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PubMed1996

Association of body mass and body fat distribution with serum melatonin levels in obese women either non-operated or after jejunoileostomy.

The association of body mass index (BMI) and body fat distribution (as measured by waist-to-hip circumference ratio; WHR) with serum melatonin (MEL) levels determined at 02 and 14 h were examined in 22 non-operated obese women and 21 obese women who underwent jejunoileostomy for morbid obesity 2 to 6 years earlier as well as in 20 gender and age-matched healthy controls with normal body weight. All non-operated obese women either with moderate or morbid obesity had significantly higher MEL concentration at 14 h compared with controls, whereas the amount of MEL secreted at 02 h was elevated only in morbidly obese women. The mean differences between serum MEL levels at 14 h and 02 h (delta MEL) was reduced in morbidly obese women - it may be due to desynchronisation of its circadian rhythmicity. Among women who underwent jejunoileostomy for morbid obesity the values of MEL were normalized only in those with a noted body mass reduction and with BMI and WHR indexes less than 28 kg/m² and 0.83, respectively. MEL correlated positively with BMI and WHR indexes at 14 h in all subjects studied. Negative correlation was noted between the relative values of delta MEL and BMI in both non-operated and operated obese women with BMI indexes >31 kg/m².

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

Intracellular transport of phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylcholine into lipid bodies: use of fluorescent lipids to study lipid-body formation in an oleaginous fungus.

Fluorescent phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylcholine were used to characterize lipid-transport pathways into lipid bodies in an oleaginous fungus, Mortierella ramanniana var. angulispora. Several characteristics of the lipid transport such as temperature dependence and ATP dependence were evaluated. The transport depicted by these fluorescent lipids was consistent with metabolism of radiolabelled lipids, indicating that fluorescent lipids are useful to study lipid-body formation in this fungus. The results dissect lipid transport of phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylcholine into lipid bodies and reveal regulatory steps for lipid-body formation in this fungus.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed2004

The representation of self reported affect in body posture and body posture simulation.

It is taken for granted that the non-verbal information we acquire from a person's body posture and position affects our perception of others. However, to date human postures have never been described on an empirical level. This study is the first approach to tackle the unexplored topic of human postures. We combined two approaches: traditional behavior observation and modern anthropometric analysis. Photographs of 100 participants were taken, their body postures were transferred to a three dimensional virtual environment and the occurring body angles were measured. The participants were asked to fill in a questionnaire about their current affective state. A principal component analysis with the items of the affect questionnaire (Positive Negative Affect Scales, PANAS) revealed five main factors: aversion, openness, irritation, happiness, and self-confidence. The body angles were then regressed on these factors and the respective postures were reconstructed within a virtual environment. 50 different subjects rated the reconstructed postures from the positive and negative end of the regression. We found the ratings to be valid and accurate in respect to the five factors.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Monte Carlo study of thermal flux profiles and body correction factors for body protein measurements of obese subjects.

In previous calculations for Total Body Nitrogen measurements of children, the anterior/posterior thermal neutron flux profile with depth was found to be fairly flat after an initial rise. However, for obese adults significant variations are found in the flux profile with the central flux value being as low as 20% of the peak value. The significance of these flux variations is examined. Correction factors are calculated for the varying attenuation of the nitrogen and hydrogen photons by a range of obese bodies. The calculations included the effect of the thermal flux profile as well as that of an outer layer of low nitrogen content adipose tissue. The bodies are assumed to have a homogeneous hydrogen content. A study of four obese body models with varying sex and fat content shows that the correction factors do not vary much between males and females. This is surprising since the female models are assumed to have a surface fat layer twice as thick as for the male models. The correction factors are found to be only slightly sensitive to the thermal flux variations with depth.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of manual whole-body and passive and active head-on-body rotational testing with conventional rotary chair testing.

