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PubMedDate not supplied

Obesity risk factors in the ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) in Mexico City.

BACKGROUND: The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) has promoted surveys in asthma and allergic diseases using standardized methodologies including validated questionnaires. Many items in the questionnaires have also been implied in the overweight and obesity etiology. OBJECTIVE: To describe the factors associated with obesity in subjects of 6-7 years and 13-14 years in the ISAAC survey in Mexico City. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data were obtained from questionnaires of children participating in a phase 3b ISAAC survey. Logistic regression was used to determine the obesity risks factors. RESULTS: The factors related to obesity were weekly consumption of meat (+, positive relationship), vegetables, pasta, rice (+) and quartiles of birth weight (+) in boys of 6-7 years. Having suffered eczema at any time, weekly consumption of fruit, pasta, butter, nuts, potato (+), fast food (+), daily TV viewing (+) in girls of 6-7years. Having suffered eczema at any time, weekly consumption of pasta (+), butter, potato, weekly physical exercise in boys of 13-14 years; weekly consumption of pasta, margarine, milk, fast food (+), currently smoking in girls of 13-14 years. CONCLUSIONS: There were not common factor patterns for the different groups, birth weight, fast food, TV viewing and lack of exercise have been previously related to pediatric obesity. Asthma was not associated with a higher risk of obesity but medical history of eczema was associated with lower risk of obesity in the 6-7 years girls, and 13-14 years boys. The present study provides the bases for future epidemiological studies and gives some clues on possible public health actions.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Single-laboratory validation of a method for the determination of furan in foods by using static headspace sampling and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

A headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method was developed and validated in-house for the determination of furan in foods. The method of standard additions with d4-furan as the internal standard was used to quantitate furan. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation (LOQ) values ranged from 0.2 and 0.6 nglg, respectively, in apple juice to 0.9 and 2.9 ng/g, respectively, in peanut butter. Recoveries were obtained at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 times the LOQ. At 1, 2, and 3 times the LOQ, the recoveries ranged from 89.4 to 108%, and the relative standard deviations ranged from 3.3 to 17.3% for all the matrixes. For apple juice, chicken broth, and infant formula, the averaged coefficients of determination from the linear regression analyses were >0.99 with each food fortified at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 times the LOQ. The coefficients of determination were >0.99 for green beans and 0.96 for peanut butter with the foods fortified at 1, 2, and 3 times the LOQ. Within-laboratory precision was determined by comparing the amounts of furan found in 18 samples by 2 analysts on different days with different instruments. For most of the foods, the difference between the amounts found by each analyst was <18%. The method was used to conduct a survey of >300 foods. The furan levels found ranged from none detected to 174 ng/g.

Carcinogens↗
PubMed2006

[Atherogenic trans isomers of fatty acids in some food products].

OBJECTIVE: Trans isomers of fatty acids (TFA) contain double bonds in their molecular structure with the trans configuration. Food products prominent for their TFA content include plant oils (margarine), mayonnaise, products baked with plant oils, and ready-made glazes and icings. The so-called fast foods and snacks (bars, chips) represent a significant source of TFA, particularly for children and youth. Considering the potentially atherogenic properties of TFA, this work was undertaken to determine the content of the principal monounsaturated TFA in some food products ubiquitous on the market, i.e. margarines and snacks. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied bars (Snickers, Mars, Twix), chips (Lay's, Snack, Cheetos), and margarines (Rama Classic, Rama Olivio, Vita, Flora, Finea, Delma, Masmix, Krówka, Smakowita with butter, Extra Pomorskie). The content of TFA was determined with gas chromatography. RESULTS: The highest content ofmonounsatured TFA among sweets was disclosed for the Twix bar (2.94 microg/g), while the lowest for Snickers (0.3 microg/g). Among margarines, the highest content of TFA was found for Smakowita with butter (87.6 microg/g), Krówka (46 microg/g), and Vita (38.7 microg/g), whereas the content was lowest in Finea (0.12 microg/g) and Delma (0.14 microg/g). In the case of chips, the content was highest for Cheetos (3.5 microg/g) and lowest for Snack (0.09 microg/g). CONCLUSIONS: The content of atherogenic TFA in common food products varies widely. In some cases, the content of TFA is considerable and unjustly undisclosed by manufacturers. Promotion of these products should include information in respect of TFA. This conclusion is of particular importance considering the significance of these products in the diet of children and youth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[The effect of intestinal resection and dietary fat quality on the nutritional utilization of fat].

