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PubMed2000

A serological survey on erysipelas in chickens by growth agglutination test.

From March to April 1992, 200 culled chickens sent to an abattoir in Tokyo, Japan were examined for the presence of growth agglutinating antibody in the serum. In the serological survey, 11 (5.5%) of 200 chicken sera had high growth agglutination titres against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, ranging from 1:16 to 1:128. These findings indicate a high rate of erysipelas infection among chickens in the field.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Granulocyte specificities detected by cytotoxicity and agglutination.

In a sample of 100 individuals from the Prague population antigenic specificities of granulocytes were determined on the basis of agglutination activity by means of standard typing sera (Bethesda, MD). The specificities NA1, NA2, NB1 were detected in 59, 87, and 90 percent with gene frequency of 0.360, 0.640, and 0.684, respectively. One serum from a pregnant woman reacted with 76 percent of persons up to the titer 8 or 16. When correlating this serum with N typing sera, the best match was found for anti-NA2 serum (p less than or equal to 0.01). On the basis of cytotoxic activity, using specific granulocytotoxic sera obtained by screening sera from pregnant women and multitransfused patients, two antigenic specificities were detected. The incidence of G1 and G2 was 55 and 67 percent and the gene frequency 0.555 and 0.455, respectively. The comparison of specificities based both on agglutination and cytotoxic activity showed a significant association of G1 with NA2 and G2 with NA1 (p less than or equal to 0.001).

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vivo and in vitro binding of C4 molecules on red cells: a correlation of numbers of molecules and agglutination.

The fourth component of human complement (C4) is one that is essential to the antibody-mediated classical activation pathway. C4d, present on all normal and most patient red cells (RBCs), may be detected by the human antisera anti-Rodgers (Rg) and -Chido (Ch). A study has been made of the Rg/Ch antigens on normal and patient RBCs in an attempt to understand the mechanism by which C4 is bound to normal RBCs in the absence of RBC antibodies (Abs). Because RBCs from C1q-deficient patients express Rg/Ch, it seems that C1q is not essential for C4 binding. Treatment of normal RBCs with proteolytic enzymes, including trypsin, eliminated positive reactions with anti-Rg/Ch even though the C4d fragment is considered to be resistant to cleavage by trypsin. By correlating agglutination reactions with numbers of bound C4d and C3d molecules, it is evident that both C4d and C3d were affected by trypsin treatment and that anti-Rg/Ch were not capable of agglutinating RBCs with less than 50 molecules of bound C4d. It is concluded that trypsin-sensitive and -insensitive RBC membrane structures may both act as acceptors for C4. RBCs with null phenotypes of the major blood group systems all expressed Rg/Ch antigens, so none of the structures that carry these antigens act preferentially as acceptors for C4.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2003

TRALI due to granulocyte-agglutinating human neutrophil antigen-3a (5b) alloantibodies in donor plasma: a report of 2 fatalities.

BACKGROUND: TRALI is usually an immunologic reaction to WBC antibodies in infused plasma and ranks second only to ABO mismatch as a cause of transfusion-associated death. Implicated donors are usually multiparous women (>/=3 pregnancies). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Two fatal cases of TRALI were evaluated by reviewing clinical and laboratory findings and characterizing alloantibodies present in donor plasma. Investigation for WBC antibodies was by lymphocytotoxicity (LCT), FlowPRA (FlowPRA, One Lambda, Inc.) and granulocyte immunofluorescence and agglutination assays. Patient 1 was a 62-year-old man with chronic T-cell lymphocytic leukemia, and Patient 2 was a 54-year-old woman undergoing a cadaveric kidney transplant. Both patients developed acute respiratory distress and hypotension during (Patient 1) and approximately 30 minutes after (Patient 2) transfusion. Fulminant pulmonary edema ensued in both cases necessitating mechanical ventilation and both patients died within 24 hours of the onset of respiratory complications. RESULTS: The donors of the implicated blood components were women with a history of two pregnancies but no blood transfusions. Weak apparently panreactive granulocyte antibodies were detected with flow cytometry. However, in the granulocyte agglutination test, strong antibodies specific for human neutrophil antigen (HNA)-3a (5b) were identified in both donors. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that female blood donors with only two previous pregnancies can form clinically important granulocyte-reactive alloantibodies leading to fatal TRALI reactions in recipients. The sometimes devastating consequences of TRALI should prompt the development of strategies to prevent or reduce its incidence. Further research is warranted to investigate recipient and donor factors responsible for TRALI, including whether 5b (HNA-3a) alloantibodies are especially prone to cause severe reactions, and to better characterize the HNA-3a (5b) antigen, particularly at the molecular level.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1973

Maximal concanavalin A-specific agglutinability without loss of density-dependent growth control.

