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PubMedDate not supplied

Virus-provoked rhinitis in patients who have allergies.

The most common illnesses in humans are the respiratory tract infections caused by viruses. When limited to the upper respiratory region, these infections often are designated as "a common cold." Viruses commonly associated with these upper respiratory infections (URI) include rhinoviruses (RVs), respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, corona virus, and adenoviruses. Clinical observations have suggested that patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma experience more pronounced symptoms during a viral URI than patients who do not have allergies and who are infected with the same virus under similar circumstances. Using an experimental virus infection model in human volunteers with and without allergic rhinitis, several groups of clinical investigators have studied the effects of experimental RV infections. These observations indicate that the experimental virus infection may induce host responses that provoke enhanced immunoglobulin E (IgE) synthesis. Whether this translates into enhanced symptoms has been suggested in one study but not in another. This article will review these studies, which suggest that it is the host response to the virus and not the virus itself that plays the major role in symptom pathogenesis.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of the bactericidal activity of povidone-iodine and commercially available gargle preparations.

OBJECTIVE: Encouragement of gargling is important for the control of opportunistic and community-acquired infections. In hospitals, a povidone-iodine (PVP-I) gargle is used frequently. However, at pharmacies in the community a variety of gargles containing various ingredients are now available. In view of this, we conducted a study to compare the bactericidal activities of a PVP-I gargle with those of other commercially available gargles. In addition, we asked about the feeling after use by questionnaire. At middle schools in our city, we investigated whether the encouragement to use the PVP-I gargle had an effect on the absence rate from school due to common cold and influenza. METHODS: In vitro, using 3 strains of gram-positive and 4 strains of gram-negative bacteria as the test strains, the bactericidal activities of the PVP-I, chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) and cetylpiridium chloride gargles (CPC) were compared by the contact test method. In vivo, with subjects in groups of 6 each, the reduction rate in the oral bacterial count after gargling as compared to the baseline count before gargling was determined and compared among the 3 gargling agents used. In addition, a questionnaire study was conducted to compare the feeling after use of the 3 gargling agents. Whether the absence rate due to common cold and influenza changed by encouraging the use of the PVP-I gargle was determined by comparing a middle school where the PVP-I gargle was used and other middle schools where it was not. RESULTS: (1) PVP-I killed all the test strains after 30 s of exposure. (2) The mean reduction rate in bacterial count immediately after gargling was 99.4% for PVP-I, 59.7% for CHG and 97.0% for CPC. (3) Findings of the questionnaire study revealed that the PVP-I gargle was evaluated highest in terms of taste, feeling after gargling and odor among all the gargles tested. (4) At the middle school where the use of the PVP-I gargle was encouraged, the absence rate due to common cold and influenza was significantly lower as compared to those at middle schools where another gargle was used. CONCLUSION: Of the 3 gargles tested, PVP-I showed the highest bactericidal rate and the highest reduction rate in oral bacterial count. Encouragement of the use of the PVP-I gargle contributed to the decrease in absence rates due to common cold and influenza, indicating that encouragement of gargling with PVP-I is useful for the prevention of common cold and influenza.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Health diary study on illness in rural northeast Thailand.

A health diary was used for measurement of illnesses in the northeast rural area of Thailand during the month of November, 1992. Target population were villagers residing in 12 villages which were randomly selected from 2 districts in Khon Kaen province. Three hundred forty-five households (1690 subjects) were selected for the study from all households in those 12 villages. The sample represented 22.2% of all households. Each respondent was instructed how to record illness which may occur among family members during the observation period. Demonstration of recording was performed as well to ensure uniform reporting. Frequency of ill persons among the 1690 members of the selected 345 households was 299 persons (17.7%) in 333 episodes. The ratio of males to females for the reported illnesses was 1:1.18. The most common illnesses were common cold, fever, and abdominal pain, which occurred in 78, 59, and 47 episodes, respectively, followed by headache, and cough. According to the WHO international classification of diseases, diseases of the respiratory system were prevalent (26.1% of total episodes). Types of illness among age groups 0-1 years and 2-5 years were common cold followed by fever. The others two age groups; 16-45, 46-65 years were ill with abdominal pain as the first rank followed by common cold. Fever and common cold were the most frequent illness in age group 6-15 years and the elderly respectively.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

The relationship between nasal and middle ear pathology.

