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PubMed2002

Weight-related attitudes and behaviors of adolescent boys and girls who are encouraged to diet by their mothers.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationships between mothers' reports of dieting and encouraging adolescents to diet and adolescents' reports of their own dieting practices and weight-related concerns. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of parent interviews and adolescent surveys in an ethnically-diverse sample. SUBJECTS: A total of 810 adolescents (n=381 boys and n=429 girls) and their mothers. RESULTS: Mothers' dieting was associated with their adolescent girls' weight-related concerns and behaviors, but these associations were not significant after adjusting for girls' body mass index (BMI). In contrast, mothers' encouragement for sons to diet was associated with sons' binge eating, dieting and other weight-control behaviors, even after controlling for sons' BMI. Compared with mothers who did not encourage their child to diet, mothers who encouraged their child to diet were significantly heavier women and were more likely to view their child as overweight. Forty-three percent of boys and 46% of girls who were encouraged by their mothers to diet were classified as nonoverweight by federal guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Boys who are encouraged by their mothers to diet may be at risk for health-compromising eating and dieting behaviors, particularly binge-eating, fasting, eating a little bit of food and skipping meals. Parents who are concerned about their children's weight should be educated to encourage healthy eating habits and physical activity to promote their children's health, including healthy weight control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Molecular polymorphism, differentiation and introgression in the period gene between Lutzomyia intermedia and Lutzomyia whitmani.

BACKGROUND: Lutzomyia intermedia and Lutzomyia whitmani (Diptera: Psychodidae) are important and very closely related vector species of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil, which are distinguishable by a few morphological differences. There is evidence of mitochondrial introgression between the two species but it is not clear whether gene flow also occurs in nuclear genes. RESULTS: We analyzed the molecular variation within the clock gene period (per) of these two species in five different localities in Eastern Brazil. AMOVA and Fst estimates showed no evidence for geographical differentiation within species. On the other hand, the values were highly significant for both analyses between species. The two species show no fixed differences and a higher number of shared polymorphisms compared to exclusive mutations. In addition, some haplotypes that are "typical" of one species were found in some individuals of the other species suggesting either the persistence of old polymorphisms or the occurrence of introgression. Two tests of gene flow, one based on linkage disequilibrium and a MCMC analysis based on coalescence, suggest that the two species might be exchanging alleles at the per locus. CONCLUSION: Introgression might be occurring between L. intermedia and L. whitmani in period, a gene controlling behavioral rhythms in Drosophila. This result raises the question of whether similar phenomena are occurring at other loci controlling important aspects of behavior and vectorial capacity.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Effects of androgen on sexual behavior in hypogonadal men.

Despite the widespread use of androgen in the treatment of hypogonadal men, its efficacy in restoring sexual behavior to hypogonadal patients has not been established in appropriately controlled behavioral studies. Accordingly, testosterone enanthate or vehicle was injected once every 4 weeks im in a double blind experiment. The subjects were six adult males, aged 32-65 yr, two with gonadal failure and four with secondary hypogonadism. Two doses of testosterone (100 and 400 mg) were administered for approximately 5 months, with the treatments varied at random within and among subjects. Details of sexual activity and experience were followed by the use of daily logs. Frequencies of erections, including nocturnal erections and coitus, showed significant dose-related responses to androgen treatment which closely followed the fluctuations in the circulating testosterone level. As indicated by the Profile of Mood States test, behavioral responses did not appear to be mediated by changes in mood. We concluded that the stimulatory effects of testosterone on sexual activity are rapid, reliable, and not due to a placebo effect. To maintain plasma testosterone and adequate sexual function within normal levels, even high doses of testosterone enanthate should be given no less frequency than once every 3 weeks.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[I.S. Beritashvili (Beritov) is one of the founders of the modern biobehavioral science (to the 120th anniversary)].

