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PubMed1990

What does the cook and medley hostility scale measure? Affect, behavior, and attributions in the marital context.

The Cook and Medley (1954) Hostility (Ho) scale has been used in several important studies evaluating potential health consequences of hostility. A relative lack of compelling information about the construct validity of the Ho scale, however, has raised concerns about the appropriate interpretation of previous research. In this study, 60 married couples discussed a low conflict topic, a high conflict topic, and then a second low conflict topic. High Ho men responded to the high conflict topic with significant increases in self-reported anger and anxiety and overt hostile behavior, but low Ho men did not. Furthermore, compared to low Ho men, high Ho men blamed their wives more for their usual disagreements on the high conflict topic and saw their disagreement-engendering behavior as more intentional. Among women, Ho scores were weakly related only to overt hostile behavior. Finally, couples consisting of two low Ho persons displayed a uniquely agreeable interactional style.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Hostility patterns and health implications: correlates of Cook-Medley Hostility Scale scores in a national survey.

Correlated Cook-Medley Hostility Scale (Ho) scores with sociodemographic variables in a national survey of 2,536 adults. Multiple regression models revealed that Ho scores were associated with race (p less than .0001), years of education (p less than .001), sex (p less than .001), occupation (p = .0002), and income (p = .0025). Higher scores were found in non-Whites, men, and those of lower socioeconomic status. There was a Race x Income interaction (p less than .005), such that the greatest Ho score differences between the races occurred among those with the lowest incomes. Age was related to Ho scores in a curvilinear fashion: higher scores in the youngest and oldest age groups than in the middle-aged groups (p = .025). Marital status was unrelated to Ho scores. These patterns of hostility are similar to the patterns of health indicators in the population. Because hostility has been found to be associated with adverse health outcomes, hostility may account for some of the demographic variations in health status. However, it is argued that research must first establish the generality of the hostility-health relationship across subgroups of the population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

What's so unhealthy about hostility? Construct validity and psychosocial correlates of the Cook and Medley Ho scale.

The Cook and Medley (1954) Hostility (Ho) scale, a measure of hostility derived from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), was recently found in one cross-sectional study to be related to the severity of coronary artery disease and in two prospective studies to predict the development of coronary heart disease. Unfortunately, little information is available to clarify the meaning of the scale, and little is known about the psychosocial characteristics of individuals with high Ho scores. As a result, interpretation of the previous studies is difficult. Our two studies attempted to address these concerns. In Study 1, the Ho scale demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity. Data indicated that the scale primarily assesses suspiciousness, resentment, frequent anger, and cynical distrust of others rather than overtly aggressive behavior or general emotional distress. In Study 2, individuals with high scores displayed comparatively more anger, less hardiness, more frequent and severe hassles, and fewer and less satisfactory social supports. Thus, we propose that the Ho scale assesses cynical hostility and conclude that high scores are associated with a particularly unhealthy psychosocial risk profile. These findings refine our understanding of the Ho scale and assist in the interpretation of previous studies using this measure.

Anger↗
PubMed2000

Prevalence, characterization and growth of Bacillus cereus in commercial cooked chilled foods containing vegetables.

In cooked-chilled and pasteurized vegetable products, initial numbers of Bacillus cereus were below 10 cfu g-1. Before the appearance of spoilage, numbers reached 6-8 log cfu g-1 at 20 degrees C and 4-6 log cfu g-1 at 10 degrees C. Bacillus cereus was not detected in samples stored at 4 degrees C. Ten percent of strains isolated from the products were able to grow at 5 degrees C and 63% at 10 degrees C. Bacillus cereus strains unable to degrade starch, a feature linked to the production of emetic toxin, did not grow at 10 degrees C and had a higher heat resistance at 90 degrees C. Using immunochemical assays, enterotoxin was detected in the culture supernatant fluid of 97.5% of the strains. All culture supernatant fluids were cytotoxic but important variations in the level of activity were found. Psychrotrophic isolates of B. cereus were unable to grow in courgette broth at 7 degrees C whereas they grew in a rich laboratory medium. At 10 degrees C, these isolates grew in both media but lag time in courgette broth was 20-fold longer than in the rich laboratory medium.

Bacillus cereus↗
PubMed2001

Atmospheric pressure and sudden infant death syndrome in Cook County, Chicago.

We investigated daily deaths from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in Cook County, Chicago, from 1 January 1986 to 31 December 1990. The daily SIDS rate was 0.54 deaths/day. Mean daily atmospheric pressure ranged from 952 to 1007 mb. We found a weak link with barometric pressure, whereby an increase of 10 mb was associated with an increased risk of 12% [95% CI 0.1%, 24%]. Cross-tabulation revealed that the highest SIDS rates were associated with a drop from high to low pressure. Possible reasons for this are discussed.