The results are presented of a prospective clinical-epidemiological study in 2069 healthy children 2 1/2-6 years of age, to determine the epidemiology of SOM and the role of some predisposing factors. Only the study of rhinological parameters is presented in this report. It was demonstrated that there is a very strong correlation between the annual incidence of common colds and of acute otitis media (p less than 0.0001). The correlation between common colds and the tympanometrical findings was not so high but still obvious (p less than 0.05), because of the higher number of negative middle ear pressures with increasing number of common colds. Open mouth breathing (p less than 0.01) and snoring (p less than 0.05) at night showed to be predisposing to SOM and in a lesser extent to negative middle ear pressure. The study of objective rhinoscopical parameters evaluating the condition of the nasal mucosa revealed that edema of the nasal mucosa (p less than 0.01) and the presence of pathological nasal secretions (p less than 0.05) are factors predisposing to SOM and to negative middle ear pressure. Even moderate septal deviations have an unfavourable influence on the eustachian tube function as was shown by the higher incidence of negative middle ear pressures in children with a moderate septal deviation compared to children with a straight septum (p less than 0.05).

Acoustic Impedance Tests↗
PubMed1996

Epidemiologic investigation of serum levels of the soluble forms of CD25, CD54 and CD58, and T cell responsiveness after stimulation via the CD2-dependent pathway in a random sample of the general population.

A sero-epidemiologic correlation study on immune parameters which would correlate with the frequency of common colds (FCC) had been conducted in 1992. There, an inverse relationship between circulating adhesion molecules CD54 and CD58 and FCC was found. Eighteen months later we performed an analogous assessment in order to verify the previous findings and to carry out additional experiments including in vitro proliferative responses of T cells and their production of various cytokines (IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10). The additional examinations showed that individuals with frequent common colds exert a higher T cell proliferation and higher production of cytokines than persons which experience never or few common cold infections. These findings could be confirmed statistically. Taken together, the results suggest consistently in individuals with frequent common colds an association with low serum levels of the immunosuppressive soluble adhesion molecules sCD54 and sCD58, high proliferation of unstimulated and stimulated T cells and secretion of higher concentrations of cytokines (IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10) into the cell culture supernatants.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Herpes simplex and mood: a prospective study.

The effect of mood, the common cold, amount of sleep, and sunshine on recurring herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection was investigated using daily self-reports over a 3-month period from 23 female and 15 male patients with genital herpes and 26 female and two male patients with oral herpes. Results showed recurring genital HSV infection to be preceded by reduced and decreasing overall emotional well being over a period of 10 days, with a temporary improvement in the middle of the period. This pattern was significantly represented by rated nervousness and rated alertness. Females showed more marked trends for reported mood than did the males, which could not be attributed to the menstrual cycle. Conversely, males showed a more marked, strongly significant fourth-order trend for reported amount of sleep, with nadirs on the 8th and the 3rd day before the recurrence. Neither exposure to sunshine nor the common cold showed any relation to recurrence of genital HSV infection. The common cold appeared as the major precipitating factor in oral herpes. Except for a significant fourth-order trend for rated alertness, no relationship between mood and subsequent onset was found. This negative finding was interpreted as a masking effect of the common cold. Two alternative physiological theories, the ganglion trigger theory and the skin trigger theory, were discussed in relation to present findings. It was suggested that various possible mediators between mood states and recurring herpes should be investigated using the present approach, with structured diaries as complement to the rating scales.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The treatment of rhinovirus infections: progress and potential.

The common cold is an important illness both as a result of the economic impact of this common disease and because of the morbidity associated with the complications of the illness. Recent attempts to develop antiviral treatments for the common cold represent a substantial advance over previous efforts. Formidable barriers remain to be overcome, however, before any of these new products will be proven to be clinically useful. Recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of common cold symptoms have provided insights into potential new targets for the treatment of this illness.

3C Viral Proteases↗
PubMed2006

Management of upper respiratory tract infections in Dutch general practice; antibiotic prescribing rates and incidences in 1987 and 2001.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: This study aims to assess differences in antibiotic prescribing and incidence of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTIs) between 1987 and 2001, before (1987) and after (2001) publication of Dutch guidelines on URTIs. DESIGN, SETTING AND METHOD: Data were collected in two national surveys: 96 general practices (n=344,449 patients) in 1987 and 90 general practices (n=358,008 patients) in 2001. Outcome measures were: (1) antibiotic prescribing rates for acute otitis media (AOM), common cold, sinusitis and acute tonsillitis; (2) number of antibiotic prescriptions per 1000 patients per year; (3) incidence rates per 1000 patients per year. RESULTS: Antibiotic prescribing rates in AOM and common cold were increased in 2001 compared to 1987 (from 27% to 48%; from 17% to 23%, respectively), while the rates for sinusitis and acute tonsillitis were about the same (72% and 70%; 74% and 72%, respectively). Except for AOM, the number of antibiotic prescriptions per 1000 patients decreased by 30% to 50%. As incidence rates of common cold, tonsillitis and sinusitis decreased, the decline in the total volume of antibiotic prescriptions per 1000 patients for these three categories has mainly to be attributed to a fall of incidence rates. CONCLUSION: Antibiotic prescribing rates for URTIs have not declined between 1987 and 2001, but the volumes for common cold, sinusitis and tonsillitis have fallen down mainly attributable to declined incidences, which have probably been caused by a reduced inclination of patients to present respiratory illness to their GP. Prescribing antibiotics for AOM has increased.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1984

Growth of clinical isolates in the cold.

