Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Baths”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,045 records · Page 58Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Temporal evolution of the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy spectrum of aluminum metal in different bath gases.

The spectral emission of gas-phase aluminum and aluminum oxide was measured during and immediately after exposure of a bulk-aluminum sample to a laser-induced spark produced by a focused, pulsed laser beam (Nd:YAG, 10-ns pulse duration, 35 mJ/pulse, lambda = 1064 nm). The spectral emission was measured as a function of time after the onset of the laser pulse, and it was also measured in different bath gases (air, nitrogen, oxygen, and helium).

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Mathematical modeling of controlled-release kinetics of herbicides in a dynamic-water-bath system.

Release of herbicides from lignin-based formulations follows a diffusion-controlled mechanism. For mathematical modeling of diffusive transport, the conventional approach is to assume sink conditions at both surfaces of polymeric matrix. This boundary condition proved to be inadequate to describe experimental data obtained in a water dynamic bath system. However, satisfactory descriptions for this system were obtained when a stagnant unstirred layer of herbicide solution was used as the boundary condition. The adequacy of the model incorporating this new boundary condition was statistically tested using the Fisher test at a confidence level of 95% and plotting the residual distribution.

Biomass↗
PubMed1977

Screening for gonorrhea and syphilis in the gay baths--Denver, Colorado.

During 33 screening sessions in Denver gay steambaths, 48 of 419 (11.5 per cent) men were found to have asymptomatic gonorrhea and six (1.4 per cent) had early latent syphilis. Questionnaires were administered to 160 men who reported a mean of 7.9 different male sex contacts per month. Female sex contacts were also reported by 30 per cent. The respondents used the baths an average of 2.2 times per month, having an average of 2.7 different sex contacts per visit, 84 per cent of whom were not previously known to the respondent. Gay steambaths are productive locations for detecting asymptomatic gonorrhea and syphilis.

Colorado↗
PubMed2006

Effect of solar radiation on survival of indicator bacteria in bathing waters.

Sunlight exposure is considered to be the most important cause of "natural disinfection" in surface water environments. The UV-B portion of the solar spectrum is the most bactericidal, causing direct (photo-biological) DNA damage. In the present experimental study, the effect of solar radiation on the elimination of bacteria in water, especially in surface water, was studied. The influence of depth and UV-B transmittance of water was determined. Comparing Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis proved to be the most resistant organism. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was shown to be the most sensitive indicator bacterium among the tested microorganisms. Results show a significant correlation between radiation intensity and reduction rates. Best elimination of microorganisms occurs on the water surface; with increasing water depth, there is less UV radiation to inactivate bacteria. High turbidity substantially reduces UV-B transmittance in water causing decreased elimination efficiency. The results of the present study show that sunlight, given an appropriate intensity and good water transparency is suitable to inactivate fecal indicator bacteria within a few hours in surface waters and therefore also in bathing waters.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1978

A simple portable water bath for superficial ultrasonography.

A simple portable water bath device has been designed and adapted to the conventional contact B-scanner for examining superficial lesions. It is inexpensive, easy to construct, and convenient to use since the water reservoir is sealed. Small lesions (e.g., nodules in the thyroid or testis) are rapidly and clearly delineated.

Cysts↗
PubMed1997

Treatment of refractory cases of atopic dermatitis with acidic hot-spring bathing.

The incidence of refractory atopic dermatitis has increased in teenagers and young adults. The purpose of this study was to control the skin symptoms of such patients in daily life. Seventy patients repeatedly took a 10-min 42 degrees C acidic hot-spring bath twice daily. The skin symptoms were improved in 76% of cases. In 30 of 42 responders examined Staphylococcus aureus, detected on the skin surface, disappeared or decreased through balneotherapy. In contrast, S. aureus remained unchanged in 8 of 10 non-responders examined. Thus, the balneotherapy using acidic hot-spring water may be useful for controlling the skin symptoms of acute flares of refractory cases of atopic dermatitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rapid ultrasonic bath processing for electron microscopy.

A new rapid method for the processing of biopsy specimens for electron microscopy is described. The method uses standard reagents and media and employs ultrasonic cleaning bath agitation to accelerate fluid exchange. The procedure takes approximately 2.5 h from specimen excision to polymerized block and gives excellent results.

Histological Techniques↗
PubMed1976

Improved temperature control of the Technicon tissue processor paraffin bath.

Modifications of the Auto-Technicon Tissue Processor Paraffin Bath are described. The modification are a combination of electrical and mechanical changes that will ensure long-term reliability of the unit and dependable temperature maintenance of the paraffin. Extensive testing has verified that modified units are able to stabilize temperature within a range of 0.25C over many months of continuous operation.

Histological Techniques↗
PubMed1988

Prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects: origin of midtrimester vertebral ossification centers as determined by sonographic water-bath studies.