Ivan Solomonovich Beritashvili (Beritov) is one of the great Russian physiologists who have created the Russian route of the modern science of behavior. He has proposed and experimentally substantiated a concept of psychoneural activity according to which the behavior controlled by images is the main and higher form of the behavior of vertebrates. Behaviors on the basis of conditioned reflexes and images are qualitatively different activities underlain by different neural substrates. Recently, the Beritashvili's principle ideas have been confirmed by multiple experimental studies of the animal and human cognitive behavior. At present, the concept of the procedural memory formed by training and acquisition and episodic memory formed on the basis of images is commonly accepted. The episodic memory stores the environmental events and phenomena perceived by an animal or a human. Each time when the image is reproduced during perception of environment or its part, an animal performs the same behavioral act as during the actual perception. Beritashvili's viewpoint that the procedural and declarative memories are controlled by different brain structures has been confirmed by experiments.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predicting iron-fortified soy sauce consumption intention: application of the theory of planned behavior and health belief model.

OBJECTIVE: To identify variables that significantly predict the intention of iron ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (NaFeEDTA)-fortified soy sauce (FeSS) consumption. DESIGN: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey, based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Health Belief Model (HBM), was administered, and a multistage, stratified sampling method was carried out to select study samples. SETTING: Urban and rural areas in Guizhou province, China. SUBJECTS: 636 women from rural areas and 454 from urban areas completed 1090 eligible questionnaires. VARIABLES MEASURED: Women's knowledge of FeSS; perceived severity and susceptibility of iron deficiency (ID) or iron deficiency anemia (IDA); and attitudes toward behavior, control beliefs, barriers, cues, intention to buy FeSS, health value, and health behavior identity factors were measured. ANALYSIS: A path analysis was conducted to test the goodness of fit of the model and to modify the model. Scale and factor analyses were conducted to verify the scale's reliability and construct validity. The alpha level was set at .05. RESULTS: The model explained 35% to 55% of the variance of behavioral intention. FeSS knowledge directly and indirectly affected the intention to buy FeSS. The behavioral intention was also impacted by women's health value and perception of perceived susceptibility and severity of IDA through the behavior identity and attitudes toward behavior. Cues, as an external factor, greatly affected the intention. The external control belief was a weak factor affecting intention. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH AND PRACTICE: Integrated TPB and HBM explained the behavioral intention of FeSS consumption among women in Guizhou, China. Nutrition education should emphasize behavioral attitudes and identity, and improve knowledge of FeSS and perception of ID and IDA, which would relieve anxiety about FeSS.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Behavioral and pharmacological modulation of respiration in rhesus monkeys.

Changes in respiration associated with schedule-controlled behavior were determined in seated rhesus monkeys prepared with a pressure-displacement head plethysmograph for monitoring ventilation continuously during behavioral experiments. Subjects were trained to press a lever under fixed-ratio 40 and fixed-interval 300-s schedules of stimulus termination. Episodic increases in ventilation were closely associated with periods of responding under both schedules. Recurring episodes of increased ventilation occurred during fixed-ratio responding, and were separated by brief 10-s timeouts during which ventilation decreased. Under the fixed-interval schedule, both ventilation and response rate typically increased as the 300-s interval elapsed. The effects of cocaine, caffeine, and two adenosine agonists, 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidadenosine (NECA) and 2-(carboxyethylphenylamino)adenosine-5'-carboxamide (CGS 21680), on behavior and respiration were determined using a cumulative-dosing procedure. Drug-induced suppression of behavior eliminated the episodic increases in ventilation during the performance components of both schedules. Schedule-related increases in ventilation were compared to those produced by elevated levels of CO2 in inspired air. Exposure to 4% CO2 mixed in air increased ventilation in all subjects, and the combined effects of CO2 exposure and schedule-controlled responding on respiration appeared to be additive. The results suggest that behavioral activities may increase ventilation through increased metabolic demand and increased CO2 production.

Adenosine↗
PubMed1989

Use of a holding technique to control the violent behavior of seriously disturbed adolescents.

Therapeutic holding is a treatment technique in which a violent patient is physically contained by people rather than by mechanical or chemical restraints or seclusion. Episodes of therapeutic holding that took place on an inpatient adolescent psychiatric unit over an 18-month period were examined retrospectively through chart review and review of written audits of each episode. During that period, 22.8 percent of the patient population experienced at least one episode of therapeutic holding. Patients requiring this intervention were more likely to be younger and, when day at risk were controlled, to be male and to have had longer stays on the unit. The technique enabled patients to regain behavioral control after a mean of 21.2 minutes, a much shorter period of containment than the four to 16 hours reported in studies of seclusion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Behavioral and physiological effects of xanthines in nonhuman primates.