Common clinical isolates were tested to determine their ability to multiply after 7 days at 4 degrees C in trypticase soy broth. 34% of the 214 isolates grew in the cold. Citrobacter freundii, Group D Enterococci, Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia rettgeri and Serratia marcescens grew best of all. The importance of growth in the cold is discussed.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2004

Vitamin E and respiratory tract infections in elderly nursing home residents: a randomized controlled trial.

CONTEXT: Respiratory tract infections are prevalent in elderly individuals, resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and use of health care services. Vitamin E supplementation has been shown to improve immune response in elderly persons. However, the clinical importance of these findings has not been determined. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of 1 year of vitamin E supplementation on respiratory tract infections in elderly nursing home residents. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted from April 1998 to August 2001 at 33 long-term care facilities in the Boston, Mass, area. A total of 617 persons aged at least 65 years and who met the study's eligibility criteria were enrolled; 451 (73%) completed the study. INTERVENTION: Vitamin E (200 IU) or placebo capsule administered daily; all participants received a capsule containing half the recommended daily allowance of essential vitamins and minerals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of respiratory tract infections, number of persons and number of days with respiratory tract infections (upper and lower), and number of new antibiotic prescriptions for respiratory tract infections among all participants randomized and those who completed the study. RESULTS: Vitamin E had no significant effect on incidence or number of days with infection for all, upper, or lower respiratory tract infections. However, fewer participants receiving vitamin E acquired 1 or more respiratory tract infections (60% vs 68%; risk ratio [RR], 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76-1.00; P =.048 for all participants; and 65% vs 74%; RR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.75-0.99; P =.04 for completing participants), or upper respiratory tract infections (44% vs 52%; RR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.69-1.00; P =.05 for all participants; and 50% vs 62%; RR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.66-0.96; P =.01 for completing participants). When common colds were analyzed in a post hoc subgroup analysis, the vitamin E group had a lower incidence of common cold (0.67 vs 0.81 per person-year; RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.68-1.01; P =.06 for all participants; and 0.66 vs 0.83 per person-year; RR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.64-0.98; P =.04 for completing participants) and fewer participants in the vitamin E group acquired 1 or more colds (40% vs 48%; RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.67-1.00; P =.05 for all participants; and 46% vs 57%; RR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.64-0.96; P =.02 for completing participants). Vitamin E had no significant effect on antibiotic use. CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation with 200 IU per day of vitamin E did not have a statistically significant effect on lower respiratory tract infections in elderly nursing home residents. However, we observed a protective effect of vitamin E supplementation on upper respiratory tract infections, particularly the common cold, that merits further investigation.

Aged↗
PubMed2007

The cold case: are rhinoviruses perfectly adapted pathogens?

Rhinoviruses, which cause common cold, belong to the Picornaviridae family, small non-enveloped viruses (diameter 15-30 nm) containing a single-stranded RNA genome (about 7 kb). Over 100 different rhinoviral serotypes have been identified thus far, establishing rhinoviruses as the most diverse group of Picornaviridae. Based on receptor binding properties, rhinoviruses are divided into two classes: the major group binding to intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and the minor group binding to the very low density lipoprotein receptors. Interactions between virus and the receptor molecules cause a conformational change in the capsid, which is a prerequisite for viral uptake. Rhinoviruses trigger a chemokine response upon infection that may lead to exacerbation of the symptoms of common cold, i.e. asthma and inflammation. The following review aims to summarize the knowledge about rhinoviral infections and discusses therapeutical approaches against this almost perfectly adapted pathogen.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed1999

Assessment of effectiveness of Vaxigrip.

