Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Behaviorism”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,045 records · Page 58Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Variant and invariant high-probability requests: increasing appropriate behaviors in children with emotional-behavioral disorders.

This study examined the effects of variant versus invariant high-probability (high-p) request sequences on the performance of requests to initiate a social bid by young children with emotional-behavioral disorders. In the initial phases of the investigation, a multiple baseline design showed that the delivery of invariant sequences (i.e., high-p requests delivered in the same sequence) produced initial increases in compliance to requests to initiate a social bid to a peer. However, increases were not maintained across the invariant condition. The delivery of variant high-p sequences produced increases in compliance to requests to initiate social bids that were maintained across the variant condition. In a follow-up condition, the number of requests within the pool of the variant and invariant high-p requests were controlled. Results of the follow-up condition replicated those found in the initial condition. Implications for applied use and future research are discussed.

Child Behavior Disorders↗
PubMed1980

An investigation of peak shift and behavioral contrast for autoshaped and operant behavior.

Instrumental treadle press and nonreinforced key peck responses were monitored during discrimination training and generalization testing in pigeons on positive and negative reinforcement schedules. In Experiment 1, six pigeons pressed a treadle for food on a multiple variable-interval extinction schedule. In Experiment 2, three pigeons pressed a treadle to avoid shock on a multiple free-operant avoidance extinction schedule. Different color keylights signaled S+ and S- components. Some positive behavioral contrast occurred during discrimination training, but the effect was small. Pecking occurred to the S+ keylight in Experiment 1 but not in Experiment 2. On stimulus generalization tests, all subjects displayed a positive peak shift when pressing the treadle for food or to avoid shock. However, peak shift was not found for nonreinforced "autopecks" on the stimulus key, although an area shift was observed in Experiment 1. This is the first demonstration of peak shift for pigeons pressing treadles and the only reliable demonstration of peak shift when negative reinforcement maintained responding. These results, in combination with previous demonstrations of peak shift for rats pressing levers and pigeons pecking keys, indicate that peak shift is a general by-product of operant discrimination learning, since it occurs across a variety of the organisms, responses, and reinforcers.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Geophysical variables and behavior: XCI. Ambulatory behavior in rats following prenatal exposures to complex magnetic fields designed to interact with genetic expression.

A total of 45 litters were exposed during their entire prenatal development to one of two complex patterns of magnetic fields whose strengths varied within one of four intensity ranges between 10 nT and 1,000 nT or to sham-field conditions. The litters exposed to the most complex pattern, composed of 50 200-msec. presentations of different pulses for 10 sec. every 50 sec., displayed more ambulation in an open field at 21 days of age than the litters that had been exposed continuously to a repetitive frequency-modulated field or to sham-field conditions. This treatment explained 25% of the variance in the numbers of squares traversed. The results suggest that complexity of the applied magnetic field during prenatal development may be more important than intensity for permanently affecting neuronal organization and behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Smoking patterns, health behaviors, and health-risk behaviors of college women.

In 1993, 22% of college women smoked; in 1997, the rate increased to 29%. College-age women (<24 years) showed the greatest increase in smoking. The purpose of this study is to describe smoking behaviors of college women. The sample included 21 college-age female smokers. Each woman was interviewed about smoking habits and completed a health survey, the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, a Self-Efficacy Scale for predicting smoking relapse, a Decisional Balance Scale for smoking, a readiness for change tool, and the Derogatis Stress Profile. The majority of the students began smoking at the age of 14 years or younger and smoked fewer than 10 cigarettes per day. The biggest obstacles to quitting were being around other smokers and social activities involving alcohol. These students did not smoke when ill and were interested in quitting smoking. Smoking frequency correlated significantly with dependency and stage of change. Advanced practice nurses have a unique opportunity to identify these young smokers, educate them about smoking-cessation options, and offer specific strategies to help these women stop smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Behavioral study on reduction of psychotic and behavioral disorders induced by antitussive and expectorant].