New methods of rotational testing of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) using manually generated or patient-generated sinusoidal head movements have recently been advocated for clinical use in circumstances where conventional rotary chair testing methods are not feasible. However, studies seeking to provide evidence for the validity of these methods by comparing their results with an accepted "gold-standard" have been conspicuously absent in the literature. In this study, we compared results for VOR gain, phase, and asymmetry obtained using whole-body and head-on-body rotational stimuli with those obtained by conventional rotary chair testing in 35 subjects with either unilateral or bilateral vestibular deficits over the range of frequencies from 0.025 Hz to 1 Hz. Our results provide evidence for the validity of manual whole-body and active and passive head-on-body rotational testing methods by demonstrating excellent agreement between each of these and conventional rotational chair testing for VOR gain, phase, and asymmetry within the frequency range studied. Small differences at specific-paradigm datapoints are likely secondary to subtle limitations of our experimental design. With further refinement, we expect the new methods will be useful adjuncts for evaluating patients with vestibular complaints in selected clinical situations.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Relationship of body-image distortion to sex-role identifications, irrational cognitions, and body weight in eating-disordered females.

Thirty-one eating-disordered (ED) women and 11 normal women completed tests of sex-role identity, dysfunctional cognitions, and body image. Anorexics, not bulimics, exhibited body-image distortion. All EDs (distorters and nondistorters) showed "hyperfeminine" identifications. Maladaptive cognitions were present in all EDs, but more marked in "overestimators." Body weight predicted BID better than other measures of eating pathology, which suggests important effects of weight per se in producing BID.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship between axial length of the emmetropic eye and the age, body height, and body weight of schoolchildren.

This report assesses the relationship of axial length of emmetropic (without refractive error) eyes to age, height, and weight in 1,600 Croatian schoolchildren. Axial eye lengths were determined by an ultrasonic eye biometry (A scan). Axial length of both eyes increases with age, height, and weight but shows a closer correlation to height and weight than to age. Boys have a significantly longer axial eye length than girls (P < 0.01). Boys or girls of similar or nearing body height and body weight and with emmetropic eyes have close linear measures of anatomic eye structures within their sex, regardless their age. Body height demonstrates the closest correlation to the growth and development of the emmetropic eye.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Associations of body mass and body fat distribution with parity among African-American and Caucasian women: The CARDIA Study.

Associations of parity with body fat and its distribution are poorly understood; therefore, we examined the relationships between parity and obesity in young adult women. Body mass index (BMI), skin-folds, and waist-hip ratio were compared in 1452 African-American and 1268 Caucasian nonpregnant women aged 18 to 30, adjusting for age (where no age-parity interactions were present), education, physical activity (assessed by questionnaire) and fitness (assessed by graded exercise test), dietary fat intake, alcohol and smoking. Adjusted mean BMI was significantly higher in African-American women aged 25-30 years with three or more children (28.5 kg/m2) than in those with two (27.0 kg/m2), one (26.2 kg/m2), or no children (26.3 kg/m2). Similar trends were found in Caucasians (BMI = 23.3, 23.4, 23.7, 25.0 kg/m2 for parity = 0, 1, 2, > or = 3, respectively), but the mean BMI was significantly higher in African Americans in each parity group. The association between BMI and parity was not present among women 18-24 years of age. Skinfolds were directly associated with parity in African Americans only. Waist-hip ratios were generally lower among nulliparous than parous women in both ethnic groups; race differences were present only among nulliparas. In conclusion, parity was associated with BMI in women aged 25 to 30 years but did not explain ethnicity-related differences in body mass.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1996

Comparisons for body mass index and body fat percent among Puerto Ricans, blacks, whites and Asians living in the New York City area.

The latest data (NHANES III) from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) show that the black population has the highest proportion of overweight among all adult populations in the United States. The present study compared the body mass index (BMI) and body fat percent from dual-photon absorptiometry in 1,324 healthy adults aged 18 to 107 years recruited from four ethnic groups in the New York City area; 523 whites, 280 blacks, 267 Asians and 254 Puerto Ricans. Puerto Ricans had the largest BMI and the largest percent of subjects with body weight more than 120% of their ideal weight, and the largest fat percent of the four ethnic groups: 76% of Puerto Rican males had fat percent above the median value for white males (fat percent = 19.6%) and 95% of Puerto Rican females had fat percent above the median for white females (fat percent = 30.8%). Asians had the smallest BMI, but 63% of them had fat percent above the median values for whites in each gender. Puerto Ricans also had the largest waist-to-hip ratios among the four ethnic groups. In blacks, the percent of subjects with fat percent larger than the median for whites was slightly smaller than that for Puerto Ricans, 64% and 82% of males and females respectively. These results differ from the latest NCHS data and show that Puerto Ricans in this sample are heavier and fatter than blacks.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1994

Changes in body core temperatures and heat balance after an abrupt release of lower body negative pressure in humans.

