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PubMed2005

[Parameters of physical and mental development of children and adolescents residing near enterprise for radioactive waste processing and stationary storage].

Operation of enterprise for radioactive waste processing and disposal does not influence negatively physical and mental development of children and adolescents residing in the area under observation. In some parameters, physical and mental development of children and adolescents residing in the area under observation surpasses that in reference area--that could be due to social and economic peculiarities.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing: levels and trends in developed countries.

CONTEXT: Adolescent pregnancy occurs in all societies, but the level of teenage pregnancy and childbearing varies from country to country. A cross-country analysis of birth and abortion measures is valuable for understanding trends, for identifying countries that are exceptional and for seeing where further in-depth studies are needed to understand observed patterns. METHODS: Birth, abortion and population data were obtained from various sources, such as national vital statistics reports, official statistics, published national and international sources, and government statistical offices. Trend data on adolescent birthrates were compiled for 46 countries over the period 1970-1995. Abortion rates for a recent year were available for 33 of the 46 countries, and data on trends in abortion rates could be gathered for 25 of the 46 countries. RESULTS: The level of adolescent pregnancy varies by a factor of almost 10 across the developed countries, from a very low rate in the Netherlands (12 pregnancies per 1,000 adolescents per year) to an extremely high rate in the Russian Federation (more than 100 per 1,000). Japan and most western European countries have very low or low pregnancy rates (under 40 per 1,000); moderate rates (40-69 per 1,000) occur in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and a number of European countries. A group of five countries--Belarus, Bulgaria, Romania, the Russian Federation and the United States--have pregnancy rates of 70 or more per 1,000. The adolescent birthrate has declined in the majority of industrialized countries over the past 25 years, and in some cases has been more than halved. Similarly, pregnancy rates in 12 of the 18 countries with accurate abortion reporting showed declines. Decreases in the adolescent abortion rate, however, were less prevalent. CONCLUSIONS: The trend toward lower adolescent birthrates and pregnancy rates over the past 25 years is widespread and is occurring across the industrialized world, suggesting that the reasons for this general trend are broader than factors limited to any one country: increased importance of education, increased motivation of young people to achieve higher levels of education and training, and greater centrality of goals other than motherhood and family formation for young women.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1979

A data-based typology of depressed adolescents.

To develop a data-based classification of depressive adolescents, a face valid depression scale for adolescents was applied to MMPI protocols of 212 adolescent psychiatric patients of ages 12 to 18, to identify a depressive subsample which turned out to have 36 females and 10 males. Complete linkage cluster analysis was applied to this subsample and three hierachically organized depressive groups were obtained: "Restless" and "Socially Frustrated", which joined into a higher order group, and "Endogenous". Discriminant function analysis was applied for differentiating and cross-validating the obtained groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Measuring the loss of autonomy over nicotine use in adolescents: the DANDY (Development and Assessment of Nicotine Dependence in Youths) study.

CONTEXT: There is no validated, theory-based tool for assessing the onset of nicotine dependence. However, the use of all addictive substances can result in a loss of autonomy. We propose that nicotine dependence begins when autonomy is lost, ie, when the sequelae of tobacco use, either physical or psychological, present a barrier to quitting. OBJECTIVES: To test the autonomy theory of nicotine dependence, and to evaluate the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC) as a measure of the loss of autonomy over tobacco use. DESIGN: The psychometric performance and concept validity of the HONC were evaluated in a 30-month prospective longitudinal study of the natural history of tobacco use in a cohort of 679 seventh-grade students. RESULTS: As hypothesized, endorsement of a single item on the HONC was associated with a failed attempt at smoking cessation (odds ratio [OR], 29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 13-65), continued smoking until the end of follow-up (OR, 44; 95% CI, 17-114), and daily smoking (OR, 58; 95% CI, 24-142). Scores on the HONC correlated with the maximum amount smoked (r = 0.65; P<.001) and the maximum frequency of smoking (r = 0.79; P<.001). Internal reliability was 0.94. A 1-factor solution explained 66% of the total variance. CONCLUSIONS: The data support the autonomy theory that dependence begins with the loss of autonomy. The autonomy theory represents a potentially useful alternative to current concepts of nicotine dependence for adolescents, and the HONC appears to measure lost autonomy in adolescents. Construct validity was demonstrated by its utility in predicting failed cessation and the progression of tobacco use. In addition, the psychometric properties were excellent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[The status of life events in causal analytic considerations in child and adolescent psychiatry: model development trials with LISREL (linear structural relationship analysis)].

An epidemiological longitudinal child psychiatric study with 334 eight- and thirteen-year-olds tried to put life events in an optimal order within a model of causal interrelations. The causal connections were tested by a Linear Structural Relationship Analysis (LISREL), which in addition to life events included child psychiatric disorders, adverse family factors and learning disabilities. By testing different models it could be demonstrated, that adverse family factors do not directly influence the number of life events of 8 to 13-year-old children. Adverse family factors influence life events as well as psychiatric disorders at age 13 predominantly by way of early psychiatric disorders. Psychiatric disorders at age 13 are best predicted by psychiatric disorders at age 8 and to a smaller degree by life events and learning disabilities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Daydreaming in the adolescent years: instrument development, factor analysis, and sex differences.