Caffeine and related xanthines can have significant behavioral effects on measures of locomotor activity, schedule-controlled behavior, drug self-administration, and learning and memory. Xanthines also produce numerous physiological effects including positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart, decreased airway resistance in the lung, and respiratory stimulation. Due to the widespread use of xanthines as constituents of food and beverages and as therapeutic drugs, identification of mechanisms that mediate their pharmacological effects has considerable relevance for drug development and therapeutics. Two primary mechanisms involving the cyclic nucleotide system have been implicated as the bases for the effects of xanthines in the CNS. Many xanthines bind to specific adenosine recognition sites and block the actions of adenosine. Xanthines also inhibit cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, the enzymes responsible for the hydrolytic inactivation of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. Recent research in nonhuman primates has characterized the behavioral, respiratory and cardiovascular effects of a number of xanthines and related drugs differing in affinity at different subtypes of adenosine receptors and in capacity to inhibit different molecular forms of PDE. The behavioral-stimulant effects of xanthines appear to be mediated principally by their adenosine-antagonist actions and may be limited by PDE inhibition. The respiratory-stimulant and cardiac effects of xanthines, on the other hand, appear to be linked more closely to their PDE-inhibiting actions than to adenosine antagonism. Converging lines of evidence suggest that adenosine A2 and cAMP-specific (possibly type IV) PDE mechanisms play especially prominent roles in mediating the behavioral and physiological effects of xanthines in nonhuman primates.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Correlates of fruit and vegetable intake among adolescents. Findings from Project EAT.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to identify correlates of fruits and vegetables from within the domains of personal factors (taste preferences, health/nutrition attitudes, weight/body concerns, and self-efficacy), behavioral factors (meal frequency, fast food intake, and weight control behaviors), and socio-environmental factors (social support for healthy eating, family meal patterns, food security, socio-economic status, and home availability of fruits/vegetables). This study further aims to identify correlates of home availability and taste preferences for fruits/vegetables, and to explore patterns of interaction between availability and taste preferences. METHODS: The population included 3957 adolescents from 31 public middle and high schools in Minnesota. Structural equation modeling was used for model testing. RESULTS: The strongest correlates of fruit/vegetable intake were home availability of fruits/vegetables and taste preferences of fruits/vegetables. The final model explained 13% of the variance in fruit/vegetable intake, 45% of the variance in home availability, and 28% of the variance in taste preferences. Correlates of home availability included social support for healthy eating, family meal patterns, family food security, and socio-economic status. Correlates of taste preferences included health/nutrition attitudes and home availability of fruits/vegetables. A test of interaction effects indicated that when home availability of fruits/vegetables was low, intake patterns did not differ, regardless of taste preferences. In contrast, even when taste preferences for fruits/vegetables were low, if fruits/vegetables were available, intake increased. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to increase fruit/vegetable intake in adolescents need to target socio-environmental factors such as greater availability of fruits/vegetables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Altered brain development in Turner's syndrome: an event-related potential study.

We compared event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and reaction time (RT) measures from untreated young (prepubertal and peripubertal; ages 9 to 14) and old (postpubertal; ages 15 to 20) Turner's syndrome (TS) subjects with those from normal age-matched controls. Comparisons among groups permitted the assessment of the relative roles of congenital and maturational brain alterations as possible bases of the cognitive deficits in TS. All subjects were presented with series of auditory stimuli, and they either counted one of the two stimuli or made rapid discriminative button presses to both. The results indicated that, whereas the ERPs in young TS females were essentially the same as those in their age-matched controls, the ERPs in old TS females more closely resembled those in both young groups than those in their age-matched controls. Specifically, a late (400 to 900 msec) frontal negative slow wave (Nc) in the old TS subjects failed to show the normal maturational course in which the amplitude and duration of this component steadily decreases with age. Except for slightly greater amounts of N1 amplitude in the young TS group, the latencies, amplitudes, and scalp distributions of the other ERP components (N1, P2, N2, P300) were all the same at all ages in the TS subjects and their controls. Behaviorally, both TS groups had longer RTs than their controls but, consistent with the ERP results, they did not make more errors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impulsivity in abstinent alcohol-dependent patients: relation to control subjects and type 1-/type 2-like traits.

