Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “ARM”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,045 records · Page 58Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Arm circumference in the surveillance of protein-calorie malnutrition in Baghdad.

A comparison is made between the percentage of Boston weight for age standards and the percentages of mid-upper arm for age standards of 777 Baghdad children aged 3-72 months. They showed a significantly high correlation of 0.92 (P smaller than 0.001). The percentage wieght for age could be predicted from percentage arm for age standard within plus or minus 16%. A constant midpoint arm circumference standard of 16.5 cm was suggested for use in children aged 13-72 months, when precise ages are unknown. This seems to work as well as the age specific arm standard in this age group, and is age independent. The constant arm standard is probably as satisfactory as that of weight for age, and has many practical advantages, especially under field conditions, when precise ages of children are unknown.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Improved accuracy of indirect blood pressure measurement in patients with obese arms.

We studied 20 patients with moderate to severe obesity (body mass index 37 +/- 8 kg/m2) with obese arms (arm circumference 37 +/- 4 cm). Their blood pressure was measured directly in the brachial artery in one arm and simultaneously indirectly in the other arm using either a large standard cuff (rubber bag 12 x 35 cm) or a new cuff (the Tricuff, Pressure Group AB, Stockholm) containing three rubber bags of different sizes, which automatically selected the appropriately sized bag in relation to arm circumference. Both cuffs showed a significant overestimation of the diastolic blood pressure (standard cuff 13 mm Hg, P < .001, Tricuff 6 mm Hg, P < .01). The error of the standard cuff was significantly greater than that of the Tricuff (P < .001). The differences in systolic blood pressure between the intraarterially and the indirectly measured results were small (0.2 to 3 mm Hg) and not statistically significant with either cuff. The new Tricuff offered an advantage as compared to a large standard cuff in terms of a lesser overestimation of the diastolic blood pressure. In practical terms, this should lead to a reduction in the overestimation of diastolic hypertension in obese individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Localization of arm representation in the corona radiata and internal capsule in the non-human primate.

Localization of the corticofugal projection in the corona radiata (CR) and internal capsule (IC) can assist in evaluating a patient's residual motor capacity following subtotal brain damage and predicting their potential for functional restitution. To advance our understanding of the organization of the corticofugal projection in this critical brain region, we studied the trajectories of the projection arising from six different cortical arm representations in rhesus monkeys. They included the arm representation of the primary (M1), ventral lateral pre- (LPMCv), dorsolateral pre- (LPMCd), supplementary (M2), rostral cingulate (M3) and caudal cingulate (M4) motor cortices. In the CR, each pathway was segregated as medial motor area fibres arched over the caudate and lateral motor area fibres arched over the putamen. In the IC, the individual corticofugal pathways were found to be widespread, topographically organized and partially overlapping. At superior levels of the IC, the corticofugal projection from the arm representation of M3 coursed through the middle and posterior portion of the anterior limb (ICa). The projection from M2 passed through the posterior portion of the ICa and the genu (ICg). The projection from LPMCv travelled through the genu and anterior portion of the posterior limb (ICp). The projection from LPMCd occupied the anterior portion of the ICp. The projection from M4 descended through the mid-portion of the ICp. Fibres from M1 also travelled in the ICp, positioned immediately posterior to the M4 projection. As each fibre system progressed inferiorly within the IC, all fibres shifted posteriorly to occupy the ICp. Within the ICp, the projections from M3, M2, LPMCv, LPMCd, M4 and M1 maintained their anterior to posterior orientation, respectively. M2, LPMCd and LPMCv fibres overlapped extensively, as did fibres from M4 and M1. Our data suggest that CR and superior capsular lesions may correlate with more favourable levels of functional recovery due to the widespread nature of arm representation. In contrast, the extensive overlap and comparatively condensed organization of arm representation at inferior capsular levels suggest that lesions seated inferiorly are likely to correlate with poorer levels of recovery of upper limb movement. Based on the relative density of corticospinal neurones associated with the motor areas studied, our findings also suggest that motor deficit severity is likely to increase as a lesion occupies progressively more posterior regions of the IC.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Recoding arm position to learn visuomotor transformations.