Changes in body core temperature (T(cor)) and heat balance after an abrupt release of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) were investigated in 5 volunteers under the following conditions: (1) an ambient temperature (Ta) of 20 degrees C or (2) 35 degrees C, and (3) Ta of 25 degrees C with a leg skin temperature of 30 degrees C or (4) 35 degrees C. The leg skin temperature was controlled with water perfusion devices wound around the legs. Rectal (T(re)), tympanic (T(ty)) and esophageal (T(es)) temperatures, skin temperatures (7 sites) and oxygen consumption were measured. The intensity of LBNP was adjusted so that the amount of blood pooled in the legs was the same under all conditions. When a thermal balance was attained during LBNP, application of LBNP was suddenly halted. The skin temperatures increased significantly after the release of LBNP under all conditions, while oxygen consumption hardly changed. The release of LBNP caused significant falls in T(cor)s under conditions (1) and (3), but lowered T(cor)s very slightly under conditions (2) and (4). The changes in T(es) were always more rapid and greater than those of T(ty) and T(re). The falls in T(ty) and T(re) appeared to be explained by changes in heat balance, whereas the sharp drop of T(es) could not be explained especially during the first 8 min after the release of LBNP. The results suggest that a fall in T(cor) after a release of LBNP is attributed to an increase in heat loss due to reflexive skin vasodilation and is dependent on the temperature of venous blood returning from the lower body.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed2002

The impact of gender, body dimension and body composition on hand-grip strength in healthy children.

Maximum hand-grip (HG) strength, body composition and main anthropometric variables were evaluated in 278 children with normal weight and growth, aged 5-15 yr divided into 3 age groups: group 1, age+/-SD: 7.6+/-0.9 yr 7.6+/-0.9 SD (Tanner stage 1); group 2, age: 10.8+/-0.7 yr (Tanner stage: 2-3); group 3, age: 13.2+/-0.9 yr (Tanner stage: 4-5). Weight, height, body surface area (BSA), BMI, percent body fat (BF) and fat free mass (FFM) increased progressively and significantly from the younger to the older age group. A significant difference between genders was detected only for BF and FFM, females having a higher fat mass and a lower FFM compared to males. Most children were right-handed (91%). In either genders, a curvilinear relation was detected between HG strength and age, with best fit for the dominant (d) hand given by the equations: dHG=5.891 *10(0.051) age, r2=0.986, p<0.001 in males and dHG=6.163 *10(0.045) age r2=0.973, p<0.001 in females. The increase in HG strength after 11 yr appears to be steeper in males as compared with that found in females. In both d and non-dominant (nd) hand, a significant difference in HG strength was detected between males and females, the average difference being about 10% at all ages. For both genders, nd hand was significantly weaker than d hand in the older age groups (2 and 3), but not in the younger group 1. Age and gender-dependent differences in HG strength (but not differences between d and nd hand) disappear if HG strength is normalized for FFM. Thus, in general, dHG strength normalized for FFM resulted on average to be 0.67+/-0.11 kg/kg. A multiple linear regression analysis indicated that HG was positively correlated with BMI, BSA, stature, stature2 and FFM (p<0.001 for all correlations) without differences between genders, while a negative correlation was found between HG strength and %BF. The most significant correlation was found between HG strength and FFM, without any significant difference between genders, so that the overall equation describing the line for the d hand was: dHG strength= 2.32+0.63 FFM, r2=0.72, p<0.001. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the age-dependent increase of HG strength as well as the between-gender differences are strongly related to changes of FFM values occurring during childhood. Moreover, the study provides a standard normative value of maximal HG strength for the healthy children population in Northern Italy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Body weight change since menopause and percentage body fat mass are predictors of subsequent bone mineral density change of the proximal femur in women aged 75 years and older: results of a 5 year prospective study.