Extensive literature has linked behavior control problems in childhood to risk for alcoholism, but impulsivity in alcohol-dependent adults has not been well characterized. Using a variety of laboratory measures of impulsivity, we assessed whether detoxified alcohol-dependent patients [(ADP); n = 130] were more impulsive than control subjects [(CS); n = 41]. In comparison with CS, ADP demonstrated (1) increased rates of commission errors, but not omission errors, in a continuous performance test, (2) a more severe devaluation of delayed reward, (3) increased rates of risky responses in a new risk-taking paradigm, and (4) higher psychometric scores of impulsivity and aggression. Across all subjects, aggressiveness correlated significantly with severity of delay discounting. A post hoc analysis of data obtained for male ADP indicated that, in comparison with patients with late onset of problem drinking and no problem-drinking parent, those ADP with earlier age of problem drinking and who reported a problem-drinking father (type 2-like alcohol dependence) demonstrated faster response latencies and more responses to non-target stimuli (commission errors) in the continuous performance test, as well as higher psychometric aggression. In contrast, these subtypes of male ADP did not differ in delay discounting and risk taking. These findings collectively indicate that, in comparison with CS, ADP are more impulsive in several dimensions, with elevated impulsivity in a working memory task as well as aggressivity characteristic of alcohol-dependent men with type 2-like features.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Atopic dermatitis and stress: possible role of negative communication with significant others.

Clinical reports have related stressful social interactions to the course of atopic dermatitis (AD). Controlled behavioral observations of interaction patterns of AD patients and their significant others, however, were lacking. In two studies, adult AD patients and their mothers (N1 = 26) or partners (N2 = 67) engaged in a discussion of a mutual problem. Their verbal and nonverbal communication behavior was analyzed with a reliable standardized interactional coding system and compared to that of control dyads (N1 = 18, N2 = 28). Although AD patients and their significant others did not differ from controls in their self-reported satisfaction with the relationship, the behavioral observations showed less positive and more negative communication patterns compared to the control dyads. Negative interactions with significant others may prevent the solution of everyday problems and may add to the patients' stress level.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Causal ordering of physical self-concept and exercise behavior: reciprocal effects model and the influence of physical education teachers.

Does prior physical self-concept influence subsequent exercise behavior? On the basis of a large sample of physical education classes (2,786 students, 200 classes, 67 teachers) collected early (Time 1) and late (Time 2) in the school year, findings support a reciprocal effects model in which prior physical self-concept and exercise behavior both influence subsequent physical self-concept and exercise behavior. Whereas variables from the theory of planned behavior (TOPB; behavioral intentions, perceived behavioral control, exercise attitudes) also contributed to the prediction of subsequent exercise behavior, the effect of prior physical self-concept was significant for subsequent outcomes after controlling these variables, suggesting that the TOPB should be supplemented with self-concept measures. On the basis of multilevel models, there were systematic differences in these variables for students taught by different teachers that generalized over time and across different classes taught by the same teacher. Support for the reciprocal effects model was robust.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Investigating the genetic control of stem cell behavior.

The precise control of hematopoietic stem cell fate decisions involves molecules that are differentially expressed in the stem cell versus its non-stem progeny. The construction of representative and high quality cDNA libraries containing stem cell-specific sequences is a first step in elucidating stem cell control mechanisms. Automated bioinformatics in conjunction with high-throughput random sequencing and high-density parallel array hybridization studies make it possible to dissect stem cell molecular pathways and networks. It is the differential analysis of these interacting pathways which will provide the greatest insights into the biological differences underlying stem cell behavior.

Computational Biology↗
PubMed2000

Postural control model interpretation of stabilogram diffusion analysis.