There is strong experimental evidence that guiding the arm toward a visual target involves an initial vectorial transformation from direction in visual space to direction in motor space. Constraints on this transformation are imposed (i) by the neural codes for incoming information: the desired movement direction is thought to be signalled by populations of broadly tuned neurons and arm position by populations of monotonically tuned neurons; and (ii) by the properties of outgoing information: the actual movement direction results from the collective action of broadly tuned neurons whose preferred directions rotate with the position of the arm. A neural network model is presented that computes the visuomotor mapping, given these constraints. Appropriate operations are learned by the network in an unsupervised fashion through repeated action- perception cycles by recoding the arm-related proprioceptive information. The resulting solution has two interesting properties: (i) the required transformation is executed accurately over a large part of the reaching space, although few positions are actually learned; and (ii) properties of single neurons and populations in the network closely resemble those of neurons and populations in parietal and motor cortical regions. This model thus suggests a realistic scenario for the calculation of coordinate transformations and initial motor command for arm reaching movements.

Arm↗
PubMed1994

Changes in maternal upper arm fat stores are predictors of variation in infant birth weight.

The relationship between changes in maternal subcutaneous fat and infant birth weight was studied in 608 low income women. A loss of upper arm fat area (> 6.4 cm2), measured from 28 wk gestation to 4-6 wk postpartum, was associated with greater birth weight (+144 g, P < 0.01). However, when pregravid weight was low (< 25th percentile for age), a loss of upper arm fat area was associated with a birth weight lower by more than 300 g than that for women with higher pregravid weights who also lost fat, indicating that maternal stores among those with low weight may have been relatively depleted. Continued gains in upper arm fat area (> 5 cm2) from 28 wk gestation to the postpartum period was also associated with a lower birth weight (-123 g, P < 0.02). The mothers who gained upper arm fat late in pregnancy or continued to accrue fat in the postpartum period had the largest gestational weight gains, bore infants who were smaller, and retained the most weight postpartum. Thus, change in upper arm fat is a significant predictor of variation in infant birth weight.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Arm edema in breast cancer patients.

The improvement in the life expectancy of women with breast cancer raises important questions about how to improve the quality of life for women sustaining complications of breast cancer treatment. In particular, attention to common problems, such as arm edema, is of critical importance. We reviewed published breast cancer guidelines and literature identified via MEDLINE(R) searches in an effort to summarize the research literature pertinent to management of breast cancer-related arm edema, including incidence, prevalence, and timing; risk factors; morbidity; prevention; diagnosis; and efficacy of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions. We found that arm edema is a common complication of breast cancer therapy that can result in substantial functional impairment and psychological morbidity. The risk of arm edema increases when axillary dissection and axillary radiation therapy are used. Recommendations for preventive measures, such as avoidance of trauma, are available, but these measures have not been well studied. Nonpharmacologic treatments, such as massage and exercise, have been shown to be effective therapies for lymphedema, but the effect of pharmacologic interventions remains uncertain. Comparing results across studies is complicated by the fact that the definitions of interventions and measures of outcomes and risk stratification vary substantially among studies. As arm edema becomes more prevalent with the increasing survival of breast cancer patients, further research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of preventive strategies and therapeutic interventions.

Arm↗
PubMed2006

A case-control study of risk factors for arm pain presenting to primary care services.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association of occupational activities, mental health and comorbidity with care seeking for arm pain, and to test the hypothesis that specific disorders arise from physical risk factors and non-specific pain from psychological ones. METHODS: Patients with a new episode of arm pain and matched controls were recruited from eight general practices. A questionnaire about risk factors was completed and cases were classified using a validated examination schedule. Questions were asked about occupational activities and psychosocial stressors. Mental health was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, elements of the Brief Symptom Inventory (somatizing tendency) and the Whiteley Index (health anxiety); comorbidity from chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and chronic widespread pain (CWP) was ascertained using standard definitions. Associations were explored using logistic regression and summarized as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS: Altogether, 132 cases and 127 controls were studied. Consulting with arm pain was strongly associated with all of the mental health variables and with CFS and CWP, irrespective of the site of arm pain or diagnosis. The OR in those with >3 versus <3 distressing somatic symptoms was 3.9 (95% CI 1.7-9.0). There were several significant associations with physical activity, but none with occupational psychosocial stressors. Repeated wrist/finger movements and carrying weights were more strongly associated with specific diagnoses than with non-specific pain. CONCLUSIONS: Somatizing tendency, health anxiety, low mood, CFS and CWP are more common in arm pain consulters. Certain mechanical activities are also overrepresented, particularly in those with specific pathology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

