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PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of phytic acid in cereals using ICP-AES to determine phosphorus.

A novel approach for determination of phytic acid in cereals has been applied in 2 traditional methods. In the first, phytic acid in a sample extract is first separated and concentrated by ion-exchange chromatography. The phytic acid concentrate is then quantitatively determined as phosphorus by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). In the second method, extracted phytic acid is first precipitated by FeCl3 solution. The complexed iron is converted to ferric hydroxide by adding NaOH, thus releasing phytic acid as soluble sodium phytate. Phytate is then quantitatively determined as phosphorus by ICP-AES. In these methods, both the difficult acid digestion and the spectrometric determination of phosphorus found in traditional methods are eliminated by using ICP-AES. This results in a method that is simpler, faster, and more accurate than earlier procedures.

Chromatography, Ion Exchange↗

PubMed1990

[A rapid and simple approach for radioimmunochemical determination of aflatoxin B1 in cereals and feed using a commercial analysis kit].

In order to facilitate a practical large-scale introduction of the radioimmunochemical control of aflatoxin B1 contamination in cereals and feeds a new method of the preparation of sample extracts was verified. In comparison with the procedure used until now when water-nonmiscible chloroform must be evaporated from a chloroform extract and the solids must be dissolved in acetone, while using the tested method the sample is extracted by methyl alcohol or acetone and the extract is diluted by a buffer before the radioimmunoanalysis. This new method of sample extract preparation displays aflatoxin B1 recovery comparable to that of the older method (83-90% for concentrations of 2-20 micrograms per kg), the worse theoretical detection limit (1 microgram per kg vs. 0.2 microgram per kg) but it prevents the result distortion by interfering substances and it makes the whole analytical procedure simpler and expeditious. Radioimmunochemically aflatoxin was quantified by means of commercially produced analytical kits developed in one institute at Kosice.

Aflatoxin B1↗

PubMed1990

Role of glucose polymer (cereal) in oral rehydration therapy.

The standard packaged glucose-based oral rehydration solution (ORS) provides optimal rehydration of acute diarrhea from any cause, but it does not reduce the volume, frequency, or duration of diarrhea. A new ORS formulation has been developed in which glucose is replaced by 50 to 60 gm of cereal flours, such as rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, or millet, or equivalent amounts of noncereal staples, such as boiled potato or plantain. In a clinical trial in children suffering from acute diarrhea, the staple-based or polymer-based ORS achieved a 40% to 60% reduction in the stool volume compared with the standard ORS. A three-cell longitudinal study in rural Bangladesh involving 2,000 children aged 1 to 4 years demonstrated the superior efficacy of rice ORS compared with glucose ORS or no ORS. The cumulative recovery rate on day 3 was 66%, 24%, and 11% in the rice ORS, glucose ORS, and comparison groups, respectively. The study suggests that staple-based or food-based ORS is the optimal treatment of diarrhea.

Diarrhea↗

PubMed1990

Effect of chewing rawhide and cereal biscuit on removal of dental calculus in dogs.

The effect of chewing rawhide and cereal biscuit on removal of dental calculus was studied in 67 dogs. Two methods were used to measure supragingival calculus and calculus removal as a function of time and acceptability. Trial 1 used a quantitative method based on actual measurement of the area of calculus on a tooth, and trial 2 used a quantitative method based on an arbitrary grading system to establish a supragingival calculus index. Analysis was performed, using 2-factor (trial 1) and a 3-factor (trial 2) analysis of variance. Results indicated that dogs removed calculus from their teeth by chewing rawhide; some teeth were cleaned better than others. The optimal amount or frequency of rawhide treatment was not necessarily determined. It was determined that regular consumption of up to 3 rawhide strips/d for 3 weeks was safe. Processed biscuits were sometimes effective in removing calculus from dog's teeth; however, biscuits were not as effective as the rawhide in removing supragingival calculus.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

[Cereal grain preference of rats].