Previously, we reported that psychotic and behavioral disorders induced by repeated abuse of a commercial preparation of antitussive and expectorant (BRON-W Solution, SS Pharmaceut.) was mainly due to caffeine (CAF). In order to reduce such problem, we assessed effects of a preparation containing theophylline (THEO) as the substitution of CAF, and dihydrocodeine (2HCOD), methylephedrine (MEPH) and chlorpheniramine (CPA) on ambulatory activity and discrete lever-press avoidance response in mice. It is well known that THEO is less potent in the central action than CAF, but its relaxant action on smooth muscle is about 2 times as potent as that of CAF. Therefore, the dose of THEO administered was half of that of CAF. A significant increase in the ambulatory activity was produced by the administration of CAF and/or mixed preparations, in which CAF was contained with 2HCOD, MEPH and CPA at the same doses with those in BRON 10 ml/kg. The ambulation-increasing effects of THEO and THEO-containing preparations were less potent than those of CAP and CAF-containing preparations. Furthermore, repeated 5 times administration of CAF-containing 4-drug preparation (CAF + 2HCOD+MEPH+CPA) elicited a progressive enhancement of the ambulation-increasing effect. Whereas, almost the same effect was reproduced throughout the 5 times administration of THEO-containing 4-drug preparation (THEO + 2HCOD+MEPH+CPA). The discrete lever-press avoidance response was disrupted (i.e., decrease in the avoidance rate) by CAF-containing preparations. However, THEO-containing preparations did not induce such disruption of the avoidance response, but rather improved the avoidance response (i.e., increase in the avoidance rate).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effects of chronic SCH23390 treatment on the biochemical and behavioral properties of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors: potentiated behavioral responses to a D2 dopamine agonist after selective D1 dopamine receptor upregulation.

Chronic treatment of rats with SCH23390 (0.5 mg/kg/day s.c.), a D1 dopamine receptor antagonist, for 21 days resulted in an increase in D1 dopamine receptors but produced no change in D2 dopamine receptors. During habituation to locomotor activity cages the rats treated chronically with SCH23390 showed significantly higher locomotor activity than controls treated chronically with saline. When injected with the selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist SKF38393 (3 mg/kg), rats treated chronically with SCH23390 showed significantly greater stereotypy and locomotor activity responses. Surprisingly, rats treated chronically with SCH23390 also showed significantly higher locomotor activity and stereotypy responses when treated with the selective D2 dopamine receptor agonist, quinpirole (LY171555) (0.3 mg/kg). These results indicate that a selective increase in D1 receptors may not be necessary, but is sufficient, to lead to an enhanced behavioral response to either selective D1 or D2 dopamine receptor agonists. If, indeed, an enhanced stereotypy and locomotor activity response to dopaminergic agonists in rats after a brief chronic treatment with a neuroleptic drug is predictive of tardive dyskinesia potential in the clinical setting, these results can suggest that SCH23390 may also induce tardive dyskinesia in humans. Adenylate cyclase activity stimulated by guanine nucleotides, forskolin or dopamine was enhanced after chronic treatment with SCH23390. However, dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was not potentiated detectably by the increase in receptor number over the more general increase in guanine nucleotide-stimulated cyclic AMP production. Additionally, no change was observed in dopamine competition for [3H]SCH23390 binding, with dopamine's RH/RL ratio remaining unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of the Collaborative Behavioral Teratology Study and Cincinnati Behavioral Teratology test batteries.

Comparison is made of the NCTR Collaborative Behavioral Teratology Study (CBTS) test battery with tests of the Cincinnati test battery using rat offspring derived from the same samples and sub-divided and evaluated in parallel. It was noted that in the two experiments, one using prenatal d-amphetamine and one prenatal methylmercury exposure, both test batteries were in general agreement, viz., d-amphetamine was largely negative with no major findings observed and methylmercury was positive with several major findings. The results obtained from the two test batteries differed, however, in the methylmercury experiments, undoubtedly as a reflection of the different tests used. Whereas the CBTS battery detected in each laboratory methylmercury-induced auditory startle facilitation, increased adult activity, and in all laboratories combined decreased correct responding and intertrial responding in operant conditioning, the Cincinnati battery found delayed righting and swimming ontogeny, decreased adolescent activity, and impaired complex water maze performance. It was noted that the CBTS battery emphasized startle and activity testing, while the Cincinnati battery emphasized reflex ontogeny. The CBTS battery convincingly demonstrated its detection sensitivity, intralaboratory and interlaboratory reliability, but since few positive control agents were evaluated relatively few data on criterion validity were obtained. The Cincinnati battery has relatively little data on its interlaboratory reliability, but a large amount of data on intralaboratory reliability, sensitivity, and through the use of many positive control agents in the past, considerable data establishing its criterion validity. All tests need all three characteristics, but validation is the most crucial task for future research on these and other test batteries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The behavioral risk factor surveys: I. State-specific prevalence estimates of behavioral risk factors.