Atmospheric Pressure↗
PubMed1999

Cancer chemopreventive mechanisms of tea against heterocyclic amine mutagens from cooked meat.

Cooking meat and fish under normal conditions produces heterocyclic amine mutagens, several of which have been shown to induce colon tumors in experimental animals. In our search for natural dietary components that might protect against these mutagens, it was found that green tea and black tea inhibit the formation of heterocyclic amine-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the rat. Since ACF are considered to be putative preneoplastic lesions, we examined the inhibitory mechanisms of tea against the heterocyclic amines. In the initial studies using the Salmonella mutagenicity assay, green tea and black tea inhibited according to the concentration of tea leaves during brewing and the time of brewing; a 2-3-min brew of 5% green tea (w/v) was sufficient for >90% antimutagenic activity. N-hydroxylated heterocyclic amines, which are direct-acting mutagens in Salmonella, were inhibited by complete tea beverage and by individual components of tea, such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Inhibition did not involve enhanced mutagen degradation, and EGCG and other catechins complexed only weakly with the mutagens, suggesting electrophile scavenging as an alternative mechanism. Enzymes that contribute to the metabolic activation of heterocyclic amines, namely microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and N, O-acetyltransferase, were inhibited by tea in vitro. Studies in vivo established that tea also induces cytochromes P450 and Phase II enzymes in a manner consistent with the rapid metabolism and excretion of heterocyclic amines. Collectively, the results indicate that tea possesses anticarcinogenic activity in the colon, and this most likely involves multiple inhibitory mechanisms.

Amines↗
PubMed1990

Prehistoric extinction of birds on Mangaia, Cook Islands, Polynesia.

Mangaia (Cook Islands) consists of a weathered volcanic interior encircled by limestones known as the makatea. Excavations at Tangatatau Rockshelter (site MAN-44), located on the inner cliff of the makatea, produced a stratified sequence of Polynesian artifacts and faunal remains ranging from A.D. 1000-1100 to A.D. 1500-1600. Resident species of birds represented at MAN-44 include nine seabirds (at least three extirpated on Mangaia) and 12 land birds (eight extirpated or extinct). Seven of the extinct/extirpated land birds are confined to the site's four lowest stratigraphic zones, which represent the first 200-300 yr of human occupation at MAN-44. During this time, human exploitation of vertebrates switched from primarily native land birds to almost exclusively small reef fish, domesticates (chickens, pigs), and commensals (rats). Sediment cores from a lake 0.9 km from MAN-44 show clear palynological and stratigraphic signals of human presence on Mangaia, especially forest clearance of the volcanic interior, beginning at 1600 yr B.P. The rugged makatea must have provided a forest refuge for birds during the first 700 yr of human presence, after which Mangaians exploited the previously little used makatea because forest resources (trees, other plants, birds) had been depleted on the now badly eroded volcanic interior. MAN-44 is the oldest archaeological site known on Mangaia. Whether other species of birds were lost in the period of human activity that preceded occupation of MAN-44 remains to be seen.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

The influence of crop management on banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) populations and yield of highland cooking banana (cv. Atwalira) in Uganda.

A field study was undertaken in Uganda using highland cooking banana (cv. Atwalira) to test the hypothesis that bananas grown under stressed conditions are more susceptible to attack by Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar). Four banana treatments were employed to create different levels of host-plant vitality: (1) high stress: intercrop with finger millet; (2) moderate stress: monoculture without soil amendments; (3) low stress: monoculture with manure; (4) high vigour: monoculture with continuous mulch and manure. Adult C. sordidus were released at the base of banana mats 11 months after planting and populations were monitored for three years using mark and recapture methods. Cosmopolites sordidus density was greatest in the mulched plots which may have reflected increased longevity and/or longer tenure time in moist soils. Lowest C. sordidus numbers were found in intercropped banana. Damage, estimated as percentage corm tissue consumed by larvae, was similar among treatments. However, the total amount of tissue consumed was greater in mulched banana than in other systems. Plants supporting the heaviest levels of C. sordidus damage displayed bunch size reductions of 40-55%. Banana yield losses ranged from 14-20% per plot with similar levels in the intercropped and mulched systems. Yield reductions, reported as t ha-1, were twice as high in the mulched system as in the intercrop. The results from this study indicate that C. sordidus problems are not confined to stressed banana systems or those with low levels of management, but that the weevil can also attain pest status in well-managed and productive banana stands.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Complex carbohydrate digestion and large bowel fermentation in rats given wholemeal bread and cooked haricot beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) fed in mixed diets.

