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PubMed1996

Factors affecting the seasonal abundance of ground squirrel and wood rat fleas (Siphonaptera) in San Diego County, California.

Abiotic and biotic factors affecting the seasonal abundance of 3 species of sylvatic fleas on their hosts were examined at 7 sites in San Diego County, California. Indices for Oropsylla (Diamanus) montana (Baker) were usually highest on Spermophilus beecheyi nudipes (Huey) when < 18.4 degrees C (October-December), whereas those for Hoplopsyllus anomalus (Baker) were highest when > 18.4 degrees C (July-September). O. montana was affected most by ambient temperature (inversely for the coastal site [134 m] and directly for most mountain sites [> 1,183 m]). O. montana was affected most (directly) by relative humidity at the inland valley site, which concurs with this flea being most abundant in other areas during periods yielding higher relative humidties and moderate ambient temperatures. H. anomalus was influenced most (directly) by ambient temperature at lower sites (< 1,183 m) and by host activity at higher ones (> 1,456 m). Usually nonrandom distribution findings, when indices for each squirrel flea were higher on some hosts, indicate that flea numbers are correspondingly higher in some nests and burrows because of more favorable microconditions. Data also indicated that plague may persist at higher sites in southern California or in other areas where climatic conditions permit increased and prolonged interactions between more abundant O. montana and its host during spring through summer. Whereas, plague may have less chance of persisting at lower sites because these interactions are decreased and shortened during the warmer months. Squirrels may become infected with plague following hibernation and again when reoccupying colonial burrows. The flea Orchopeas sexdentatus was affected most (inversely) by relative humidity at a coastal site, with higher indices occurring on fewer Neotoma lepida Thomas and on more abundant Neotoma fuscipes macrotis Thomas during colder months. Such increased flea/Neotoma fuscipes Baird activity at lower sites may favor plague amplification during the winter which may involve ground squirrels and other rodents in the spring.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Ecology of Aedes dorsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in relation to western equine encephalomyelitis virus in the Coachella Valley of California.

The ecology of western equine encephalomyelitis virus (WEE) was studies during 1994-1996 along a portion of the north shore of the Salton Sea in Coachella Valley, California, known to support a focal Aedes dorsalis (Meigen) population. WEE was detected during 1995 by the seroconversion of sentinel chickens concurrently at sites within and outside of the area supporting Ae. dorsalis. WEE was not detected during 1994 or 1996; neither was WEE detected by seroconversion of sentinel rabbits nor by isolation from host-seeking females of either the primary vector, Culex tarsalis Coquillett (42,083 females tested in 913 pools), or Ae. dorsalis (10,804 females tested in 245 pools and 1,940 adults reared from field-collected immatures tested in 72 pools). Collectively, the results of this and previous investigations indicate that Ae. dorsalis may not be essential for the maintenance or amplification of WEE virus in southeastern California.

Aedes↗
PubMed1999

Association of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: ixodidae) with the spatial and temporal distribution of equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis in California.

This study was conducted to determine if the biology of certain ticks associated with horses regulates the spatial and temporal distribution of equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (EGE) in California north of Monterey County. We compared the spatial and temporal distribution of EGE cases with the seasons of activity and life histories of ticks that infest horses. Spatially, cases collected from equine veterinarians clustered around each other in a manner different from the way in which control cities of practice were distributed, with foci limited to the Sierra Nevada and coastal foothills. Cases also clustered seasonally: most were diagnosed between November and April. The spatial and temporal pattern of EGE cases closely parallels the well-characterized life history and distribution of Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls, but not other ticks commonly associated with horses. Building on previous studies, there is compelling evidence that this tick has the vectorial capacity to transmit Ehrlichia equi to horses. Based on the life history and distribution of I. pacificus in relation to EGE cases, we reason that this tick is the only biologically plausible vector of E. equi in California, and provide evidence for a tightly linked association between I. pacificus and the epidemiology of EGE.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Use of orally administered chitin inhibitor (lufenuron) to control flea vectors of plague on ground squirrels in California.