The influence of the quality of dietary fat on digestive and metabolic utilization of fat, serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides and the relative percentages of serum fatty acids was studied in rats in which 50% of the distal small intestine (DSI) was resected and in sham-operated controls. Nutritive parameters were measured 1 month after surgery. The fat components of the diets were: olive oil, butter and equal parts of medium chain triglycerides (MCT), olive oil and sunflower seed oil. There was no changes in digestive utilization of fat in shamoperated controls with either dietary sources of fat, olive oil or butter. The removal of 50% of the distal small intestine led to a decline in the digestive utilization of fat (ADC) in both test diets. When dietary fat was supplied as equal parts of MCT, olive oil and sunflower seed oil instead of 100% olive oil (diet C), digestive utilization of fat was enhanced in resected rats. When ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) was added to diet C, digestive utilization of fat remained high, reaching values as elevated as those in sham-operated controls. At the metabolic level, resection of half the DSI led to a significant decrease in serum triglycerides and cholesterol levels, independently of type of dietary fat tested. The type of diet, as well as intestinal resection, do not led to an essential fatty acid deficiency in serum lipids; it is only a reflect of the supplemented diet fat contents.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Gastric emptying rate in healthy subjects and patients (a radionuclide study)].

The authors proposed a method for the determination of differences in the rate of evacuation of 3 types of test breakfast: boiled semolina, boiled semolina with proteins or fat. Evacuatory function of the gastroduodenal system was investigated in healthy persons and in patients using a gamma-camera. The results obtained have shown that in a majority of healthy persons carbohydrate breakfast was evacuated at the highest rate, breakfast with egg protein was evacuated slower, and breakfast with butter was evacuated even much slower. In duodenal ulcer the rate of evacuation of all 3 types of breakfasts was slowed down, and evacuation was undifferentiated (all 3 types were evacuated at the same slow rate). In patients with liver cirrhosis the evacuation of carbohydrate and protein breakfasts was slow, in calculous cholecystitis these types of breakfasts differed slightly as a result of the slow evacuation of carbohydrate breakfast. The evacuation of breakfast with butter was inhibited almost to the same degree. These results indicate the complex nature of gastric content evacuatory disorders in gastroenterologic patients, and it should be taken into account in differential diagnosis and therapy.

Cholecystitis↗
PubMed1990

Effect of water isolation and early finishing on hardness of glass ionomer cements.

Glass ionomer cements have the disadvantage of being vulnerable to moisture. We would like to overcome this problem by clinical procedures. Three glass ionomer cements were tested in vitro with the goal of protecting these materials from moisture during clinical operations. To observe the effectiveness of various surface protective measures, we divided each cement sample into six groups, each of which underwent 24-hour surface treatment. The first group was a control where the cement was covered with a glass slab for 24 hours. The remaining five groups were subjected to no treatment or treatment with varnish, cocoa butter, Teethmate-A, or Ketac-Glaze. Two additional groups were prepared for comparison of early finishing with and without water spray. When the Vickers hardness number (HVN) for each sample was measured at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, and 40 days, it tended to increase after 24 hours, reaching a maximum value at different times with different cements. Analysis of variance revealed that during the first few days the hardness of the control was significantly different from that without treatment or with treatment by varnish or cocoa butter. However, treatment with Teethmate-A or Ketac-Glaze produced results close to those for the control. Significant differences in hardness during the first few days were noted when early finishing was carried out under wet and dry conditions. These findings indicate that a light-cured unfilled resin should be applied to the surface of glass ionomer cement immediately after the initial set to allow complete setting without interference by oral fluids. Also, water spray should be avoided during contouring of the cements if they have not fully hardened.

Glass Ionomer Cements↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of two immunochemical methods with thin-layer chromatographic methods for determination of aflatoxins.

Three different methods were compared for the determination of total flatoxins in corn and peanuts naturally contaminated with aflatoxins and in corn, peanuts, cottonseed, peanut butter, and poultry feed spiked with aflatoxins B1, B2, and G1. The 3 methods were an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening test; a monoclonal antibody-affinity column-solid-phase separation method; and the AOAC official thin-layer chromatography (TLC) methods for all except poultry feed, for which Shannon's TLC method for mixed feed was used. The ELISA test is designed to provide only positive results for total aflatoxins at greater than or equal to 20 ng/g or negative results at less than 20 ng/g. The affinity column separation is coupled with either bromination solution fluorometry to estimate total aflatoxins or liquid chromatography (LC) to quantitate individual aflatoxins. Fluorodensitometry was used to determine aflatoxins in commodities analyzed by the TLC methods. The LC and TLC results were in good agreement for all the analyses. The results for the affinity column using bromination solution fluorometry were similar except those for cottonseed, which were about 60% higher. The ELISA screening method correctly identified naturally contaminated corn and peanut positive samples. No false positives were found for controls. The correct response for spiked corn, raw peanuts, peanut butter, and cottonseed at greater than or equal to 20 ng aflatoxins/g was about 90%. The correct response for spiked poultry feed at greater than or equal to 20 ng aflatoxins/g was about 50%.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1989

Dietary intake of men in Wembley, London, by weighed inventory: comparison with national recommendations, with particular emphasis on fat intake.