A prospective cohort study of arm pain in primary care and physiotherapy--prognostic determinants.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate outcome and prognostic determinants for arm pain presenting to primary care and physiotherapy services. METHODS: Patients with arm pain were recruited as they presented to primary care and physiotherapy services, and were followed for 12 months. At baseline, they were classified by diagnosis using a validated examination schedule. Depression, somatizing tendency, health anxiety, fear-avoidance beliefs and chronic pain outside the arm were ascertained using standard definitions. Three outcomes were considered: same-site pain during the final month of follow-up (continuing pain); pain present on most days of that month; and pain present without a break of 7 days over follow-up ('unremitting' pain). Associations were explored in multi-level logistic regression models and summarized as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS: Altogether, 313 (83%) of 375 subjects completed follow-up, including 53% with 'continuing' and 24% with 'unremitting' pain. 'Continuing' pain was predicted most strongly by male sex (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2-3.2) (this association was restricted largely to the elbow), higher frequency of pain in the past month at baseline (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1-5.6), chronic pain at sites outside the arm (ORs 1.6-2.4 for different sites) and current smoking (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.6-6.6). There were also indications that mental health and fear-avoidance beliefs influenced prognosis. Predictors for the other two adverse outcomes were similar. CONCLUSION: Arm pain often persists in patients who consult medical services. Predictors of persistence include male sex (elbow only), frequency of pain at baseline, chronic pain at other sites and smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The mechanism of pancuronium potentiation of mivacurium block: use of the isolated-arm technique.

UNLABELLED: The neuromuscular blocking effects of mivacurium are greatly enhanced when mivacurium is preceded by a subparalyzing dose of pancuronium. The mechanism of this potentiation has not been elucidated. This study investigated the effects of the anticholinesterase activity of a small dose of pancuronium on the neuromuscular blocking effects of mivacurium. Forty patients were enrolled in the study. The neuromuscular effects of 7.5 and 15 microg/kg pancuronium, followed by 50 and 100 microg/kg mivacurium, were assessed in Groups PM1 and PM2 (n = 20), respectively. The neuromuscular effects of 65 and 130 microg/kg mivacurium were assessed in Groups M1 and M2 (n = 20), respectively. One arm was excluded from circulation with a tourniquet, which was inflated before the injection of pancuronium and deflated 3 min after the injection of mivacurium. The plasma cholinesterase activity was measured before induction for all patients and 3 min after the injection of pancuronium for Groups PM1 and PM2. The plasma cholinesterase activity was decreased by 16% and 33% after pancuronium administration in Groups PM1 and PM2, respectively. In the nonexcluded arm, pancuronium significantly potentiated the effects of mivacurium. In the excluded arm, no significant block was detected for Groups M1 and M2, whereas the maximal degree of neuromuscular block was 79% and 100% for Groups PM1 and PM2, respectively. Using the isolated-arm technique, we suggest that pancuronium potentiation of the neuromuscular blocking effects of mivacurium is more likely attributable to an increase in the effective plasma concentration of mivacurium than to occupancy of postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors. IMPLICATIONS: Using the isolated-arm technique, we suggest that pancuronium potentiation of the neuromuscular blocking effects of mivacurium is more likely attributable to an increase in the effective plasma concentration of mivacurium than to occupancy of postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Medial arm flap revisited.