Few studies have evaluated risk factors for bone loss in elderly women. We examined risk factors associated with a 5-year longitudinal change in bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip in healthy women aged 75 years and older. The BMD of 276 women from the French EPIDOS (Epidémiologie des Osteoporoses) study was assessed in Montpellier from 1992 to 1993 and again from 1997 to 1998. BMD was measured at the femoral neck, trochanter, and Ward's area using the same Lunar densitometer. We examined the relationship between clinical and behavioral factors at baseline and their variations during follow-up, with percentage BMD change adjusted for baseline BMD. Depending on the femur subregion studied, a significant decrease in BMD (exceeding the least significant difference, i.e., > 2.8 CV) was observed in 36.2% to 51.1% of women. Multivariate analysis showed that both postmenopausal weight change before baseline and baseline percentage of fat mass were positively correlated with BMD change at the Ward's triangle and the trochanter. Yearly absolute and relative weight changes over the follow-up period were significantly associated with change of trochanter and femoral neck BMD. Our results show that maintenance of body weight throughout the postmenopause period and body fat mass play protective roles against bone loss at the proximal femur in women aged 75 years and older and suggest the value in including assessment of weight change throughout postmenopause and percentage body fat mass in screening programs for elderly women who are at higher risk of accelerated bone loss.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2000

Tau-negative astrocytic star-like inclusions and coiled bodies in dementia with Lewy bodies.

To evaluate glial lesions in cases of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), we studied the brains of four patients with DLB. Astrocytic star-like inclusions, which resembled tufted astrocytic fibrillary tangles in shape, were found in the cortex of two of these cases. In addition, coiled bodies were found in the white matter of the cerebrum in two cases. The astrocytic star-like inclusions were immunohistochemically negative for tau protein, ubiquitin and alpha-synuclein. The coiled bodies were immunohistochemically negative for tau protein but immunopositive for ubiquitin and alpha-synuclein. These results suggest that in DLB a primary degenerative process takes place in both glial cells and neurons.

Aged↗

PubMed1984

The effect of liver denervation on meal patterns, body weight and body composition of rats.

Neural liver glucoreceptors have been proposed as a primary controller of food intake (FI). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were either sham operated or liver denervated (LD). LD rats had all tissue cut between the liver and the esophagus, stomach and upper 1 cm of the duodenum. The hepatic artery and surrounding tissue were also removed. Finally the hepatic portal vein and the bile duct were stripped clean and the former phenol treated. Three days after surgery animals were placed in modules for continuous computer monitoring of feeding behavior. At no time after surgery did the daily food intake or body weight of the groups differ significantly. Meal size and frequency (light-dark distribution) were determined for 6 days and averaged. Neither parameter was altered by LD. During the next 6 months food intake and body weights of the groups did not differ significantly. At sacrifice, body composition was directly determined with no significant differences observed between LD and sham operated rats. LD were confirmed histologically. Monoamine histofluorescence of the livers of rats subjected to liver denervation revealed an absence of the normal fluorescence seen on small blood vessels in liver parenchyma of sham operated rats. The data do not support the concept that liver glucoreceptors are a major controller of FI.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Between-centre variability versus variability over time in DXA whole body measurements evaluated using a whole body phantom.

This study aimed to compare the variability of whole body measurements, using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), among geographically distinct centres versus that over time in a given centre. A Hologic-designed 28 kg modular whole body phantom was used, including high density polyethylene, gray polyvinylchloride and aluminium. It was scanned on seven Hologic QDR 4500 DXA devices, located in seven centres and was also repeatedly (n=18) scanned in the reference centre, over a time span of 5 months. The mean between-centre coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 2.0 (lean mass) to 5.6% (fat mass) while the mean within-centre CV ranged from 0.3 (total mass) to 4.7% (total area). Between-centre variability compared well with within-centre variability for total area, bone mineral content and bone mineral density, but was significantly higher for fat (p<0.001), lean (p<0.005) and total mass (p<0.001). Our results suggest that, even when using the same device, the between-centre variability remains a matter of concern, particularly where body composition is concerned.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2005