To assess the extent to which current dietary habits conform with the national nutritional guidelines aimed at reducing the high national mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD), 203 of 275 men (74 per cent) aged 40-59 years in a London community provided a weighed record of all food and drink consumed over 5 d. Satisfactory records were returned by 170 men weighing at least 75 per cent of their intakes, including 43 on medical or self-imposed diets. Mean (s.d.) energy intake was 2476 (590) kcal (10.38 MJ), comprising 37 per cent fat, 42 per cent carbohydrate, 14.7 per cent protein and 6.3 per cent alcohol. Butter or butter spreads were used by 53 per cent, sunflower margarine by 29 per cent and low fat spreads by 13 per cent; lard or dripping was used by 23 per cent of households as the main cooking fat. Intakes of vitamins and trace elements were generally above recommended amounts. These results are closely comparable with the only similar studies for the UK undertaken in Wales and Scotland. Compared with national guidelines, only 32 per cent of men met the short-term goals for fat intake, and even fewer the long-term goals. Carbohydrate and fibre intake remained too low. Alcohol intake exceeded the short-term goal (5 per cent of energy of less) in 36 per cent of men. Greater public health effort will be needed to reduce fat intake further for primary prevention of CHD, particularly as habitual intake is probably underestimated by the weighed dietary record.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis. A brief review with special reference to peanut oil.

In general, the level of unsaturation of a fat determines its effect on plasma cholesterol level-the level being lower with more unsaturated fat. However, some exceptions do exist. One such exception is cocoa butter, which is not as cholesterolemic or atherogenic for rabbits as would be expected from its level of saturation. The reason for this anomaly is believed to be the high level of stearic acid present in cocoa butter. Peanut oil is also anaomalous, being unexpectedly atherogenic for monkeys, rabbits, and rats. Randomization of peanut oil reduces its atherogenicity, suggesting that the structure of the triglyceride comprising peanut oil may affect its atherogenic potential. Another possibility is that a lectin present in peanut oil may be responsible for its atherogenic capacity.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

High density lipoprotein accumulation in perfusates of isolated livers of African green monkeys. Effects of saturated versus polyunsaturated dietary fat.

To determine whether altered hepatic secretion of HDL is part of the mechanism by which polyunsaturated fat lowers plasma HDL concentration, we have studied HDL secretion in the isolated perfused livers of African green monkeys fed an atherogenic diet containing either safflower oil as the polyunsaturated fat or butter as the saturated fat. During recirculating perfusion with a lipoprotein-free medium, livers from safflower oil-fed animals produced 21% less HDL mass on the average than those from butter-fed animals. Newly secreted hepatic HDL were characterized after their isolation and subfractionation by a combination of agarose column chromatography and density gradient ultracentrifugation. In both diet groups the HDL were heterogeneous in size, morphology, and composition and consisted of discoidal particles ranging in diameter from greater than 200 A to as little as 50 A. Large, discoidal particles that were rich in apoE and apoA-I were separated from small particles that were poor in apoE but rich in apoA-I. All hepatic HDL subfractions contained only small amounts of cholesteryl ester and triglyceride. The hepatic particles resembled in composition and structure the large variety of HDL particles found in the plasma of patients with the familial deficiency of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. Accordingly, perfusate LCAT activity was measured and found to be 2% or less than that in monkey plasma. We conclude that the perfused monkey liver produces a variety of nascent HDL that are relatively unmodified by the post-secretory metabolic events which normally occur in blood plasma in vivo, and that livers of polyunsaturated fat-fed monkeys secrete fewer plasma HDL precursor particles than do those of saturated fat-fed monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Relationship between westernization of dietary habits and mortality from breast and ovarian cancers in Japan.