A normal vertebral column was removed from a 17-week stillborn fetus and suspended in a water bath. The specimen was sequentially dissected, with spinous processes, transverse processes, and remaining neural arch removed. After dissection, each specimen was imaged by ultrasound in axial, sagittal, and coronal planes. The resultant images clearly demonstrated the origin of the three ossification centers as one at each lamina-pedicle junction and one in the vertebral body. Corollary X-ray studies confirmed the ultrasound findings and, in a case of open spina bifida, demonstrated the superiority of sonography for making this diagnosis.

Female↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of the Dougados Functional Index and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index. A literature review.

The preliminary core set for endpoints in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) clinical trials includes physical function. The objective of this review was to compare properties and performance of the 2 most widely used measures of functional capacity in AS: the Dougados Functional Index (DFI) and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI). A MEDLINE search was performed covering the years 1988 through April 1998. AS studies were identified and selected if they included the DFI and/or the BASFI. Additional studies were identified by scrutinizing the references cited in the retrieved articles and by correspondence with the authors of the 2 questionnaires. The instruments were examined with respect to development, truth, discrimination, and feasibility. We identified 27 articles dealing with the instruments. Both are valid and reliable measures of functional capacity in AS. While the DFI was sensitive to change in one disease controlling (DC-ART) and in 4 symptom modifying antirheumatic drug (SMARD) clinical trials, the BASFI is not sufficiently tested in these settings. The only direct comparison of both indices in a physical therapy setting confirmed 4 other studies that suggested a better discriminative capacity of the BASFI in physical therapy clinical trials. Two likely reasons for the lack of responsiveness of the DFI in these settings are the distribution of baseline scores showing a tendency towards normal values and the less sensitive scoring system. Discriminative capacity of the BASFI was found to be superior in patients with mild functional disability. It remains to be seen whether the BASFI performs as well as or better than the DFI in SMARD and DC-ART clinical trials.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

A new dimension to outcome: application of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Radiology Index.

Our aim was to develop a reproducible and simple radiological scoring system for ankylosing spondylitis (AS) to use in cross sectional and prospective studies. Regarding validation of the BASRI (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Radiology Index), radiographs of 470 patients with AS were scored using the New York criteria for the sacroiliac joints. The lumbar and cervical spine, and hips were similarly graded 0-4. These scores were added together to give BASRI-t (total) and if the hips are excluded to give BASRI-s (spine). Radiographs of 188 patients were used to test reproducibility. Blinded radiographs of 89 non-AS patients were included randomly to assess disease specificity. Sensitivity to change was assessed using 177 radiographs from 40 patients. Regarding the cross sectional study, 2200 radiographs of 550 (104 F:446 M) patients were randomly selected and scored using BASRI. The frequency distribution of BASRI-t and BASRI-s were plotted using a probit plot. Inter and intraobservation showed between 73 and 82% and 73 and 88% complete agreement, with specificity of 0.78-0.89, suggesting scores are disease-specific. Sensitivity to change became apparent at 2 years (p<0.05). Scoring required 30 seconds to complete. BASRI-t was found to be normally distributed using a probit plot. The mean BASRI scores (total, spinal, hip) increased with disease duration. The correlation, however, was poor (r=0.293, 0.347, 0.263, respectively). Those with hip involvement had more severe spinal disease (p<0.0001). Men had more severe spinal disease than women (p<0.0001). We conclude BASRI is a reliable and rapid method to grade radiographic changes in AS. Using this scoring system it can be seen that AS is a slowly progressive disease with much individual variation. Hip patients have more severe spinal disease than those without hip involvement and men have more severe spinal disease than women.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Properties of ionic channels formed by the antibiotic syringomycin E in lipid bilayers: dependence on the electrolyte concentration in the bathing solution.