Cereal grains are usually used as the main material for preparing rodenticide baits. However, the preferences for different grains varies according to species and habitats of rats, and locations. A formula accepted at one location may not be suitable in other places, where rats are accustomed to different types of food. It is therefore important to understand the feeding habits of local rat species before implementing a control program. Seven kinds of grains, including hulled rice, corn, barley, wheat, sorghum, pranuts, and sweet potatoes were tested to study the preferences of rats in the laboratory. The results revealed that Bandicota nemorivaga, Rattus losea and R. norvegicus prefer hulled rice; Apodemus agrarius and Mus musculus prefer peanuts, and R. rattus prefers corn. The influence of quality and nutrient contents of baits on the consumption of the rats is also discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Survey of some cereal grains and legume seeds for aflatoxin contamination in the Sudan.

Aflatoxins were detected in some cereals and leguminous seeds collected from 2 cities in the Sudan (Wad Medani and Khartoum). The levels of the aflatoxins in these seeds were below the reported hazard threshold. Sound intact seeds contained low or no aflatoxins compared to significantly higher levels detectable in damaged and mouldy seeds of the tested crop plants. The optimum temperature for aflatoxin production was variable for different isolates of A. flavus. The optimum is 30 degrees C for the maize isolate and only 20 degrees C for the haricot bean isolate. Large amounts of aflatoxins B1, B2 and G1 were produced by the 2 isolates while aflatoxin G2 was only produced by the haricot bean isolate at optimum temperature. Aflatoxin B1 had significantly affected seed germination and plant development in both maize and haricot bean plants grown from seeds soaked in aflatoxin solutions. The influence was increasing with increasing concentration of the toxin.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed1989

[Determination of trichothecenes in cereals].

A simple method is described of identification and determination of deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and T-2 toxin in cereals. Chloroform-ethanol extracts were purified in columns filled with active charcoal, aluminium oxide and celite and were analysed by the method of thin-layer chromatography. The results were evaluated exposing fluorescent trichothecene derivatives to ultraviolet light, after they had been obtained on a chromatographic plate with aluminium chloride and sulphuric acid. The detectability of the method for various toxins was: DON--37, NIV--100, DAS--50, and T-2 toxin--100 mcg/kg.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of ergosterol in cereals, mixed feed components, and mixed feeds by liquid chromatography.

A sensitive, rapid, reproducible, and reliable liquid chromatographic (LC) method is described for determination of ergosterol in feedstuffs. The sample is saponified directly and the saponified mixture is extracted with n-hexane. Ergosterol is determined without further purification or cleanup steps by using a liquid chromatograph with a 250 X 4.6 mm column packed with LiChrosorb Si 60, 5 microns, and a high pressure column prefilter. The ultraviolet detector is set at 282 nm. The limit of detection was 0.1 ppm; recovery ranged between 96.7 and 102.2%. Diode array technology is used for identification and peak purity control. Under strong UV irradiation (254 nm) and oxygen or nitrogen atmosphere ergosterol was converted almost quantitatively to ergocalciferol. Under the described conditions of the method, ergosterol proved to be stable. Ergosterol was determined in cereals, mixed feeds (e.g., for swine and poultry), and their components of plant and animal origin. It was not found in carcass meal, meat-and-bone meal, citrus pulps, or molasses; only traces were detected in fish meal.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1988

Development of an infant food product based on fermented milk, cereals and soybean.

The objective of this work was to develop an infant food product based on yogurt, cereals and soybean. The experimental conditions to obtain the yogurt using milk and lyophylized microorganisms, were: incubation period, 5 hours, a temperature of 41 +/- 1 degree C and innoculum concentration, 3%. Two protein mixtures were prepared: 1) corn-yogurt, with a protein supply relation of 65/35%, and 2) wheat-soy-yogurt with a protein supply relation of 20/60/20%, respectively. The mixtures were fermented during 24 hours at 37 degrees C and spray-dried thereafter. Artificial flavors, sugar and maltodextrins were added to the final product, in order to develop and instant purée. The protein content of the product was 11%, with a net protein utilization (NPU) of 80% in relation to casein. Banana was the most acceptable flavor. This type of product represents an alternative to preserve milk in developing countries, obtaining a suitable baby food product.