To clarify the relationship between the westernization of dietary habits and the changes of mortality from breast and ovarian cancers in Japan, correlation analyses were performed using data from the Vital Statistics and National Nutritional Survey Reports. With increasing population size of the areas, the age-adjusted death rates (AADRs) for both types of cancer increased together with the per capita intakes of fat, animal protein and western-style foods such as butter & margarine, cheese, ham & sausage and dairy products. The association of the AADRs with the population size was strong after the age group of 45-54 years in breast cancer, and became stronger as the age increased in ovarian cancer. The association of the AADRs with western-style foods was also observed in the correlation analyses among the 12 geographical districts in Japan. From chronological correlation analyses, the correlation coefficients for some nutrients and foods in breast cancer were highest when the "time-lag" between the foods/nutrients intake and the cancer mortality was assumed to be around 10 years. The results of the present study suggest that an increase of western-style fat-rich foods such as butter & margarine, cheese, bread and ham & sausage among Japanese might be associated with the recent increase of AADRs for breast cancer and ovarian cancers in Japan.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assisted distillation cleanup of pesticide residues in animal fats: new beadless distillation tube.

A new assisted distillation tube has been developed which contains no glass beads or glass wool. The sample is injected into the top of the tube, and a septum is not required. Large ground-glass joints (10/19) are used at the gas inlet and at the Florisil trap connection for maximum strength. Existing assisted distillation apparatus was easily modified to accept the new tubes. Recoveries of 9 organochlorine pesticides from butter and cattle fat ranged from 87 to 104% at a tube temperature of 230 degrees C and a nitrogen flow rate of 250 mL/min. No significant change occurred in recoveries of 8 of the 9 pesticides after 85 uses of the beadless tube. Only the recovery of HCB from butter decreased, from 95 to 80%, after 51 runs. The new tube was compared with the Unitrex glass bead-packed concentric tube at flow rates of 230, 400, and 600 mL nitrogen/min. Recoveries from the Unitrex tube were similar to those of the beadless tube for all pesticides except DDT which was significantly lower, indicating incomplete distillation at 250 mL/min and possible partial breakdown at 400 and 600 mL/min. A procedure is introduced for pressurized solvent washing of distillation tubes. This procedure is more efficient than vacuum washing.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[The dynamics of drug release from suppositories. Part 2: Phenylpyrazolone derivatives in animal experimentation (author's transl)].

The authors studied the in vivo absorption of aminophenazone and aminoantipyrine from suppositories produced by means of, respectively, hydrophilic vehicles (PEG 1000, PEG 1500, PEG 2800, PEG 4000, PEG 5000) and lipophil vehicles (Witepsol H 15 and cocoa butter). It was found that the above-mentioned drugs were absorbed more rapidly from the suppositories with a hydrophilic vehicle than from those with a lipophil vehicle. The absorption time decreased with the increase in molecular mass of the polyethylene glycols used. The absorption times of the two drugs from suppositories with cocoa butter and Witepsol H 15 were relatively short. A correlation has been established between in vitro release and in vivo absorption.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Breast cancer mortality and diet in the United States.

Internationally, breast cancer mortality is correlated with intestinal lactase sufficiency and dairy product consumption beyond childhood. Within the United States, age-adjusted breast cancer mortality is positively associated with consumption of milk, butter, and total milk fat in regional analyses, and it is associated with milk demand in state-based analyses. Breast cancer mortality is also positively associated with demand for total calories, protein, fat, beef, and table fats (butter and margarine), and it is negatively associated with egg demand. Only the associations with milk and egg demand, however, survive when the Southern states are eliminated from the analyses or when either age of first marriage or income is controlled. The associations with milk and egg demand persist despite multiple controls for other dietary and demographic variables, although the association with milk demand loses statistical significance in some second- and third-order partial correlations. The inverse correlation with egg demand is strong but in the opposite direction from what might have been expected from previous studies. The correlation between milk demand and breast cancer mortality, although weaker, is consistent with results from previous studies, and it suggests a possible special role for dairy products in the etiology of breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Unscheduled DNA synthesis in human leucocytes after a fish (amine source) meal with or without salad (nitrite source).

Increased unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) was observed previously in leucocytes from human volunteers after various meals containing nitrite from cured meats and vegetables. To explore further the role of ingested nitrite, UDS response was measured in human leucocytes after a meal of bread, butter and cod fish alone (amine source) or bread, butter and cod fish plus a salad of lettuce, radish and spinach (nitrite source). A cross-over design was used so that all subjects (10 male, 10 female) were tested after both meals. Salad (nitrite source) had no effect on the level of UDS after the meal; however, UDS increased after the meal with or without salad for trial 1, but decreased for trial 2. The difference between trials could not be accounted for by sources of variation such as differences between individuals or experimental technique. The factor(s) responsible for this significant difference between trials must be associated with the non-salad components of the meal.

Amines↗
PubMed1982

[Trends in the methods of feeding school children and adolescents].