The Imaginal Processes Inventory (IPI), originally devised for college students, was revised for use with high school students. Nineteen of the original 28 IPI daydreaming scales were used and the response format was changed. The self-report instrument was completed by a racially diverse sample of 181 ninth through eleventh grade students. Reliable application of the Revised IPI to this population was demonstrated. Distinct sex differences, not previously reported, were found showing more acceptance of daydreaming for females and more guilt and fearfulness in daydreaming for males. Factor structures were similar to previous studies, but a generally higher level of daydreaming and less uncontrolled mind wandering was found for high school students than for college students. The research suggests that personality differences between men and women could be further explored by the daydreaming instrument and that sex differences must be taken into account in further research. Use of such daydreaming data is suggested in therapeutic intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Assessment of abdominal fat development in young adolescents using magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the patterns of change and the best anthropometric indicators of intra-abdominal fat deposition in young adolescents from ages 11-13 y. SUBJECTS: Subjects were 25 boys (mean age 13.7 +/- 0.32 y) and 17 girls (mean age of 13.7 +/- 0.23 y) who had taken part in a similar study 2 y earlier at ages 11.5 +/- 0.33 y and 11.5 +/- 0.27 y, respectively. METHODS: Intra-abdominal (IA) and subcutaneous adipose (SA) tissue areas and IA/SA ratio were determined through four tranverse magnetic resonance imaging scans on two occasions. Differences were investigated using t-tests and ANOVA. Skinfolds, girths and circumferences, body mass index and hydrostatic weighing were also recorded. Pearson correlation coefficients and regression equations were calculated to determine the best anthropometric indicators of intra-abdominal fat deposition. RESULTS: Intra-abdominal fat and subcutaneous fat areas had significantly increased in boys and girls by the second measure. Boys had deposited greater amounts of fat in intra-abdominal depots so that their intra-abdominal/subcutaneous ratio had increased significantly from 0.31 to 0.39. This had reduced in girls from 0.39 to 0.35. However, patterns of change were variable within sexes. Truncal skinfold sites (r = 0.54-0.70) emerged as the best field indicators of intra-abdominal fat deposition. CONCLUSIONS: Patterns of intra-abdominal and subcutaneous fat distribution are identifiable in pubescent children using magnetic resonance imaging. An acceptable indication is provided by truncal skinfolds.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1977

Contraception in teenagers.

This review of the special problems of contraception in teenagers has focused on the need for increased efforts in sex education and family-planning and abortion services for this age group. A clear-cut need for new imperatives in these areas is apparent from the data showing an alarming increase in the incidence and rates of unwanted teenage pregnancy and the increased incidence of teenage sexual activity, as compared with earlier times, and its occurrence at earlier ages than previously. Special counseling, education, physical examination procedures, and care and prescription are required when the physician is considering various methods of contraception for adolescents. In the development of adolescent education for responsible sexual behavior, it behooves physicians to keep in mind that it is the members of this age group, in part on the basis of their reactions to the quality of medical care they receive, who will decide and instill the attitudes toward these important issues in the next generation of Americans.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1999

Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in maine coon cats: an animal model of human disease.

BACKGROUND: A naturally occurring animal model of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHCM) is lacking. We identified a family of Maine coon cats with HCM and developed a colony to determine mode of inheritance, phenotypic expression, and natural history of the disease. METHODS AND RESULTS: A proband was identified, and related cats were bred to produce a colony. Affected and unaffected cats were bred to determine the mode of inheritance. Echocardiography was used to identify affected offspring and determine phenotypic expression. Echocardiograms were repeated serially to determine the natural history of the disease. Of 22 offspring from breeding affected to unaffected cats, 12 (55%) were affected. When affected cats were bred to affected cats, 4 (45%) of the 9 were affected, 2 (22%) unaffected, and 3 (33%) stillborn. Findings were consistent with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with 100% penetrance, with the stillborns representing lethal homozygotes that died in utero. Affected cats usually did not have phenotypic evidence of HCM before 6 months of age, developed HCM during adolescence, and developed severe HCM during young adulthood. Papillary muscle hypertrophy that produced midcavitary obstruction and systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve was the most consistent manifestation of HCM. Cats died suddenly (n=5) or of heart failure (n=3). Histopathology of the myocardium revealed myocardial fiber disarray, intramural coronary arteriosclerosis, and interstitial fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: HCM in this family of Maine coon cats closely resembles the human form of FHCM and should prove a valuable tool for studying the gross, cellular, and molecular pathophysiology of the disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The functional and developmental organization of cognitive developmental sequences.

This study examines the organization and development of 5 domains of reasoning (categorical, quantitative, spatial, causal, and propositional) and the construct validity of a test designed to measure development from early adolescence to early adulthood. The theory underlying the test is first summarized and the conceptual design of the test is then illustrated. Each domain was addressed by tasks tapping abilities known to be acquired in this age period. The test was administered to 629 adolescents ranging in age from 12 to 18 years. Confirmatory factor analysis validated the 5 domains of reasoning and revealed a common factor underlying all domains. The Rasch model was used to scale the items and specify the reliability of the test across the whole sample and within different groups of participants (female, male, students of gymnasium, and students of lyceum). This model showed that the test is highly reliable and invariant across groups. Cluster analysis and the saltus model were applied to uncover successive developmental stage-like levels of difficulty and showed the presence of five such levels. The procedural and representational characteristics of these levels were also specified and their implications for developmental and cognitive theory were discussed.

Adolescent↗