The efficacy of orally administered lufenuron, a chitin inhibitor, to control fleas on California ground squirrels, Spermophilus beecheyi (Richardson), was evaluated during a 2-yr study in Santa Barbara County, CA. Results demonstrated that use of a host-targeted feed cube containing lufenuron was effective in significantly reducing the burden of Oropsylla montana (Baker) and Hoplopsyllus anomalus (Baker) fleas on ground squirrels. A flea index that indicated a mean number of fleas per squirrel of 10.0 decreased to 1.3 after 2 treatments in season 1, and to 0.7 and 0.2 after the 3rd and 4th treatments, respectively, in season 2. A cost comparison of this new method compared with a traditional reactive, emergency, insecticide-based plague control program demonstrated a cost reduction of approximately 90%. The results of this study indicated that a lufenuron feed cube was an effective, cost-saving, and proactive technique for controlling fleas on California ground squirrels, and thus reducing the risk of disease transmission in plague endemic regions.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Genetic structure of the tick Ornithodoros coriaceus (Acari: Argasidae) in California, Nevada, and Oregon.

The argasid tick Ornithodoros coriaceus (Koch) is the only confirmed vector of epizootic bovine abortion (EBA) in the United States. The disease and its tick vector have historically been reported in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and coast ranges of California. In the past two decades, the range of EBA has apparently expanded into southern Oregon and northern Nevada. Possible explanations for this expansion include 1) increased recognition and reporting of EBA in these regions; 2) widespread movement of tick-infested and EBA-infected hosts with subsequent colonization of these regions by infected ticks; and 3) widespread movement of the EBA agent, independent of tick movements, into extant tick populations in these new regions. The current study was performed to evaluate these hypotheses by examining patterns of variability in a 420-bp segment of the 16S mitochondrial rDNA gene sequence among 210 O. coriaceus individuals from 14 sites in California, Oregon, and Nevada. Sixty-three unique haplotypes were identified in the ticks tested, with 84% of the sequence variation attributable to among-population variation and 16% to within-population variation. A majority of the haplotypes were unique to their particular collection site, whereas only four collection sites shared haplotypes. Overall, very little evidence of gene flow among tick populations was detected, making it unlikely that widespread tick movement had introduced O. coriaceus and the EBA agent into new regions.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2003

Food insecurity is associated with increased risk of obesity in California women.

Food insecurity, the limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods, may be associated with disordered eating and a poor diet, potentially increasing risk for obesity and health problems. Patterns of food insecurity in California women are described and relationships between food insecurity and obesity (body mass index > or = 30 kg/m(2)) are evaluated using data from the 1998 and 1999 California Women's Health Survey. A total of 8169 women aged > or = 18 y were randomly selected and interviewed by telephone. Food insecurity was evaluated by use of four questions adapted from the U.S. Household Food Security Module. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between food insecurity and obesity, controlling for income, race/ethnicity, education, country of birth, general health status and walking. Food insecurity without hunger affected 13.9% of the population and food insecurity with hunger, 4.3%. Almost one fifth (18.8%) of the population was obese. Obesity was more prevalent in food insecure (31.0%) than in food secure women (16.2%). Food insecurity without hunger was associated with increased risk of obesity in whites [odds ratio (OR) = 1.36] and others (OR = 1.47). Food insecurity with hunger was associated with increased risk of obesity for Asians, Blacks and Hispanics (OR = 2.81) but not for non-Hispanic Whites (OR = 0.82). Food insecurity is associated with increased likelihood of obesity and risk is greatest in nonwhites.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Protecting agricultural applicators from over-exposure to cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides: perspectives from the California programme.

California's requirement for medical supervision of applicators regularly handling Toxicity Category I and II organophosphate and carbamate cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides is examined from a policy perspective by the California Department of Health Services (CDHS). Changes to increase the effectiveness of medical supervision and solutions to a number of practical implementation problems are discussed, including the pesticides which should be monitored, the use of individual cholinesterase baselines, the enzymes to be measured, and the frequency of cholinesterase testing.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed1975

Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: introduction.

It has been observed that among men of Japanese ancestry, there is a gradient in CHD mortality increasing from Japan to Hawaii to California. A study of 11,900 Japanese men in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, Honolulu, Hawaii, and the San Francisco Bay Area of California has been conducted to investigate this disease difference. This paper describes the selection of the study populations and their age distributions, and outlines the study methods. This paper also introduces and briefly summarizes four papers that give the results for mortality comparisons, biochemical and blood pressure distributions and results for heart disease prevalence among the three cohorts.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: distribution of biochemical risk factors.