In order to assess the effectiveness of Vaxigrip in 1996-1997, we chose 1356 people in the Chinese Army, who had not recently had influenza and who were divided into an injection group and a control group. The injection group consisted of 80 children aged 3-6 years, 363 adults aged 18-59 years and 235 people over 60 years of age. The control group consisted of 88 children aged 3-6, 372 adults aged 18-59 and 218 people over 60. They were observed from the 21st day to the 6th month after Vaxigrip administration. Each person was requested to report having a body temperature over 38.5 degrees C, headache, myalgia or arthalgia, cough, pharyngodynia or nasal obstruction. Fever due to other causes was not included in the influenza symptoms. We counted the symptoms of influenza and common cold only once during the observation period. Our final finding was that the incidence rates of the influenza and common cold symptoms were reduced by 84.8% in children, 74.0% in adults and 68.6% in elderly people. In comparison with the control group, the incidence rate of influenza-like symptoms was reduced by 71.1% in the injection group, and the incidence rate of common cold symptoms in the injection group was lower than that in the control group. There was no large difference by age. The incidence rate of symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection in the injection group was 47.5% lower than that in the control group. Our findings are basically the same as those in other countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Fatigue and job stress as predictors for sickness absence during common infections.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of health and work-related factors as predictors of subsequent sickness absence when experiencing common infections (common cold, flu-like illness, and gastroenteritis). Self-administered questionnaire data were used (baseline n = 12,140). To perform the analysis, employees reporting common infections in the final questionnaire were selected. Employees reporting sickness absence due to common infections were compared with a group who stayed at work during an infection. Multivariate survival analysis revealed no significant effects of job demands, decision latitude, or job strain on absence in workers experiencing common infections. Low levels of commitment (risk [RR] 1.22; confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.44) and low job satisfaction (RR 1.36; CI 1.13-1.164) increased the chance of being absent during a common cold. Also, having a long-standing disease (RR 1.22; CI 1.05-1.41) and fatigue (RR 1.20; CI 1.05-1.37) increased the chance of being absent during a common infection. Having an executive function decreased the chance of being absent. We conclude that absence during a common cold is partly influenced by motivational factors in work, in contrast to more severe common infections which are more health related. Insight in factors related to absenteeism are important as a start for preventive measures to reduce sickness absence.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Prevalence of allergic respiratory disorders and skin prick test in Beijing urban and suburban children: a comparative study].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of allergic respiratory disorders and allergens in Beijing urban and suburban children. METHODS: Using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Phase III Protocol, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 7,077 junior middle school students, 3,531 males and 3,546 females, aged 13-14, of 11 urban schools and 10 suburban schools in Beijing by random cluster sampling. Skin prick test with 13 common allergens was conducted among 2,126 from the 7,077 students by random cluster sampling. RESULTS: The prevalence rates of anamnestic asthma, asthma in recent 12 months, asthma after exercise in recent 12 months, and dry cough during night in recent 12 months were 12.4%, 7.2%, 25.6%, and 19.3% respectively in the urban students; all significantly higher than those in the suburban students (4.5%, 4.3%, 12.5%, and 8.3% respectively, all P < 0.01). The rates of anamnestic nasal symptoms without common cold, present nasal symptoms without common cold, and those nasal symptoms complicated with itching eyes and lacrimation were 41.6%, 35.6%, and 10.3% respectively in urban students, and 21.3% all significantly higher than those in the suburban students (21.3%, 12.3%, and 3.3% respectively, all P < 0.05). The positive rates of the 13 main allergens were significantly higher in the urban students than in the suburban students (all P < 0.01). The positive rate of Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus, cat hair, and Blatella germanica were 20.4%, 16.9%, 10.8%, and 11.0% respectively in the urban students, all significantly higher than those in the suburban students (3.7%, 2.7%, 3.7%, and 2.7% respectively, all P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The prevalence rates of allergic disorders have been increased in comparison with those in the last decade in Beijing junior middle school students, especially those in the urban area and may be due to the changes of environments and living styles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Echinacea in the prevention of induced rhinovirus colds: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The therapeutic effectiveness of Echinacea in the treatment and the prevention of colds has been debated. Studies of naturally occurring colds are hampered by variability in time from onset of symptoms to treatment and by heterogeneity in trial design. Experimental infection studies allow for the standardization of time to initiation of treatment, virus type and dose, and immune competence of volunteers. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the negative results obtained in previous studies of Echinacea were a consequence of efficacy or of inadequate sample size, we performed a meta-analysis of experimental rhinovirus infection studies on the efficacy of Echinacea extracts to prevent symptomatic development of an experimentally induced cold. METHODS: We carried out a systematic search of English- and German-language literature using the MEDLINE, EMBASE, CAplus, BIOSIS, CABA, AGRICOLA, TOXCENTER, SCISEARCH, NAHL, and NAPRALERT, databases and the search terms Echinacea, black Sampson, coneflower, and Roter Sonnenbut. Matching documents were then searched for > or = 1 of the following terms: rhinovirus, RV, inoculation, Inokulation, induced, induziert, artificial, and artifiziell. Suitable studies were identified and pooled for analysis. The primary end point was the development of symptomatic clinical colds, as defined by the authors of the original studies. Results were reported as differences in the proportion of subjects with symptomatic episodes of a common cold, expressed as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs. The secondary outcome was the difference in total symptom severity scores between treatment groups (assessed daily by integrating the severity scores of 8 individual cold-related symptoms that were rated on a scale from 0 [absent] to 4 [very severe]). RESULTS: A total of 234 articles were identified through the literature search; 231 were excluded from the analysis because they related to studies of spontaneous common colds. Three suitable studies were selected for pooling of data. Based on the analysis, the likelihood of experiencing a clinical cold was 55% higher with placebo than with Echinacea (OR, 1.55 [95% CI, 1.02-2.36]; P<0.043). The absolute difference in total symptom scores between groups was -1.96 (95% CI, -4.83 to 0.90; P=NS). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis suggests that standardized extracts of Echinacea were effective in the prevention of symptoms of the common cold after clinical inoculation, compared with placebo. Further prospective, appropriately powered clinical studies are required to confirm this finding.