Density-inhibited 3T3 mouse fibroblasts were treated for 10 min with nine concentrations of Pronase ranging from 0.25 to 40 mug/ml. Concanavalin A-specific agglutinability increased from control values of about 25% to plateau values of about 80%. None of these Pronase concentrations brought about an increase in cell number within 84 hr. Pronase-treated cells remained responsive to growth stimulation by serum and cortisol. Therefore, the protease-mediated surface change measured by increased concanavalin A-specific agglutinability is not an event sufficient by itself to bring about cell division.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1974

Membrane fatty acid replacements and their effect on growth and lectin-induced agglutinability.

The growth of 3T3 and SV101 3T3 cells in a lipid-depleted medium is enhanced by the addition of biotin or some fatty acids. The extent of enhancement depends on the fatty acid(s) supplied. The presence of linoleate is unique, since it induces a morphological alteration in 3T3 cells resulting in a cell similar to an SV101-transformed 3T3 cell. Analyses of the fatty acids from the membrane phosphatides show that the exogenously supplied fatty acids are incorporated and alter the fatty acid composition. This is most clearly evident with heptadecanoate-grown cells, in which this fatty acid and its derivatives comprise over 45% of the fatty acids in the phospholipids. The fatty acid replacements have a striking effect on the temperature dependence of agglutination by wheat germ agglutinin and concanavalin A, implying that fluidity is involved in agglutination. These temperature dependencies and the effect of fatty acid replacements on them were different for the two lectins, but similar for both transformed and untransformed cells. These observations are interpreted as suggesting that the lipid phase is heterogeneous, and that transformed and untransformed cell membranes have regions of similar fluidity.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1998

Microcapsule agglutination test for the diagnosis of leptospirosis in Thailand.

Sera from 82 cases of leptospirosis (confirmed by micro-agglutination tests or IFAT) and 108 patients with other diseases were investigated using the microcapsule agglutination test (MCAT) for leptospirosis. The overall sensitivity (90.2%), specificity (96.3%), positive predictive value (94.9%), negative predictive value (92.9%), and accuracy of the MCAT (93.7%) were encouraging. MCAT is simple, can be performed by unskilled personnel with minimum laboratory facilities, and produces results in 3 h. MCAT would be a reliable serodiagnostic test for rapidly screening individuals for leptospirosis, in various geographical areas of Thailand.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1976

Surface morphology and agglutinability with concanavalin A in normal and transformed murine fibroblasts.

The surface morphology of attached and suspended normal and transformed fibroblasts has been studied with the scanning electron microscope. Normal murine fibroblasts (3T3) grow in vitro with widely extended leading lamellae. During most parts of the cell cycle the surfaces of these cells are practically free of microvilli. When the cells round up for mitosis, their cell surfaces become adorned with many microvilli. In contrast, simian virus 40-transformed fibroblasts (SV3T3) grow more compact, and their cell surfaces remain smooth throughout the life cycle. When confluent 3T3 and SV3T3 cells are suspended with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for agglutination assays, similar differences in surface morphology are found: 3T3 cells always bear many microvilli, whereas most SV3T3 cells are essentially free of microvilli. The addition of concanavalin A (Con A) does not influence the surface morphology of the suspended cells. The morphological differences described here may be important for the agglutination process of the normal and transformed 3T3 cells, because they affect the real cell surface area and thus the density of Con A-binding sites.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1950

Observations on the agglutination of polysaccharide-treated erythrocytes by tularemia antisera.

Erythrocytes treated with polysaccharide from Past. tularensis are specifically agglutinated by the sera of persons recovered from tularemia or vaccinated against it, and by the sera of animals immunized with living cultures. The serum hemagglutination titer is correlated with the amount of antibody as measured by the quantitative precipitin method with polysaccharide, but not with the bacterial agglutination titer. The meaning of the results is discussed.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1981

Group identification of streptococci. Evaluation of three rapid agglutination methods.

The clinical need to rapidly and correctly differentiate beta-hemolytic streptococci into Lancefield groups has prompted the commercialization of rapid agglutination methods. Three serogrouping kits, Phadebact, Sero STAT, and Streptex, were compared with the classic precipitin technic. One hundred and fifty beta-hemolytic streptococci and 75 alpha-hemolytic streptococci isolated from clinical specimens were used. Phadebact grouped all beta-hemolytic strains correctly while Sero STAT and Streptex were 96.7% and 99.3% accurate, respectively. Phadebact and Streptex correctly identified all group D streptococci. Commercial agglutination reagents represent a simple and reliable method for grouping streptococci.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1983

Sensitivity of commercial agglutination and counterimmunoelectrophoresis methods for the detection of Haemophilus influenzae Type b capsular polysaccharide.