Edible Grain↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of values derived from selected flours by fat acidity methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemists and the International Organization for Standardization.

Fat acidity values were determined on 8 commercially available flours by the American Association of Cereal Chemists method (AACC-02-01A) and by the International Organization for Standardization method (ISO-7305). Comparisons of means obtained by these 2 methods indicated that the ISO method produced results that were 1.4-2.5 times greater (P less than 0.001) than those for the AACC method. These data are consistent with a previous report which indicated that acidic materials (phosphates and amino acids) other than fatty acids are extracted by 95% alcohol (ISO method), whereas fatty acids alone are extracted by petroleum ether (AACC method). Fat acidity values obtained by AACC methodology employing Soxhlet and continuous extraction were also compared. No difference in fat acidity means existed with respect to extraction technique except for an aged whole wheat flour sample which produced a higher value (P = 0.05) by continuous extraction.

Acids↗

PubMed1986

[Nutritional quality of pigeon pea protein, immature and ripe, and its supplementary value for cereals].

The purpose of the present research was to determine the differences which could exist between immature and mature pigeon pea in gross chemical composition and protein quality, raw and cooked, as well as their respective supplementary value to rice, and to mature and immature corn and sorghum. The chemical composition data showed only small differences in proximate composition between the mature and immature grain. The cooking process did not affect chemical composition. Based on the FAO/WHO amino acid reference pattern, immature pigeon pea was more deficient in threonine than mature pigeon pea, which was limiting in valine. Both grains were limiting in sulfur amino acids. The protein quality of the immature grain was higher than that of the mature grain, and both responded positively to cooking, suggesting the presence of antiphysiological substances in both. Amino acid supplementation studies demonstrated that both the immature and mature grain responded to methionine addition, the first limiting amino acid, and to tryptophan, the second limiting amino acid. The effects were more marked when samples were cooked. Both types of grains were good supplements to rice, when added in amounts of 10-20%. Mature pigeon peas supplemented relatively well the proteins of sorghum, immature and mature corn, at the 20, 30 and 20% levels, respectively. The differences found could be explained on the basis of the amino acids limiting cereal grains and pigeon peas protein.

Amino Acids, Essential↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals and animal feedstuffs in Natal, South Africa.

During the period 1982-1983, just under 800 samples of agricultural commodities, comprising cereals, compound feeds, hay, and silage, were examined for molds and mycotoxins. Aflatoxin B1 showed the highest incidence rate; it occurred in over 27% of all samples analyzed, the highest levels being found in peanut meal at 1500 ppb. Other mycotoxins detected were patulin and a number of trichothecene toxins at incidence rates in all commodities of 5.6 and 3.1%, respectively. The commodities at highest risk were oil seeds, excluding soya bean; the latter was found to be fairly free from contamination with mycotoxins. The most prevalent fungi were Aspergillus flavus and parasiticus, which were found in over 22% of all samples, whereas Penicillium spp. showed the lowest incidence of genera, specifically identified in 8.3% of all samples examined. This latter finding explains in part the low incidence of Penicillium mycotoxins.

Aflatoxin B1↗

PubMed1974

[Sterilization of cereal grain samples by gamma-irradiation (author's transl)].

With the aim of sterilizing cereal grain samples as to microfungal contamination, while causing possibly small changes in the qualitative characteristics, the effects of various doses of gamma-irradiation on slightly and strongly moulded soft wheat, and at low and high moisture contents, were studied. In order to obtain a satisfactory sterilization, high doses of greater than or equal to 1100 krad were needed, at which a noteworthy decrease of the germination energy and capacity was observed, while the main chemical parameters of wheat quality remained unaltered.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗

PubMed1983

Evaluation of urea-acid system as medium of extraction for the B-group vitamins. Part II. Simplified semi-automated chemical analysis for niacin and niacinamide in cereal products.

