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PubMed1989

Concept formation in non-verbal categorization tasks in brain-damaged patients with and without aphasia.

The study of thinking in patients with aphasic language impairments has long since been considered as means for learning about neuropsychological processes. In the present investigation, a non-verbal categorization task was used, requiring the subjects to sort several common objects according to different principles. The experimental group consisted of aphasic patients with motor and sensory aphasia. Two control groups were used, one consisting of normal subjects and the other of non-aphasic patients with injuries in the right hemisphere of the brain. The sorting behaviour was analysed according to several aspects. The final product of the categorization was assessed, as well as the behavioural processes observed during the sorting. The results were expressed in terms of different conceptual levels achieved. The results of the investigation showed that the aphasics were significantly inferior to normal controls both quantitatively and qualitatively in all sorting aspects. Possible mechanisms underlying the deficiencies in the sorting behaviour of the two aphasic groups were discussed.

Aphasia↗
PubMed1985

Spontaneous recovery of language in patients with aphasia between 4 and 34 weeks after stroke.

The paper describes the spontaneous recovery of language abilities of 52 stroke patients who were aphasic for more than 4 weeks. These patients had been randomly allocated to receive no speech therapy and had been assessed at 6-weekly intervals after a stroke. There was improvement in language abilities over time. Age, sex and aphasia type were not related to the amount of improvement. An aphasic patient's level of language ability at 6 months could be predicted on the basis of the test score on the Porch Index of Communicative Ability at 4 weeks.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Syntactic representations in agrammatic aphasia: the case of prepositions.

The focus of this paper is the syntactic deficit in agrammatic aphasia. The specific issue is the extent to which prepositions are impaired in this syndrome. This category is of particular interest because of the unique role its members play in the grammar. This is the organization of the paper: First, several descriptive generalizations are examined critically, and arguments against them are advanced. Then, a new hypothesis is formulated, stated in terms of current linguistic theory. This hypothesis views the deficit as being partial from a syntactic point of view. The relevant notion to account for the data (i.e., partitioning the impaired from preserved prepositions) is Government, a structural relation that must hold between the preposition at issue and the verb. The consequences of this hypothesis are derived, and an experiment that was conducted to test them is reported. The findings of this experiment not only support the hypothesis, but also suggest that the impairment is unique to agrammatic aphasic patients, since the performance of a control group of fluent aphasics was different. Finally, several theoretical issues are discussed in light of the findings and of the proposed description of the agrammatic deficit.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stroke-related aphasias mistaken for psychotic speech: two case reports.

A large portion of the human central nervous system is dedicated to and specialized for language function. Aphasias, disorders of language, can be seen in many psychiatric and neurologic conditions. On occasion, it is difficult to differentiate between language abnormalities secondary to a patient's psychiatric illness and those secondary to a superimposed neurologic condition. In particular, in the evaluation of a patient with a history of a psychotic illness, it is easy to misinterpret the presentation of "abnormal" speech as an exacerbation of the patient's pre-existing psychiatric illness. To show this psychoneurologic comorbidity, two case reports are presented.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Prognosis of aphasia by fitting growth curves.

The recovery of word-emission ability by Japanese aphasics was examined quantitatively. The scores on a word-emission task were obtained in a series of language tests for aphasia. 17 aphasics were asked to utter names of animals, giving as many as possible within a minute. The task was repeated four times at intervals of 104.1 days on the average, ranging from 27 to 271 days. The score on the word-emission task was estimated by fitting a growth curve to scores on the former three tests. Modified exponential, logistic, and Gompertz curves were used for estimation. All estimated scores by three growth curves were larger than the observed scores. The modified exponential curve which does not have an inflection point produced the most remarkable error. Between two curves which have an inflection point the logistic curve produced less error than the Gompertz curve. The difference in error of estimation was due to the difference in the saturation level of the two curves.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Validity of the Luria-Nebraska language scales in aphasia.

The language scales of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB) were administered to patients classified as either Broca's (n = 7) or Wernicke's (n = 7) aphasics. Group comparisons were made on the standard scales (e.g., Receptive Speech, Expressive Speech, Reading & Writing) and on 13 factor-analytically derived subscales (McKay & Golden, 1981). Results indicated that the standard T-score profile failed to discriminate the distinctively different language syndromes. Only two of the 13 factor scales differentiated the groups. Although Wernicke's patients were more impaired than Broca's patients on factor-analytically derived measures of basic language comprehension, it was concluded that the subscales added little to the standard profile in terms of aphasia syndrome identification. Distinctively different profiles of impaired and retained language abilities did not emerge on the LNNB factor scales. The battery cannot be recommended for use with aphasic patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[A therapy concept based on aphasia diagnostic criteria].