Common Cold↗
PubMed2001

Home dampness, current allergic diseases, and respiratory infections among young adults.

BACKGROUND: The relation between home dampness and respiratory symptoms among adults is well confirmed, but data on specific allergic diseases and respiratory infections is more limited. Individual factors that may enhance susceptibility to the effects of home dampness are mainly unknown. METHODS: The association between home dampness and current physician diagnosed asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, common colds, and bacterial respiratory infections was studied in a questionnaire survey of 10 667 Finnish first year university students aged 18-25 years. The dampness categories analysed were visible mould and visible mould or damp stains or water damage during the last year. In multivariate analyses adjustment was made for parental education, active and passive smoking, type and place of residence, pets, and wall to wall carpets. The interaction effect of atopic heredity and dampness was investigated. RESULTS: Visible mould or damp stains or water damage was reported by 15.0% of the respondents. In multivariate models there was a positive association between home dampness and current asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis, as well as common colds > or =4 times per year and other respiratory infections, but not between home dampness and allergic conjunctivitis. The strongest association was found between exposure to visible mould and asthma (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.48 to 3.28) and common colds (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.87). The risk of current asthma in damp homes was highest among subjects with atopic heredity. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of current asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis was higher in damp homes. Of the respiratory infections, the risk of common colds was most clearly increased.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

An epidemiological approach to the etiology of middle ear disease in The Netherlands.

The etiology of middle ear disease in Nijmegen, The Netherlands was studied on the basis of a data set collected in a prospective epidemiological study on otitis media with effusion (OME) in a cohort of 1439 preschool children. A factor analysis was used to evaluate two hypotheses: (1) that OME, acute otitis media (AOM), common cold and tonsillitis are manifestations of the same pathological entity, and (2) that a group of children can be distinguished who develop these conditions more frequently than average. The results only partly supported these hypotheses. The correlation between OME, AOM, common cold and tonsillitis was lower than expected from a review of the literature. Common cold appeared to be the ubiquitous ENT disease in childhood and, depending on the child's predisposition, could be accompanied by OME, AOM or tonsillitis. The course of middle ear and upper airway disease showed a gradual scale from "healthy" to "ill" with most of the children suffering from these conditions at an average frequency.

Acoustic Impedance Tests↗
PubMed1999

Why do patients seek family physicians' services for cold symptoms?

OBJECTIVE: To examine the frequency of presentation to family physicians' offices for cold symptoms, the reasons for presentation, and the duration of symptoms before presentation. DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional survey. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred consecutive patient encounters in each of 15 family practices from January 27 to February 3, 1994, involving both academic and non-academic family physicians in the London region. Data were collected prospectively using a checklist attached to each chart. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportion of patients presenting with cold symptoms, reasons for presentation, number of days patients had had symptoms, billing code. RESULTS: A total of 1421 checklists were analyzed, 822 from academic practices and 599 from community practices. Proportion of presentations for cold symptoms was 14.8%, but visits coded as common cold represented 5.7%. Median number of days patients waited before presentation was 7.0; older patients tended to wait longer. Many patients were worried about developing complications (51.0%) or were fed up with their symptoms (31.9%). Most patients were between the ages of 20 and 64 (44.6%), and 57.6% of all patients had developed complications requiring treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of visits coded as common cold was lower than Ontario averages. Most patients had complications rather than simple colds and had managed their symptoms on their own for a fairly long time.

Adolescent↗