated from food composition tables and based on the recommended energy and nutrient intake figures. In addition, by utilizing the adequacy indices for energy and nutrients, a binary variable was developed to describe the overall adequacy of the diet. This variable describes the probability a diet has of being adequate, given the dietary score obtained. In conclusion, the dietary score was found to be a valid, rapid and efficient alternative for the processing and evaluation of food consumption information, collected by means of either the direct weighing of foods or the 24-hour recall methods.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Nutritional risk factors for breast cancer.

The observation of large differences in breast cancer rates between countries has led to the hypothesis that excessive intake of dietary fat is an important risk factor for breast cancer in women. Case-control and prospective studies, however, generally have failed to show associations between dietary fat and breast cancer risk. There therefore is only weak evidence that modest reductions in fat intake (for instance to levels of 30% of caloric intake from fat) will reduce breast cancer risk. The possible benefits of lowering fat intake to levels substantially below 30% of calories will need to be tested in a randomized trial. In the meantime, the possible roles of micronutrient imbalances and childhood nutritional factors need to be studied better. Obesity is related to breast cancer in a complex way that suggests that a hormonal correlate of excessive body weight might affect breast cancer growth and metastasis. The potential benefit of intentional weight loss as an adjunct breast cancer treatment deserves further study. Many studies have suggested that drinking alcohol, even at modest levels, might increase breast cancer risk. Because the potential benefits of modest levels of alcohol for cardiovascular disease may outweigh the risk for breast cancer, recommendations for total alcohol abstinence may be premature for women with an average breast cancer risk. Women at unusually high risk for breast cancer who have a lower-than-average risk for cardiovascular disease, however, might make an informed decision to abstain from alcohol intake. Following current dietary advice to increase the amount of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains in the diet while reducing fats is certainly prudent for women to reduce their risk of several chronic disease, but current data points to the somber conclusion that such changes probably will have little effect on breast cancer risk.

Alcoholic Beverages↗
PubMed1988

Changes in rat parotid saliva protein composition following chronic reserpine treatment and their relation to inanition.

Chronic administration of the catecholamine-depleting agent, reserpine (0.5 mg/kg), resulted in a reduction in food intake after 3 days. To differentiate effects of the drug from those of reduced food intake a pair-fed group, whose daily caloric intake was restricted to the amount consumed by the reserpine-treated rats, was included. After 7 days, both the reserpine-treated and pair-fed control exhibited a marked reduction in the volume of saliva collected in a 30 min interval following a secretory stimulus compared to untreated ad libitum-fed controls, and the proportion of salivary proteins attributable to acidic and basic proline-rich proteins and to minor 1b protein were decreased whereas deoxyribonuclease was increased. For two of the salivary proteins (fractions I and V) changes for the reserpine-treated and pair-fed groups were different. Fraction I was reduced in both groups, but exhibited a greater decrease in the pair-fed than in the reserpine-treated, whereas fraction V was significantly increased only in the pair-fed group. Thus many of the salivary changes associated with reserpine treatment may have resulted from the change in feeding habits and not from reserpine treatment per se. The study demonstrates the importance of controlling for food intake under experimental circumstances which may lead to a marked change in daily feeding habits.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effects of parenteral L-carnitine supplementation on fat metabolism and nutrition in premature neonates.

The effects of parenteral L-carnitine supplementation on fat metabolism, nutrient intake, and plasma and erythrocyte carnitine concentrations were studied in 43 very low birth weight infants. Infants were randomly assigned to control or carnitine-supplemented (50 mumol/kg per day) groups within two weight categories: group 1, 750 to 1000 gm, and group 2, 1001 to 1500 gm. Plasma total, free, and acyl carnitine levels, erythrocyte carnitine levels, serum beta-hydroxybutyrate and triglyceride levels, and total fat intake were monitored weekly until 50% of total caloric intake was met enterally. Neonates receiving carnitine had higher plasma carnitine levels than control groups (total carnitine: group 1, 75.2 +/- 22.9 vs 9.6 +/- 2.7 mmol/ml; group 2, 61.6 +/- 31.2 vs 13.0 +/- 9.2 nmol/ml). Levels of beta-OH-butyrate decreased from baseline in control neonates (group 1, 0.12 +/- 0.06 to 0.03 +/- 0.02 mmol/L; group 2, 0.11 +/- 0.03 to 0.05 +/- 0.02 mmol/L); they remained unchanged in supplemented groups. Thus ketogenesis appeared less impaired in infants receiving supplements. Supplemented group 2 tolerated more fat than control group 2; triglyceride levels remained acceptable in all groups. Carnitine group 2 had greater weight gain than control group 2 during the first 2 weeks of life. We conclude that very low birth weight infants requiring prolonged parenteral nutrition have carnitine deficiency with impaired ketogenesis. Parenteral administration of carnitine appears to alleviate this metabolic disturbance.

Carnitine↗
PubMed1998

Effects of methysergide and loratadine on food intake, mood, and performance of humans living in a residential laboratory.

The effects of loratadine, a peripherally acting histamine (H1) antagonist, and methysergide, a serotonin (5-HT) antagonist, were evaluated in seven normal-weight, male research volunteers, participating in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, 17-day residential study. Participants received oral loratadine (10 or 20 mg), methysergide (4 or 8 mg), or placebo at 1000 and 1700 hours daily. Active drug was administered on Days 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 15, and 16; placebo was administered on all other days. Drug and dose order were counterbalanced across participants. Food intake, performance, and subjective ratings were measured repeatedly throughout the day. Loratadine had no effect on food intake, performance, or subjective ratings. In contrast, total caloric intake significantly decreased from approximately 3500 kcal during placebo administration to 3065 kcal on the first but not the second day of methysergide administration. Consumption of carbohydrate (p < 0.055), protein, and fat decreased on the first day of methysergide administration. This decrease in food intake was due to a decrease in meal size; the number of meals consumed was not affected. The proportion of calories derived from carbohydrates significantly increased on the first day of methysergide administration. Methysergide also significantly impaired performance of a psychomotor task on the first day of high-dose administration and increased ratings of several subjective measures, including "Vomiting," "Stomach Pain," and "Miserable." These results suggest that the anorectic effect occurred as a result of the somatic and mood changes produced by methysergide. In addition, the inability of loratadine to affect food intake indicates that antagonism of central histamine receptors may be responsible for the increases in food intake produced by other antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine).

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Effects of food deprivation on intake of solid and liquid sugars in the rat.

In free-feeding rats, glucose at 0.025 M or 2 M evokes a vigorous bout of drinking. Powdered sucrose evokes more feeding than would occur without it, but powdered glucose does not. Food deprivation has little effect on intake of 2 M glucose, but it markedly augments intake of the powders, which rises to caloric-intake values higher than that of the 2 M solution. This occurs even if the powders are offered only after solution intake has come to an end and at a time when it would remain inhibited. We conclude: 1. Some sweet-tasting commodities will evoke ingestive behavior in free-feeding rats, but others, some of them even sweeter, will not. 2. Solid carbohydrates follow different laws from concentrated carbohydrate solutions, in that the former, but not the latter, rise with deprivation. Intake of powders must therefore be limited or satiated by different and more permissive mechanisms from the ones that limit solution intake.

Animals↗