The prevalence of most behavioral risk factors varies substantially among states. The prevalence of current cigarette smoking ranges from 22 percent to 38 percent. Estimates of alcohol use show geographic clustering, with lower rates in the southeastern states. The prevalence of sedentary lifestyle, uncontrolled hypertension, overweight, and seatbelt use differs markedly among states. These findings represent an initial step toward the analysis of state-specific baseline risk-factor data for use in developing state programs aimed at reducing the leading causes of death in the United States.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[A differential description of the SDAT (senile dementia Alzheimer type) patient using 2 behavior observation scales: the BOP (Older Patients Rating Scale) and the GOS-G (Behavior Observation Scale-Geriatrics)].

In this article the BOP (Dutch version of the Stockton Geriatric Rating Scale) and the GOS-G (an adapted version of the BOP) were compared in their capacity to differentiate between a group of SDAT-patients (Senile Dementia Alzheimer Type) and a group of elderly patients with other psycho-organic symptoms. Both scales differentiated between the two groups. A second goal in this study was to test our assumption that the GOS-G would do better than the BOP in describing the SDAT-patient in his differences with the other psycho-organic patients. The reason for our assumption was the fact that the GOS-G was constructed with the intention to overcome some shortcomings of the BOP. The results showed that our assumption was correct. The picture of the differences between both groups given by the BOP was incomplete. Especially the underestimation of the dysfunctioning in activities of daily living and the neglect of disturbing behavior in the picture were seen as a disadvantage of the BOP.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1981

Behavior modification in vision training: facilitating prerequisite behaviors and visual skills.

Nine studies are presented illustrating how operant conditioning techniques can be used to facilitate the acquisition of task-relevant skills of young vision training patients. Four cases describe how behaviors considered prerequisite for visual skill training can be improved; task attention and motivation. Five cases show how special operant learning procedures, directly applied to visual skill performance, can facilitate the acquisition of such skills. It was suggested that all attempts at effective visual training recognize the role of scientifically based principles of learning and motivation in improving visual skills.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1995

Defective corticotropin-releasing hormone mediated neuroendocrine and behavioral responses in cholestatic rats: implications for cholestatic liver disease-related sickness behaviors.

Nonspecific systemic complaints are commonly encountered in patients with cholestatic liver diseases. However, the cause of these symptoms is poorly understood. Because corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) has been implicated as a mediator of sickness-related systemic symptoms, we examined CRH-mediated neuroendocrine and behavioral responses in rats with cholestasis due to bile duct resection (BDR) or sham resected (sham) controls. BDR and sham rats were placed individually in an open field apparatus, and the number of inner and outer squares entered, as well as the number of fecal boli produced, counted over a 5-minute period. Fecal boli production and inner squares entered are dependent on central CRH release. BDR and sham rats entered the same number of outer squares; however, BDR rats entered significantly fewer inner squares and produced fewer fecal boli than did sham rats, suggesting defective central CRH release in BDR rats. Immediately after exposure to the open field, rats were killed and blood adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels measured. ACTH release is dependent on central CRH release. BDR rats demonstrated significantly lower plasma ACTH levels after exposure to an open field than did sham animals. To further explore the central CRH defect in BDR rats, hypothalamic CRH contents were determined in BDR and sham rats with and without exposure to restraint stress. BDR rats had significantly lower basal hypothalamic CRH levels than sham animals, and CRH levels did not further decrease in BDR rats with restraint stress (as normally occurs). These results are consistent with defective CRH-mediated responses in cholestatic rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1995

Latino male attitudes and behaviors on their spouses' and partners' cancer-screening behavior: focus group findings.

The following is a report of the first phase of exploratory research growing out of a parent grant on breast and cervical cancer screening among Latinas in Colorado. This paper reports data gathered from 14 focus groups conducted with Latino (Mexican, Mexican-American, and other Hispanic) males to identify their supportive and nonsupportive attitudes and behaviors toward their spouse's breast and cervical cancer screening. The men represent a cross-section of Latino males, yet the findings presented here are strongly suggestive and not representative of Latinos as a whole. Latinos exhibited three distinct modes of knowledge and attitudes toward their partners' health-seeking efforts. The first mode was characterized by limited knowledge, a lack of information, and for some, disinterest or even disdain. Those in the second mode can be considered "generalists" who knew only generalities concerning their wives' health states and practices. The third mode includes Latino males who were genuinely interested in seeking "meaningful ways" to promote their partners' health and well-being. These long-time married couples seemed to have strong relationships highlighted by a genuine concern for each others' well-being, including their health problems. The younger cohorts were generally unconcerned about their spouses' breast and cervical cancer screening and lacked knowledge in the area. As age and educational level increased, so too did the general awareness and knowledge of breast and cervical cancer increase. Most Latinos, however, lacked specific knowledge about screening, the procedures, or the recommended frequency of such examinations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