Distributions of serum cholesterol, glucose, uric acid and triglycerides are examined among Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California. Laboratory methods are described in detail and efforts to assure comparability of these methods. In every age group studied, the mean, median and percentile for each of the biochemical variables are lower for men in Japan than in Hawaii and California.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Congenital cardiac anomalies in relation to water contamination, Santa Clara County, California, 1981-1983.

In November 1981, a leak of solvents from an underground storage tank was detected at an electronics manufacturing plant in Santa Clara County, California. Solvents (predominantly 1,1,1-trichloroethene, or methyl chloroform) were found in a nearby well which supplied drinking water to the surrounding community. Residents were concerned about a possible relation between adverse reproductive outcomes and consumption of contaminated water. To address this concern, the California Department of Health Services conducted two epidemiologic studies: one of these, reported here, is a county-wide study of cardiac anomalies. This study, which looked at major cardiac anomalies among births throughout Santa Clara County in 1981-1983, found an increased prevalence in the service area of the water company which operated the contaminated well. During the potentially exposed time period (January 1981 through August 1982), 12 babies with major cardiac anomalies were born to residents of this area. This represents an excess of six cases over the number expected based on the prevalence in the remainder of the county (relative risk = 2.2, 95 per cent confidence interval 1.2-4.0). No excess was observed in the unexposed time period (September 1982 through December 1983). However, the temporal distribution of major cardiac cases born during the exposed time period suggests that the solvent leak is an unlikely explanation for this excess.

California↗
PubMed1989

Incidence and case fatality rates for acute appendicitis in California. A population-based study of the effects of age.

In 1984, 24,794 appendectomies and abscess drainage procedures were performed for acute appendicitis in California hospitals. Analysis of hospital discharge abstracts revealed age- and sex-specific incidence rates and in-hospital case fatality rates for acute appendicitis lower than previously reported. In persons aged 60 years and older, the case fatality rate for nonperforating appendicitis with appendectomy was 0.7% and for perforating appendicitis and abscess 2.4%. Surgery was delayed beyond the day of admission in 21% of persons aged 40-59 years, 29% of persons aged 60-79 years, and 47% of persons aged 80 years and over. The proportion of cases with perforation increased from 22% to 75% between ages 20 and 80 years. The population incidence of perforating appendicitis changed little after age 20 years, while the incidence of nonperforating cases declined sharply. The high proportion of appendicitis cases with perforation among the elderly may be due to the decreased incidence of nonperforating appendicitis in the elderly and not to a greater propensity for perforation, as previously proposed. Most elderly in California receive timely surgery for appendicitis and tolerate it better than previously reported. Diminished tolerance for intra-abdominal infection may be the primary determinant of the increase in case fatality with age.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1975

Characteristics of hospital provisions for continuing education for physical therapists in California.

The authors surveyed 197 acute general hospitals in California to determine characteristics of hospital provisions for continuing education for physical therapists. Most hospitals in California were found to provide continuing education opportunities for physical therapists, but physical therapists in small hospitals and in private-profit hospitals could be at a disadvantage financially if continuing education becomes compulsory for relicensure. A relatively low proportion of physical therapy departments in hospitals with less than one hundred beds budgeted continuing education, but a relatively high proportion of the same facilities required that therapists take time off without pay or use vacation time and pay their own expenses for continuing education. Similar circumstances characterized private-profit hospitals.

California↗
PubMed1980

Research in physical therapy: philosophy, barriers to involvement, and use among California physical therapists.

This study was designed to 1) determine the importance of research in physical therapy to professional physical therapists; 2) assess the factors impeding their involvement in research; and 3) examine the extent to which therapists use published research. The study was conducted in two parts, a series of personal interviews and a questionnaire developed from the results of the interviews. The sample for the interviews was drawn from the population of Santa Clara County, California, and the questionnaires were mailed to a random distribution of 300 physical therapists throughout the State of California. Lack of time and funding as well as unfamiliarity with both the research process and the use of statistics were cited as the main barriers to research involvement. Collaboration with other health professionals involved in research and an apprenticeships were listed as desirable methods to gain additional research skills; however, these were believed to largely unavailable. A large percentage of therapists used research information published in professional journals other than PHYSICAL THERAPY.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Cost-effectiveness of alternative approaches in treating severely mentally ill in California.