Using the planar lipid bilayer technique, organization of ionic channels formed by the lipodepsipeptide antibiotic syringomycin E applied to one (cis) side of a lipid bilayer was studied. Low concentrations of NaCl (0.01-0.1 M) induced the opening and closing of two types of channels - "small" and "large". The large channels had single channel conductances approximately six times greater than those of the small channels. An increase in the NaCl concentration (0.6-1.0 M) decreased almost completely the chance to reveal the large channels. Although the syringomycin channels exhibited the anion selectivity within the entire range of NaCl concentrations in the bathing solutions (from 0.001 to 1.0 M) whereas the concentration gradients across the bilayers were 2 and 4, the transfer numbers for Cl-decreased with an increase in the mean NaCl concentration (from 0.83 for 0.005 M to 0.70 for 0.5 M). Moreover, at each mean value of NaCl concentration, all conductance levels had the same ion selectivity (identical reversal potential). These results suggest that at low NaCl concentrations the large channels are clusters of small channels which synchronously open and close, while at high electrolyte concentrations the screening of the charged groups responsible for channel interactions prevents the cluster formation. A new theoretical approach for the estimation of the channel radius and the number of elementary charges located at its inner surface (based on the experimental curve of the dependence of transfer number on the NaCl concentration) was developed. Based on this theoretical approach, the channel radius equal to 1 nm and one elementary charge located at its inner surface were obtained.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The development and validation of a radiographic grading system for the hip in ankylosing spondylitis: the bath ankylosing spondylitis radiology hip index.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a simple but reproducible radiological scoring system for the hip in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). METHODS: A consensus approach was used to develop a grading system whereby hip radiographs of 470 patients with AS were scored from 0 to 4 (normal, suspicious, mild, moderate, and severe), producing the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Radiology Hip Index ( BASRI-hip or BASRI-h). The system was designed to be specific for AS radiographic change at the hip and includes circumferential joint space narrowing, osteophytes, erosions, and protrusio acetabulae. This score can then be added to the BASRI-spine, forming the grading system BASRI-total, scored 2-16. Radiographs of 134 patients were used to test reproducibility. Blinded radiographs of 100 non-AS patients were included randomly to assess disease specificity. Sensitivity to change was determined using 438 radiographs from 122 patients, over 219 time intervals. RESULTS: Inter and intraobserver variation for the right and left hip showed 83-84% and 94-96% complete agreement, respectively. Disease specificity was 0.76. If non-AS patients with a total hip replacement were excluded, disease specificity was 0.83. Sensitivity to change became apparent at one year (p < 0.001). Grading the hips using a single radiograph takes seconds. CONCLUSION: BASRI-h is a reliable method for grading hip radiographic change in AS. It is disease-specific, sensitive to change, simple to use, and rapid to perform.

Female↗
PubMed2001

Setting microbiological water quality standards for sea bathing--a critical evaluation.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recently produced draft guidelines for safe recreational water environments. The microbiological standards proposed in the guidelines are expected to overestimate the degree of water quality required to provide given levels of public health protection. The WHO standards were obtained by means of a risk assessment which featured a dose-response model derived from a series of randomised controlled trials. The trials have many strengths but biases and problems with statistical analysis are likely to have led to over-estimation of the risks from bathing in the dose-response model. In addition, the WHO risk assessment failed to consider the effects of uncertainty and variability in risk estimates and sensitivity to model assumptions. Improved standards could be obtained by extending the risk assessment to examine these effects and by incorporating a suitably revised dose-response model.

Gastroenteritis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rapid determination of tannins in tanning baths by adaptation of BSA method.

A rapid and reproducible method for the determination of tannins in vegetable tanning baths is proposed as a modification of the BSA method for grain tannins existing in literature. The protein BSA was used instead of leather powder employed in the Filter Method, which is adopted in Italy and various others countries of Central Europe. In this rapid method the tannin contents is determined by means a spectrophotometric reading and not by means a gravimetric analysis of the Filter Method. The BSA method, which belongs to mixed methods (which use both precipitation and complexation of tannins), consists of selective precipitation of tannin from a solution containing also non tannins by BSA, the dissolution of precipitate and the quantification of free tannin amount by its complexation with Fe(III) in hydrochloric solutions. The absorbance values, read at 522 nm, have been expressed in terms of tannic acid concentration by using a calibration curve made with standard solutions of tannic acid; these have been correlated with the results obtained by using the Filter Method.

Absorption↗
PubMed2002

Measuring disability in ankylosing spondylitis: comparison of bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index with revised Leeds Disability Questionnaire.

OBJECTIVE: Disability has been identified as a core outcome measure in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The Dougados Functional Index (DFI) and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) have been selected as core measures of function in this disease. However, neither of these instruments has undergone rigorous psychometric testing. METHODS: The psychometric properties of 2 measures of disability, the BASFI and the revised Leeds Disability Questionnaire (RLDQ), were compared in a cohort of 208 outpatients with AS. Rasch analysis was used to examine the properties of each measure and to compare them on a common scale. Test-retest was assessed in a cohort of 149 subjects who completed each instrument twice over an interval of 2 weeks. RESULTS: Both instruments gave an even spread of scores across the study group, but BASFI responses were positively skewed and RLDQ responses negatively skewed. There was a highly significant difference between perceived severity groups for both instruments (Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared: RLDQ, 75.1; BASFI, 80.4; both p < 0.0001). Both instruments gave acceptable test-retest scores (RLDQ ICC = 0.95, 95% CI 0.93-0.97; BASFI ICC = 0.94, 95% CI 0.92-0.96). Both instruments were found to be unidimensional according to the Rasch model, but the BASFI had more items displaying differential item functioning. Category disordering was apparent with the BASFI but not the RLDQ. However, both instruments displayed disordered item thresholds. Neither instrument can be used as an interval measure. Both measures had "towers" of thresholds whereby several thresholds were marking the same point on the underlying disability construct. This was particularly notable in the case of the BASFI. CONCLUSION: Both the BASFI and RLDQ provide a unidimensional measure of function in AS that is in accord with patient perception of disease severity. Neither instrument can be used as an interval measure. Changing the way that the instruments are scored, for example by collapsing categories, may improve their performance.

Activities of Daily Living↗