The digestion of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and of resistant starch (RS) by rats fed on wholemeal-bread-based diets containing 0-450 g cooked, freeze-dried haricot beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)/kg diet was measured over the final 14 d of a 21 d feeding experiment. The bread and beans provided all the dietary polysaccharide. RS could not be detected consistently in faeces and it was assumed that this fraction was entirely fermented in the large bowel (LB). NSP digestibilities were 0.56 and 0.86 for wholemeal bread and beans respectively with no evidence that the dietary presence of beans affected digestibility of bread NSP. Bean non-cellulosic polysaccharides were highly digestible with values of 0.98, 0.88 and 0.99 for arabinose, xylose and uronic acids components respectively. There were large increases in organic matter flow to the LB when beans were fed which was associated with marked caecal hypertrophy and alterations in caecal volatile fatty acids (VFA) pattern. Calculated VFA absorption from the LB was 5-fold higher with the highest level of beans and this was reflected in higher concentrations of VFA in portal and heart blood.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Digestive adaptations of rats given white bread and cooked haricot beans (Phaseolus vulgaris): large-bowel fermentation and digestion of complex carbohydrates.

Two experiments were carried out to examine the short (1-3 d) and medium (14 d) term adaptations of rat large-bowel (LB) fermentation to alterations in substrate supply brought about by including cooked haricot beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in diets based on white bread. Changes in organic matter (OM) flow from the ileum occurred within 1 d and were stable for 14 d but the pattern of caecal short-chain fatty acids took much longer to stabilize with considerable increases in butyrate between 1 and 3 d and up to 14 d. This suggests that the metabolic activity of the LB microflora may take a considerable time to stabilize after an abrupt change in substrate supply. Despite an almost fourfold change in OM supply to the LB, the proportion of this OM apparently fermented in that organ (0.46) remained fairly constant. None of the apparent resistant starch measured in the diets could be detected in faeces. Dietary non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) were extensively fermented with similar values (0.82) for both bread and bean NSP and there was little indication of any interaction between the two diet components on NSP fermentation. An attempt was made to fractionate ileal and faecal OM to provide a basis for a quantitative model of LB stoichiometry.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1990

Cognitive, behavioral, and affective correlates of the Cook and Medley Hostility Scale.

The Cook and Medley Hostility (Ho) Scale is an increasingly important measure in studies examining health consequences of hostility. The two studies discussed herein provide further evidence of the construct validity of this measure. In Study 1, high Ho scores were associated with a greater level of aroused anger and disparaging appraisals of subjects' partners in a competitive reaction-time game as well as marginally more frequent antagonistic behavior. In Study 2, high Ho scores were associated with greater levels of angry and suspicious thoughts and feelings in response to hypothetical interpersonal conflicts and the tendency to attribute hostile intent to actors' displays of negative social behaviors. These findings are consistent with previous conceptual descriptions of the cognitive, behavioral, and affective correlates of hostility. The results are discussed in terms of interpretation of studies using the Ho scale and possible refinements of the measure.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychometric testing of the adolescent version of the Cook-Medley hostility scale.

Hostility, a phenomenon that has been linked to cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality, is often measured by the Cook-Medley hostility (Ho) scale. Although there is an adolescent version of the Ho scale, it has had little testing with only Anglo-American samples. This pilot study tested the reliability and validity of the adolescent version of the Ho scale with a multiethnic sample of adolescents. Sixty adolescents participated. Reliability was measured using Chronbach's alpha. The Ho scale was correlated with the Speilberger State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (1988) scales to determine concurrent validity. A factor analysis assessed construct validity; content validity was assessed by analyzing tape-recorded descriptions of a circumstance that provoked anger, as remembered by each adolescent. Internal consistency reliability was .75. The hostility measure was most highly correlated with anger expression (r = .62, p = .000) and trait anger (r = .50, p = .000). The factor analysis generated three factors (suspicious alienation, cynical aggression and justified mistrust), that accounted for 34.5% of the variance. The content analysis resulted in five anger-provoking themes: aggression, unfulfilled personal expectations, mistrust/lying, criticism of effort, and rejection. The majority of items in the scale (74%) were related to one of the themes.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An investigation of the availability of 137Cs and 239 + 240Pu for gut absorption in winkles following cooking and in vitro simulated gastro-intestinal digestion.

The consumption of plutonium, americium and radiocaesium in locally collected shellfish is an important contributor to the radiation dose received by seafood consumers living in West Cumbria. Only a small fraction of the actinide activity is assumed to be absorbed via the gut whilst it is assumed that all the radiocaesium is. Solubilization studies reported here using an in vitro digestion method support the former assumption but not the latter, suggesting that the proportion of the 137Cs available for absorption could be significantly smaller than unity where a large percentage of the ingested Cs is adsorbed onto inorganic sedimentary material. Such a situation arises near the Sellafield nuclear-reprocessing plant where a high proportion of the radiocaesium (and plutonium) in the winkles collected locally and subsequently cooked is associated with inorganic particulate matter.