In the years 1972-1975 studies on the nutritional state and mode of nutrition were carried out in 6789 children aged 8, 11 and 14 years attending elementary schools in five different regions of the country. In the years 1977-1978 similar studies were done in 1288 children aged 16 years from selected secondary vocational schools in Warsaw. The statistical sample included 4740 children from 76 schools in cities (including those from Warsaw) and 2337 children from 82 elementary schools in rural regions. In the studies on the mode of nutrition of children from the elementary schools a uniform and verified qualitative method was used based on interviews of the children. In the case of adolescents from the secondary schools a quantitative-estimation method was applied using colour photographs illustrating portions of food products and dishes of varying size. Table 1 and Fig.I show the obtained results concerning the usual frequency of consumption of selected groups of food products in children from the elementary schools. It was found that the consumption of milk and its products was irregular in about 40% of children. A higher proportion of children in the urban areas in relation to those in the rural areas consumed more frequently milk products, and the amount of meat, pork products and butter in their diet was much higher. Irregular and rare consumption of vegetables and fruit was a characteristic feature of rural children. In a high proportion of all children a relatively frequent consumption of various sweets and cakes was found (Table 1, Fig. I). Furthermore, in only 14-21% of the studied population the proportion of brown bread, various cereals and dry grains of pulse crops in the diet was relatively satisfactory. The quantitative estimates of the average daily consumption of the basic groups of food products by the Warsaw adolescents compared with the recommended quantities showed a too low content of cereals in daily food portions, this content was nearly 40% below the recommended amount, and this was particularly true of groats and potatoes. Very low consumption of vegetables rich in vitamin C and carotene and pulse crops was noted (about 60% below the recommended intake), while the consumption of fruit was above the recommended one (Table 2). Milk consumption was too low, especially in girls (Table 3) but the consumption of rennet cheeses was higher compensating thus in part the deficient intake of milk. The intake of meat, particularly pork products, and butter was above the recommended level, more so in boys. In the group of meat products fish was scarce. Sugar intake was higher, more so in girls. A comparison of the average daily consumption of the basic groups of food products by urban and rural children showed (Table 4 and 5), that the consumption of milk products in daily food ration was only 50% of the recommended one in rural children, country girls ate also too little eggs, while sugar intake was highest in them, in relation to the recommended amount...

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Bioavailability of allopurinol oral and rectal dosage forms.

The bioavailability of allopurinol from orally administered tablets and rectally administered suppositories is reported. Two types of rectal suppositories (cocoa butter and polyethylene glycol) were compounded and contained 300 mg allopurinol (from oral tablets). Five healthy volunteers received 300 mg allopurinol orally from tablets or rectally from suppositories in a randomized, three-way crossover design. Serial blood samples were drawn for 72 hours following administration and were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography for allopurinol and its metabolite, oxipurinol. The interaction between allopurinol and PEG was studied in vitro using a dialysis method. Serum allopurinol levels following oral administration of tablets peaked at 1.5 +/- 0.23 microgram/ml at 5.20 +/- 0.65 hours. Allopurinol was not detectable after administration of cocoa butter/allopurinol suppositories; oxipurinol peaked at 0.34 +/- 0.14 microgram/ml at 13 +/- 11 hours. The bioavailability of allopurinol from the cocoa butter suppository, relative to the tablet, was 5.77 +/- 2.5%. Neither allopurinol nor oxipurinol was detectable (less than 0.1 microgram/ml) in the sera of persons following administration of PEG suppositories. Dialysis studies showed decreased loss of allopurinol from the dialysis sac as PEG concentration increased. The rectal suppositories of allopurinol used in this study did not appear to be an efficient means of administering this drug.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1981

Changing food habits among 100 elderly men and women in the United Kingdom.

One hundred elderly men and women were interviewed, using a specially designed questionnaire to uncover possible alterations in food habits with regard to specific food items, and the reasons for these changes. Over half the sample had changed the type of bread used; the main reasons for change to brown or wholemeal were health and taste. Health was also the main reason given by the 26 per cent who had changed to a higher-fibre breakfast cereal. Thirty-eight had altered the type of milk consumed; 12 subjects were now using dried milk for reasons of health, including weight reduction. Forty-three percent had altered their usage of butter or margarine; butter was mainly selected for its taste, margarine mainly for health, but also taste and price. Other important reasons for change were the ease of obtaining convenience foods, the availability of familiar foods in one or two portion sizes, changes in family circumstances, and a desire for variety and ease of use, even if it involved an alteration in traditional cooking methods. Although it is often thought that the elderly are resistant to dietary change, there was no individual who had not made some alteration of food habits.

Aged↗