Given the rising costs of health care and the decrease in public expenditures on mental health care, policy-makers and program managers must identify cost-effective approaches for treating severely mentally ill patients. During the last year, there have been two major cost-effectiveness studies implemented in California. One initiated by Santa Clara County and funded by the National Institute of Mental Health compares the cost-effectiveness of two existing community-based treatment and case-management approaches. The other study, which compares the cost-effectiveness of capitation funding of services for the severely mentally ill, was initiated by the State of California and is currently being implemented in two counties. This article describes the cost-effectiveness evaluations of these two programs and provides preliminary results of the case-management program.

California↗
PubMed2002

Infanticide: is its incidence among postneonatal infant deaths increasing?: an 18-year population-based analysis in California.

The decline in the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and recent recommendations regarding the differentiation of SIDS and child abuse has generated speculation that some cases of infanticide were misdiagnosed as SIDS. The aims of this study were to determine the change in incidences and proportions of postneonatal deaths from all causes, SIDS, and infanticide in California over an 18-year interval encompassing years before and after the Back to Sleep campaign. Selected postneonatal mortality data from 1981 through 1998 obtained from the California Department of Health Services were analyzed and graphically displayed. The total postneonatal mortality and incidence of SIDS deaths per 100,000 live births decreased 45% and 66%, respectively, during the study interval; the incidence of infanticide remained low. The ratio of infanticide to SIDS increased from 4.3 per 100 in 1981 to 10.2 per 100 in 1998. Infanticide deaths, as a percentage of the total number of postneonatal deaths, increased slightly from the first to the second half of the study interval but never rose above 3.2%. It is concluded that this increased percentage is due to a decrease in SIDS deaths and not to an actual increase in infanticide deaths.

California↗
PubMed1994

Production pressure in the work environment. California anesthesiologists' attitudes and experiences.

BACKGROUND: Pressure to put efficiency, output, or continued production ahead of safety has caused catastrophic accidents in various industries. The authors assessed the attitudes and experiences of anesthesiologists concerning production pressure. METHODS: A random, repeated-mailing survey was conducted among 647 members of the American Society of Anesthesiologists residing in California. Questions were asked about attitudes toward production pressure and other patient safety issues, frequency of occurrence of various operating room events, encounters with situations involving unsafe actions, and ratings of sources of production pressure. RESULTS: Forty-seven percent of those sampled returned surveys. The demographics of the respondent population were largely similar to those of the population of anesthesiologists in California. There was no systematic difference between the respondents to the first versus the second mailing, reducing (but not eliminating) the possibility of self-selection bias. Nearly half (49%) of respondents had witnessed production pressure result in what they believed to be unsafe actions by an anesthesiologist. Such events included elective surgery in patients without adequate evaluation or with significant contraindications to surgery. Anesthesiologists felt pressures within themselves to work agreeably with surgeons, avoid delaying cases, and avoid litigation. They also reported overt pressure by surgeons to proceed with cases instead of cancelling them, and to hasten anesthetic procedures. Some aspects of production pressure were perceived differently by those reimbursed by fee-for-service versus those paid by salary. CONCLUSIONS: Production pressure from internal and external sources is a reality for many anesthesiologists and is perceived in some cases to have resulted in unsafe actions being performed.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed1997

Association among health habits, risk factors, and all-cause mortality in a black California population.

We evaluated dietary and other risk factors in a black California cohort. Baseline data were gathered in 1974 and 1976, and mortality follow-up continued through 1985. A study census questionnaire was returned from 3,299 subjects who lived in a household containing at least one Seventh-Day Adventist. Of these, 1,668 subjects also completed a detailed life-style and dietary questionnaire in 1976. Vital status was ascertained using church records and the California State death tapes. Mortality hazard ratios (HR; both sexes combined) across three increasing consumption levels were determined for nuts (1.00, 0.60, 0.56), fruits (1.00, 0.38, 0.57), and green salads (1.00, 0.54, 0.65). Consumption of meats appeared more hazardous for women, although there was no dose-response relation. Education (HR = 1.00, no college; 0.74, some college; 0.42, college graduate), male gender (HR = 1.55), diabetes mellitus (HR = 1.77), and hypertension (HR = 2.52) were independently associated with mortality, as was obesity, which had a curvilinear association in women and a linear association in men. Exercise was not associated with mortality after excluding those with morbidity at baseline. In summary, traditional risk factors operated with similar force in this black population. In addition, the frequent consumption of nuts, fruits, and green salads appears protective.

Adult↗