Twenty fresh cadaver dissections examining the medial arm flap were completed. Blood supply to the medial arm skin was from the branches off the superior ulnar collateral artery (65%), direct cutaneous branches from the brachial artery (20%), or both (15%). Injection studies were completed demonstrating the extent of the medial arm flap. Four clinical cases were completed. The results in this article are different from some previous studies because they show that the superior ulnar collateral system is always present, the superior ulnar collateral vessels never directly supply the medial arm skin, and the medial arm skin may have a direct cutaneous supply from the brachial artery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Activity in the human primary motor cortex related to arm and finger movements.

With the purpose of mapping representations of the finger and proximal arm in the human primary motor cortex (MI), we measured regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in eight right-handed normal volunteers during self-paced finger and proximal arm movements. Each movement activated two different fields in MI, one located deep in the anterior lip of the central sulcus and the other relatively close to the surface of the precentral gyrus. Arm fields were located higher than finger fields. A superficial arm field and a deep finger field partially, overlapped. The results indicate that there are two spatially separate motor representations of the finger and proximal arm in the human MI.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Deep and superficial fibers of the lumbar multifidus muscle are differentially active during voluntary arm movements.

STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted. OBJECTIVE: To determine the activity of the deep and superficial fibers of the lumbar multifidus during voluntary movement of the arm. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The multifidus contributes to stability of the lumbar spine. Because the deep and superficial parts of the multifidus are near the center of lumbar joint rotation, the superficial fibers are well suited to control spine orientation, and the deep fibers to control intervertebral movement. However, there currently are limited in vivo data to support this distinction. METHODS: Electromyographic activity was recorded in both the deep and superficial multifidus, transversus abdominis, erector spinae, and deltoid using selective intramuscular electrodes and surface electrodes during single and repetitive arm movements. The latency of electromyographic onset in each muscle during single movements and the pattern of electromyographic activity during repetitive movements were compared between muscles. RESULTS: With single arm movements, the onset of electromyography in the erector spinae and superficial multifidus relative to the deltoid was dependent on the direction of movement, but the onset in the deep multifidus and transversus abdominis was not. With repetitive arm movements, peaks in superficial multifidus and erector spinae electromyography occurred only during flexion for most subjects, whereas peaks in deep multifidus electromyography occurred during movement in both directions. CONCLUSIONS: The deep and superficial fibers of the multifidus are differentially active during single and repetitive movements of the arm. The data from this study support the hypothesis that the superficial multifidus contributes to the control of spine orientation, and that the deep multifidus has a role in controlling intersegmental motion.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Symptomatic hypotension during arm cycle ergometry exercise: a report of five cases.

We report five cases of vasovagal and vasodepressor syncope or near-syncope that occurred during arm cycle ergometry. In each case, arm exercise in the seated position had been performed immediately after dynamic leg exercise. A likely mechanism involves a decrease in preload from venous pooling of blood in the lower extremities after leg exercise, and excessive stimulation of ventricular mechanoreceptors with resultant sympatho-inhibition and enhanced vagal tone. Four of the cases occurred early in the course of the exercise program, between the 8th and 10th sessions. The single case of true syncope occurred in a patient not receiving a beta-receptor blocking medication. No further events occurred when the exercise regimen was changed such that arm cycle ergometry was performed before leg exercise. We recommend that when arm ergometry is incorporated into an exercise program: (1) a cool-down period of exercise is performed after dynamic leg exercise, or (2) arm exercise is performed before dynamic leg exercise. These maneuvers may preclude the occurrence of symptomatic hypotension.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effects of arm exercise on serum glucose response in type 2 DM patients.

The aims of the study were to examine the influence of upper extremity exercise on glucose response and to establish a predictive model of changes in serum glucose under different exercise intensities and durations. Thirty-three type 2 DM patients who met the selection criteria were selected. An arm cycle ergometer exercise test was conducted, and then 12 arm exercise sessions were arranged based on different exercise intensities (40%, 60%, and 80% of maximal workload) and exercise durations (10, 20, 30, and 40 min). Serum glucose levels were measured before and after each exercise session. Serum glucose levels significantly decreased after arm exercise regardless of different intensities or durations. However, no interaction effect (intensity x duration) or main effect in exercise intensity was observed, but a significant main effect in exercise duration was observed (F = 11.756, p <.0001). Also exercise duration was a significant predictor of serum glucose changes after arm exercise. These results suggest that arm exercise can play a useful role in glycemic control for type 2 DM patients and exercise duration is a key factor in determining serum glucose response under upper-extremity exercise.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predicting height from arm measurements.