Efficiency of a urea-acid system was evaluated as a medium of extraction for niacin and niacinamide from cereals and other selected food products. Samples were treated with 1N HCl in the presence of urea and autoclaved 30 min at 15 psi. Extracts were diluted to a known volume, filtered, and analyzed. The analytical results obtained for niacin were compared with values obtained by AOAC method 43.044. In general, the urea-acid extraction system was simple and straightforward with an efficiency comparable to the AOAC method. The analytical manifold designed uses fewer modules, gives net absorbance readings from sample and blank, and is capable of analyzing 50 samples per hour.

Autoanalysis↗

PubMed1984

Gibberellins and gene control in cereal aleurone cells.

The production of hydrolytic enzymes in the germinating cereal grain is considered as a model for plant cell differentiation. Recent literature is reviewed which suggests that gibberellins are involved in this process, but in a less straightforward manner than considered previously. It seems likely that only a subfraction of gibberellin is active and that production of this gibberellin is actually in the hydrolase-producing cells. These include aleurone cells and also the scutellar epithelial cells. At the intracellular level the action of gibberellin results in the accumulation of alpha-amylase mRNA and also mRNA for other unidentified proteins, referred to as gibb-ons. The alpha-amylase mRNAs are transcribed from two distinct gene families. The pattern of expression of alpha-amylase and gibb-on mRNAs is consistent with a common gibberellin-stimulated mechanism of control of for all of these genes. However it seems likely from experiments with ABA and from observations on gibb-on gene expression in non-aleurone cells that gibberellin does not have a role determining the specificity of gene expression, but rather acts as a general stimulator of mRNA accumulation.

Electrophoresis, Agar Gel↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Capillary gas chromatographic determination of T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and diacetoxyscirpenol in cereal grains.

A capillary gas chromatographic (GC) method using an electron capture detector is described for determining T-2 and HT-2 toxins and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) in cereal grains at levels as low as 100 ppb for T-2 and DAS and 50 ppb for HT-2. Samples are extracted with methanol-water according to the Scott method, and further purified on a silica gel cartridge and a cyano column. Heptafluorobutyrylimidazole (HFBI) is added to form the esters of the analytes. Ester(s) of T-2, HT-2 and DAS are separated on a 30 m X 0.32 mm DB-5 fused silica column and measured with a 63Ni electron capture detector. Samples were confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry using electron impact ionization and single ion monitoring at the molecular mass of 501.11 m/z for T-2, 665.08 m/z for HT-2, and 502.12 m/z for DAS at 10 000 resolving power. The method was applied to wheat, oats, and barley. Average recoveries ranged from a low of 65% for T-2 in barley to a high of 99% for DAS in oats.

Chromatography, Gas↗

PubMed1983

Long-term nitrogen balance in preschool children fed the safe level of protein from a cereal-legume-milk diet and adequate energy.

A long-term N balance study was carried out in five preschool children 3-4 years of age fed a cereal-legume-milk diet providing 1.75 g protein and 100 kcal (418 kJ) energy/kg body weight. This level of protein was found to be safe for preschool children in an earlier short-term N balance study. Continuous N balance was determined for 70 d in three subjects and 45 d in two subjects. All the subjects were found to be in steady positive N balance throughout the experimental period, the mean daily N retention varying between 54.5 and 87.5 mg/d. All the children increased their body weight steadily over the experimental period. No tendency of N balance to decrease with time was observed. It is concluded that the safe level of protein for preschool children estimated from a short-term N balance study is quite adequate when tested by a long-term feeding trial.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

[Fractional composition of the allergens from cereals].

The composition of cereal allergens was studied and the specific activity of the fractions isolated from these allergens was determined. Four protein fractions were obtained from wheat flour by the method of salting out. None of the fractions thus obtained exceeded the whole wheat allergen in specific activity as determined in the indirect mast-cell degranulation (IMCD) test. Three fractions were isolated by fractionation through Sephadex G-75. Of these, the first fraction possessed better physical properties, and its specific activity exceeded that of the initial allergen in the IMCD test.

Allergens↗