Four concepts of therapy, their theoretical basis, their aims, and their methods are presented and the effectiveness of each measured psychometrically. All call for early betterment under optimum organisation. Therapeutic methods for use in special forms of aphasia are being tested but display little in the way of uniform results. Special importance is laid on a complex of treatment which would cover movement therapy, communication therapy, and occupational therapy.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1985

[Localization of lesions in aphasia: clinical-CT scan correlations (Part II)].

On the basis of the characteristic symptoms or the result of a speech examination, 127 right-handed cases with various types of aphasia were subdivided into two groups within each aphasic syndrome. Using a microcomputer, the locus and extent of the lesions, as demonstrated by computed tomography for each group were superimposed onto standardized matrices. The relationship between the focus and the extent of the lesions and the various symptoms was investigated. Broca aphasics: More than 80% of the group with obvious anarthric components had lesions of the third frontal gyrus involving Broca's area and the lower part of the precental gyrus as well as opercular and insular regions. The size of the lesions of this group was significantly larger than that of the group without marked anarthric components, and the latter was proved to have little localizing value. Wernicke aphasics: The group with poor reading comprehension had cortical and/or subcortical lesions, involving posterior parts of both superior and middle temporal gyri as well as the supramarginal gyrus. On the other hand, lesions of the group with poor auditory comprehension were more anteriorly located and localized in the deep structures. Lesions of the group with poor Token test scores were large and scattered more anteriorly and/or posteriorly compared with those of the group with good Token test scores. Amnestic aphasics: The group with poor naming scores had somewhat larger lesions than the group with good naming scores, and the lesions were scattered about the left hemisphere. The finding has proved that both groups had little localizing value.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Several methodologic aspects of the problem of aphasia].

Main concepts of aphasia are analysed. It is shown that each of them emphasizes analytically certain aspects of this complicated problem. It is maintained that the one-sided view on this problem is overcome historically in the context of developing dialectico-materialistic understanding of the scientific psychophysiological problem. It is proven that the intergrative methods of investigating speech functions are, of the greatest diagnostic value.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The aphasia syndrome of stroke in the left anterior cerebral artery territory.

Two patients with transcortical motor aphasia are described. Both had infarcts in the distribution of the left anterior cerebral artery confirmed by computerized tomography (CT). The distinctive language abnormality, unusual EEG pattern, and nuclide and CT scan abnormalities all allow ready diagnosis of the syndrome of infarction in this distribution. The mechanism of the language disturbance is reviewed and implications for treatment and prognosis are discussed.

Aphasia↗
PubMed1981

Crossed aphasia in a right-handed patient. Postmortem findings.

A right-handed man with a global aphasia and a left hemiparesis was examined after a cerebrovascular accident. Three weeks later, oral language was only mildly impaired but writing disorders were still severe. At autopsy, there was an infarction of the territory supplied by the right middle cerebral artery. There was no lesion in the left hemisphere.

Aphasia↗
PubMed1982

Localization in transcortical sensory aphasia.

Transcortical sensory aphasia is a syndrome characterized by poor comprehension but excellent repetition. The lesions shown on computed tomography and isotope scans of 15 patients who satisfied the objective criteria based on test scores were studied. The overlap technique showed a unique posterior parieto-occipital location of lesions. The lesions seem to separate into two groups: one is more medial, inferior, and posterior and is clearly in the posterior cerebral artery territory, and the other is relatively more lateral, superior, and anterior and seems to be in a watershed area between middle cerebral and posterior cerebral arteries. The lesion sizes correlated with severity. Frequent recovery and good prognosis are associated with this entity. Association with transient visual agnosia and hemianopsia confirmed the anatomical correlation.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Relationship between lesion extent in 'Wernicke's area' on computed tomographic scan and predicting recovery of comprehension in Wernicke's aphasia.