Height measurement is required to standardize measures of physical capacity (e.g., pulmonary function) and to adjust drug dosage in the physically disabled. To estimate height in wheelchair-bound patients, we examined the relation of four different upper extremity measurements to height in 119 normal individuals aged 0.5-56 years. Regression analysis was performed for each of the following: (a) interacromioclavicular distance, (b) upper arm, (c) lower arm (cubit), (d) arm span; with height. Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.937, 0.967, 0.975, and 0.989, respectively, were obtained (accuracy +/- 5%, 90% confidence interval, for upper and lower arm measurements). We conclude that height can be predicted reliably from arm measurements.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Oscillators and crank turning: exploiting natural dynamics with a humanoid robot arm.

This paper presents an approach to robot-arm control that exploits the natural dynamics of the arm. This is in contrast to traditional approaches, which either ignore or cancel out arm dynamics. While the traditional approaches are more general, they often result in systems and robot designs that are not robust. The alternative approach gives systems that are computationally simple, robust to variation in system parameters, robust to changes in the dynamics themselves, and versatile. The approach is examined using the example of a compliant robot arm, controlled by independent neural oscillators, in a crank-turning task. A model is constructed, and the robot behaviour compared with the model. These data show that the arm-oscillator system is exploiting the natural dynamics by finding and exciting the resonant mode of the underlying mechanical system. Since this is a natural behaviour of the system, the robot behaviour is robust. The paper concludes by discussing the opportunities and limitations of this approach.

Arm↗
PubMed2006

Use of an electromagnetic eye movement monitor for easy measurement of arm movements.

This paper proposes a new technique for measuring arm movements, which is an adaptation of the electromagnetic method for measuring eye movements. Two small coils of wire are mounted onto the subject's elbow, moving rigidly with the humerus, and two more coils are mounted onto the subject's wrist, moving rigidly with the radius-ulna. The subject is placed inside three alternating magnetic fields at different frequencies in the X, Y, and Z directions. As the arm moves, the voltages induced into the coils vary with angle. For each coil, the voltages are de-modulated to give three dc voltages giving the vector direction of that coil's axis. Corrections for the nonuniformity of the magnetic fields are computed. The method works unambiguously for all possible arm movements within the physiological ranges of the joints. Measurement of finger angles is just as easily done. The five angles describing arm movements can be measured at millisecond intervals with noise as small as 2 arcsec rms and drift of about 1 arcmin over a day, i.e., the electronics is more stable than the attachment of the coils to the arm.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Relative values of the interventions of diversion and improved donor-arm disinfection to reduce the bacterial risk from blood transfusion.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the efficiency of diverting the initial 20-ml donation from the collection bag and of an improved donor-arm disinfection procedure in reducing bacterial contamination in blood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Donations were collected in bags specially manufactured for the study. These bags incorporated two satellite pouches into each of which 20 ml of blood was collected. Blood initially flowed into sample pouch P1, representing a diversion pouch. Pouch P2 was then filled with 20 ml of blood, which allowed us to sample the collection bag after diversion was complete. Blood then flowed into the standard collection bag. The contents of the pouches were aerobically and anaerobically cultured on the BacT/ALERT automated culture system for 7 days. Two procedures were investigated in the study (each involving 1409 blood donations): one analysed the current disinfection procedure; and the other analysed an improved donor-arm disinfection procedure. RESULTS: The use of diversion alone resulted in a 47% reduction in contamination, and improved donor-arm disinfection alone resulted in a 57% reduction in contamination. Diversion plus improved donor-arm disinfection produced a predicted 77% reduction in contamination. CONCLUSIONS: The study validates diversion and an improved donor-arm disinfection procedure. In combination, these two interventions produced a substantial reduction in contamination. These procedures are to be introduced by the English National Blood Service to enhance the safety of the blood supply.

2-Propanol↗