Biological Availability↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Residual levels of free and total sulphite in fresh and cooked burgers.

Forty samples of fresh and fried burgers were analysed. A habitual use and often abuse of sulphites was detected. In the case of the uncooked samples, 62.5% contained residual levels of total SO2 above 450 micrograms/g. The frying process was found to lead to a mean reduction of 36.8 +/- 11.1% in the case of free sulphite and of 40.9 +/- 12.6% for total sulphite. This reduction was independent of the concentration of sulphite present and did not seem to be related to the type of meat used. Most burgers cooked in restaurants were found to contain sulphites, sometimes at elevated levels. The HPLC analytical method for the determination of sulphite contents in burgers, previously applied to fresh sausages, was compared with the optimized Monier-Williams method. The results obtained with both methods in the determination of total SO2 were found to have the same precision although there were significant differences in the contents of additive (p < 0.05).

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Lead and other metals distribution in local cooking salt from the Fofi salt- spring in Akwana, Middle Benue Trough, Nigeria.

Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) technique has been used to determine the concentrations of lead(Pb) and other heavy metals in local cooking salts (LCS) from Akwana village, Middle Benue Trough, Nigeria. The comparison of the distribution of these metals in LCS, 'fake' salt (FS) and the usual common salts (CS) are given. Lead was found to be enriched in LCS by factor exceeding 200 times compared to the other salts. The origin of Pb contamination in the LCS is examined and its effects on the inhabitants of the village are considered.

Food Contamination↗
PubMed2002

High-oleic and high-stearic cottonseed oils: nutritionally improved cooking oils developed using gene silencing.

Gene technology and plant breeding are combining to provide powerful means for modifying the composition of oilseeds to improve their nutritional value and provide the functional properties required for various food oil applications. Major alterations in the proportions of individual fatty acids have been achieved in a range of oilseeds using conventional selection, induced mutation and, more recently, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). In particular, a number of high-oleic oils have been developed in order to provide high-stability cooking oils. These oils provide the opportunity to replace the current widespread use of saturated fats and hydrogenated oils that contribute significantly to increased risk of cardiovascular disease due to the effect of saturated and trans-fatty acids on elevating LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream. Similarly, oils with increased stearic acid content are being developed to enable the production of solid fats without the need for hydrogenation. We have recently applied hpRNA-mediated PTGS in cotton to down-regulate key fatty acid desaturase genes and develop nutritionally-improved high-oleic (HO) and high-stearic (HS) cottonseed oils (CSOs). Silencing of the ghFAD2-1 delta12-desaturase gene raised oleic acid content from 13% to 78% and silencing of the ghSAD-1 delta9-desaturase gene substantially increased stearic acid from the normal level of 2% to as high as 40%. Additionally, palmitic acid was significantly lowered from 26% to 15% in both HO and HS lines. Intercrossing the HS and HO lines resulted in a wide range of unique intermediate combinations of palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic contents. The oxidative stability, flavor characteristics and physical properties of these novel CSOs are currently being evaluated by food technologists.

Cottonseed Oil↗
PubMed2000

Reliability of sweat-testing by the Macroduct collection method combined with conductivity analysis in comparison with the classic Gibson and Cooke technique.

UNLABELLED: This study was to ascertain the reliability of sweat-testing by the Macroduct collection method combined with conductivity analysis (MCS) compared with the Gibson and Cooke technique (GCT). Sweat stimulation by pilocarpine iontophoresis was identical for both procedures, sweat being collected for 30 min on a filter paper on one forearm and in the coil of the Macroduct collector on the other. Chloride, sodium and potassium concentrations were chemically analysed both on paper-eluted and tube-collected sweat; the latter was also analysed using a conductivity analyser. Chemical analyses were compared with conductivity analyses. This prospective study was carried out on 318 subjects with MCS (118 CFs, 200 controls) and on 305 of them with the GCT (113 CFs, 192 controls). The pilocarpine iontophoresis produced adequate sweat in 96.4% of collections with GCT and in 90.9% with the MCS. Sensitivity and specificity of the Macroduct/conductivity system were comparable to the GCT. No patient detected by the GCT technique was considered negative by conductivity, but one GCT positive was "borderline" with the MCS. Six non-CF subjects identified as negative by the GCT (3.3%) were in the borderline range with the MCS. CONCLUSION: Sweat-testing by the MCS has acceptable sensitivity and specificity when performed by trained CF sweat-testing technicians. Additional studies will be required to find out if these results can be confirmed in small clinics and hospitals where testing is done infrequently. Wherever the MCS is used all positive or borderline results should be confirmed by the GCT at a reference Cystic Fibrosis Center.

Adolescent↗