This study investigated the relationship between severity of auditory comprehension in Wernicke's aphasia and amount of temporal lobe damage within Wernicke's area (posterior two thirds of superior temporal gyrus region) as well as the total temporoparietal lesion size. There was a highly significant correlation between comprehension and the amount of temporal lobe lesion in Wernicke's area. There was no significant correlation between comprehension and the total temporoparietal lesion size. Patients with damage in only half or less than half of Wernicke's area had good comprehension at six months after the onset of stroke. Patients with damage in more than half of Wernicke's area had poor comprehension even one year after the onset of stroke. Additional anterior-inferior temporal lobe lesion extension into the middle temporal gyrus area was associated with particularly poor recovery.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Anatomical basis for acquired fluent aphasia in children.

Three girls aged 9 to 11 years developed fluent aphasia associated with acute brain lesions. As localized by computed tomography, the abnormalities in all three resided in the posterior part of the left hemisphere, encroaching upon Wernicke's area.

Aphasia↗
PubMed1993

Verb-argument structure processing in complex sentences in Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia.

We describe three experiments that explore the real-time access of verb-argument structures in a group of normal control subjects, a group of Broca's aphasic patients, and a group of Wernicke's aphasic patients. Specifically, we examine whether our subjects exhaustively access the thematic representations of verbs in active, passive, cleft-subject, and cleft-object sentences. We find that our normal control subjects and Broca's aphasic patients are sensitive to the thematic properties of verbs, regardless of sentence type. Our Wernicke's aphasic patients do not show on-line sensitivity to this lexical property. We discuss these results in terms of multiple resources dedicated to specific sentence processing devices, a possible semantic deficit in Wernicke's aphasia, and a double-dissociation between the operation of accessing a verb's thematic properties and the operation of computing the trace-antecedent relation.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

The role of lexical status on the phonetic categorization of speech in aphasia.

Recent results with normal subjects have shown that the locus of the phonetic boundary of a speech continuum may change as a function of the word/nonword status of the endpoint stimuli. This so-called lexical effect in phonetic categorization has been used as evidence for the role of top-down processing in speech perception. This study investigated whether aphasic patients show a similar influence of lexical status on phonetic categorization. Two test continua were created varying in voice-onset time: in one continuum, the two endpoint stimuli were word/nonword, i.e., "duke"--"tuke," and in the other continuum, they were nonword/word, i.e., "doot"--"toot." Twelve aphasic patients were tested including 6 Broca's aphasics and 6 Wernicke/Conduction aphasics. The subject's task was to determine whether the first sound of the stimulus was a "d" or "t." Broca's aphasics showed a large lexical effect, with the magnitude of the effect being greater than that for normals. These results suggest that the Broca's aphasics place a heavier reliance on a heuristic strategy than on the perceptual information embedded in the test stimuli in making a phonetic categorization. In contrast, Wernicke/Conduction aphasics did not show a lexical effect, suggesting that these patients are less likely than either normals or Broca's aphasics to use heuristic strategies in lexical processing. The overall results are considered in relation to current views on language-processing deficits in aphasia.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

On-line processing of filler-gap construction in aphasia.

Two experiments were conducted exploring on-line processing of filler-gap construction in aphasia. An auditory-auditory lexical decision paradigm was used to investigate whether Broca's and Wernicke's aphasic patients show, as do normals, reactivation of the filler at the gap site. Experiment I investigated the processing of a number of filler-gap constructions including wh-questions, relative clauses as subject, relative clauses as object, and embedded wh-questions. Broca's aphasics showed reactivation of the filler at the gap site, whereas Wernicke's aphasics did not. Experiment II examined object relative clauses and their processing by Broca's aphasics. In addition, we investigated whether the presence (or absence) of the relative pronoun played any role in on-line processing. Broca's aphasics performed as did normals. In addition, their performance was unaffected by the presence or absence of the relative pronoun. The results of these experiments suggest that Broca's aphasics do not have an impairment in processing or representing thematic relationships of NP arguments to predicates or relating traces to their antecedents.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

The possible existence of phonemic reading in the presence of Broca's aphasia: a case report.

This case study examined phonemic reading and reading comprehension in the presence of Broca's aphasia. The patient, T.B., a 16 yr old male, suffered an occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Spontaneous speech was limited, naming difficulties were apparent, and comprehension was mildly impaired. Though the patient could read only a small number of words aloud, he was able to read silently for comprehension on a standardized instrument. Moreover, T.B. was able to match orally-presented pseudowords to their written analogs, a finding which suggests that phonemic processing for nonlexical material was to some degree intact. The results were contrasted to the reading patterns usually reported to be present in "frontal" alexia and deep dyslexia. The possible existence of a dissociation between phonemic processing in reading and speech behavior as well as its mechanism was discussed.

Adolescent↗