Discordant utility of ideal body weight and body mass index as predictors of mortality in lung transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: An upper limit of 130% predicted ideal body weight (PIBW) has been promulgated for assessing lung transplant (LTx) candidacy, but no data in the lung transplant population support this value. A prior study used body mass index (BMI) to suggest greater mortality risk in obese allograft recipients, but the number of studied patients was small. METHODS: Pre-operative PIBW percentage and BMI were obtained for all first-time, adult LTx recipients at our institution (n = 283). We compared survival data at 90 days and as of July 31, 2002, using multivariable regression and Cox modeling. RESULTS: There were 46 obese (BMI > or = 30) patients and 72 patients >130% PIBW, including 43 patients previously thought to fall within a normal PIBW range who were reclassified as overweight for this analysis. Cox modeling revealed no significant impact of PIBW (>130% or continuous) or BMI (>30 kg/m(2) or continuous) on overall survival. Predicted ideal body weight also had no influence on 90-day mortality. When we tested PIBW in the group previously deemed of acceptable weight, we likewise found no association with mortality at 90 days or overall. For BMI only, 90-day odds ratios for death were significantly greater for obese (BMI > or = 30; odds ratio, 3.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-9.48) patients than for normal-weight patients. CONCLUSION: Indices of pre-operative obesity did not predict long-term outcome in this large cohort of LTx recipients. The data suggest that BMI stratification may identify a group of patients at risk for increased short-term mortality, whereas PIBW is not a significant outcome predictor.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Relationships between body condition score, body weight, and some nutritional parameters in plasma and resumption of ovarian cyclicity postpartum during pre-service period in high-producing dairy cows in a subtropical region in Japan.

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships among body condition score (BCS), body weight and plasma metabolite concentrations, and resumption of ovarian cycles postpartum in high-producing dairy cows in a subtropical region in Japan. The study was conducted between May 2001 and January 2003 in a commercial dairy farm in Hiroshima. Cows were kept in free-stall barns with sawdust and wood shavings for bedding, and fed a total mixed ration consisting of alfalfa, timothy and oat hay, corn, tofu ground-wet, beet pulp, cottonseed and soybean. Milk samples were collected twice weekly from 2 to 11 weeks postpartum, and progesterone concentrations in skim milk were determined by ELISA. At 8 and 2 weeks before calving and 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 weeks after calving, both BCS and body weights were determined and blood samples were collected to determine plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (T-cholesterol), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), total protein, and urea nitrogen. The average 305 days milk yield was 10,422 kg. Out of 110 cows, 44.5% had normal resumption (ovulation occurred < or =45 days after calving, followed by regular ovarian cycles), 33.6% had a prolonged luteal phase (luteal activity >20 days), 12.7% had delayed first ovulation (no ovulation until < or =45 days after calving), 4.6% had a short luteal phase (luteal activity <10 days, except in the first cycle), and the remaining 4.6% had cessation of cyclicity (no luteal activity > or =14 days between cycles). The BCS of cows with delayed first ovulation were lower than the BCS of cows with normal resumption and prolonged luteal phase at 5 weeks (2.9+/-0.1 versus 3.1+/-0.1 and 3.2+/-0.1; P<0.05), 7 weeks (2.8+/-0.1 versus 3.1+/-0.1 and 3.2+/-0.1; P<0.01), 9 weeks (2.7+/-0.1 versus 3.0+/-0.1 and 3.2+/-0.1; P<0.01) and 11 weeks (2.6+/-0.1 versus 3.0+/-0.1 and 3.2+/-0.1; P<0.01) after calving. None of the plasma parameters differed (P>0.05) among different groups of cows. Cows loosing > or =1 unit BCS after calving had a prolonged interval to commencement of luteal activity, and were at greater risk of having delayed first ovulation. Poor postpartum nutritional status was associated with delayed first ovulation postpartum. Regular monitoring of BCS before and after calving would be useful in nutritional management, and help in preventing delayed first ovulation in high-producing dairy cows.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Body image and obesity: effects of gender and weight on perceptual measures of body image.

The purpose of this study was to assess effects of gender and measures of Body Mass Index on estimates of normal body size (NBS), current body size (CBS), and discrepancies between attainable (ABS) and desirable (LTB) sizes. A total of 98 women and 74 men, shown 9 male and 9 female thin-to-heavy figure silhouette drawings, chose one drawing (or between two) indicating NBS-Male, NBS-Female, CBS, ABS, and LTB scores. Discrepancy scores were calculated as ABS-LTB. BMI within-group variances for CBS-Female scores were heterogeneous. Discrepancy scores were significantly different for groups of females. Subjects agreed on judgments of a hypothetical normal male and female figure size; men in BMI groups agreed upon a figure representing their size and felt their desired size was attainable. Normal-weight women could not consistently estimate their size. Obese and very obese females underestimated their size and felt that a desired size was unattainable.

Adolescent↗