Collins and De Luca [Collins JJ. De Luca CJ (1993) Exp Brain Res 95: 308-318] introduced a new method known as stabilogram diffusion analysis that provides a quantitative statistical measure of the apparently random variations of center-of-pressure (COP) trajectories recorded during quiet upright stance in humans. This analysis generates a stabilogram diffusion function (SDF) that summarizes the mean square COP displacement as a function of the time interval between COP comparisons. SDFs have a characteristic two-part form that suggests the presence of two different control regimes: a short-term open-loop control behavior and a longer-term closed-loop behavior. This paper demonstrates that a very simple closed-loop control model of upright stance can generate realistic SDFs. The model consists of an inverted pendulum body with torque applied at the ankle joint. This torque includes a random disturbance torque and a control torque. The control torque is a function of the deviation (error signal) between the desired upright body position and the actual body position, and is generated in proportion to the error signal, the derivative of the error signal, and the integral of the error signal [i.e. a proportional, integral and derivative (PID) neural controller]. The control torque is applied with a time delay representing conduction, processing, and muscle activation delays. Variations in the PID parameters and the time delay generate variations in SDFs that mimic real experimental SDFs. This model analysis allows one to interpret experimentally observed changes in SDFs in terms of variations in neural controller and time delay parameters rather than in terms of open-loop versus closed-loop behavior.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1962

Control of the behavior of schizophrenic patients by food.

Operant-conditioning principles using food as a reinforcer were applied to control the behavior of 45 chronic schizophrenic patients. The investigation was conducted in a psychiatric ward in which there was 24-hr environmental control. In order to use food as a reinforcer for controlling psychotic behavior, it was necessary first to deal with the eating deficits in the patients. Approximately 50% of the ward population was selected because of a history of refusal to eat. Their refusal to eat had remained relatively unaffected by one or more of these treatments: spoonfeeding, tubefeeding, intravaneous feeding, and electroshock. These treatments were discontinued, and the patients were left alone at mealtimes. The results show that social reinforcement in such forms as coaxing, persuading, and feeding the patient tend to shape patients into eating problems so they are conditioned to eat only with assistance. When refusal to eat was no longer followed by social reinforcement, the patients soon started eating unassisted. When access to the dining room was made dependent upon a chain of responses including a motor and social component, all patients learned these responses.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effect of reinforcer devaluation on discriminative control of instrumental behavior.

Two experiments examined the effect of reinforcer devaluation on the ability of a discriminative stimulus (Sd) to control instrumental behavior in Sprague-Dawley rats. In Experiment 1 reinforcer devaluation reduced, but did not eliminate, the ability of the Sd to control performance of the original response and to transfer its control to a new response trained with the same reinforcer. The effect of devaluation was more complete in Experiment 2, in which the reinforcer was delivered directly into the oral cavity. However, retraining the response with a different reinforcer partially restored the ability of the Sd to control performance of that response. These results suggest that an Sd may not augment its trained responses when the reinforcer has been completely devalued but may promote responses with which it shares a reinforcer, as long as those responses are associated with some reinforcer that retains its value. The implications of these results for the way that discriminative stimuli control instrumental behavior are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A controlled study of a spirituality-focused intervention for increasing motivation for HIV prevention among drug users.

Spiritual Self-Schema (3-S) therapy is a manual-guided intervention for increasing motivation for HIV prevention that integrates a cognitive model of self within a Buddhist framework suitable for people of all faiths. In this controlled study, 72 methadone-maintained clients received either standard care and 8 weeks of 3-S therapy, or standard care alone. At treatment completion, 3-S clients reported significantly greater increases in spiritual practices, expression of spiritual qualities, and motivation for HIV prevention. They were also less likely to have engaged in HIV risk behavior. Correlational analyses showed that attendance at 3-S therapy sessions was significantly positively related to spiritual practice at treatment completion and to motivation for HIV prevention, and that both attendance at 3-S sessions and motivation for HIV preventive behavior were significantly negatively related to HIV risk behavior. Completion of 3-S therapy predicted posttreatment HIV preventive behavior, controlling for pretreatment behavior, demographics, and addiction severity measures (odds ratio = 8.89; 95% confidence interval = 1.62-48.93).

Adult↗