Comparison testing of commercial latex agglutination, coagglutination, and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) reagents for the detection of Haemophilus influenzae Type b capsular antigen in cerebral spinal fluid was performed. Latex agglutination was the most sensitive (0.2 ng/mL), followed by coagglutination (10 ng/mL), and CIE (20 ng/mL). In addition, the commercial antisera for CIE failed to react with high concentrations of capsular antigen, well within the range found during the course of meningitis.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1983

Serologic diagnosis of pertussis: comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and bacterial agglutination.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and bacterial agglutination (BA) method for determining the presence of antibodies to Bordetella pertussis were compared on serum samples from 21 patients with whooping cough and their 76 family members. The overall diagnostic agreement between the two methods was 77%. The data for BA-detected antibodies correlated best with IgG and IgA antibodies to B. pertussis. All of the culture-positive patients showed serologic positivity in both assays during the follow-up. Pertussis was diagnosed by ELISA in most cases from the first serum sample. Both methods proved to be good diagnostic aids in culture-negative patients, although the value of BA is more retrospective because of the need for paired sera. The kinetics of IgM, IgA, IgG, and agglutinating antibodies to B. pertussis is presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Bacterial agglutination and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for typing Clostridium difficile.

Bacterial agglutination and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) were methods evaluated for typing strains of Clostridium difficile. A panel of four antisera, obtained by immunizing rabbits with washed whole cells of different strains of C. difficile, produced distinctive patterns of agglutination. Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) extracts subjected to PAGE also produced distinctive protein profiles. Excellent correlation between the two methods was observed when geographically distant isolates were typed without knowledge of their clinical origin. Both typing methods should receive further evaluation for their value as tools for epidemiological studies.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1980

Liposome agglutination and liposomal membrane immune-damage assays for the characterization of antibodies to glycosphingolipids.

Antibodies against each of three neutral glycosphingolipids, Forssman glycolipid, globoside I, and asialo GM2, were elicited in rabbits. The specificity of these antibodies was studied by liposome agglutination and liposomal membrane immune-damage assays using liposomes prepared with each glycolipid hapten. Spectrophotometric measurement of liposome agglutination was found to be effective for detecting IgG antibodies, whereas complement-dependent immune-damage assay favored the expression of IgM antibodies. Three glycosphingolipids having the same non-reducing terminal N-acetylgalactosamine residues were discriminated with IgG antibodies, while IgM antibodies showed cross-reactivity. Specifically purified anti-Forssman and anti-asialo GM2 antibodies reacted only with Forssman glycolipid and asialo Gm2, respectively, but purified anti-globoside I antibodies cross-reacted with asialo GM2.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1989

Detection of anti-HIV immunoglobulin M by particle agglutination following acute HIV infection.

In a study of 23 subjects infected with HIV, a modified particle agglutination assay was used to detect anti-HIV-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM). The presence of anti-HIV IgM was demonstrated in every subject, becoming detectable 1-2 weeks after the onset of acute symptoms, and showing a variable duration of 1-5 weeks. Anti-HIV immunoglobulin G (IgG) developed 1-2 weeks after anti-HIV IgM. Particle agglutination detected the presence of specific antibody up to 7-10 days earlier than the Abbott recombinant or Genetic Systems enzyme immunoassays. In this study, all subjects with acute infection became clearly positive by Western blot within 3 months of the onset of acute symptoms.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1981

Preparation of agglutinating antisera specific for the flagellar antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

H-specific agglutinating sera to Pseudomonas aeruginosa were prepared by immunisation with partially purified flagella. The results of agglutination and immobilisation tests with rabbit sera prepared against the flagella of six H-type strains showed that the sera had high titres and were H specific. Cross-absorption tests revealed that one strain (H-3) possessed a distinct antigen not present in any of the others. Two groups of strains (H-1, H-2 and H-5; H-4 and H-6) each possessed a distinct major antigen. Members of these two groups could be distinguished by their minor antigens.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1993

A review of the correlation of T-agglutination patterns and M-protein typing and opacity factor production in the identification of group A streptococci.

The classical techniques of M protein and opacity factor (OF) typing and T agglutination typing remain the "gold standard" in identifying group A streptococci, although newer techniques have been proposed to assist laboratory scientists, microbiologists, epidemiologists and clinicians in the precise identification and characterisation of these organisms. Because of the current scarcity of M-typing sera and the increased use by many laboratories of T typing as the sole method of group A identification, a table is presented to indicate specific correlation between the T-agglutination pattern and the M serotype. The use of this table will enable not only more selective use of typing sera but also, perhaps, result in improved understanding and ultimately in correlating these defined patterns with newer and more sensitive techniques.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1998

Streptococcal emm types associated with T-agglutination types and the use of conserved emm gene restriction fragment patterns for subtyping group A streptococci.

The T-agglutination types were determined for a diverse collection of 1531 group A streptococci for which the 5' M protein gene (emm) sequences had been analysed. The majority of the T-agglutination types correlated with previously seen M/emm/T-type associations; however, several new associations were found. Analysis of a subset of this collection -- which included 1157 clinical isolates with multiply encountered emm types -- found that emm amplicon restriction profiles of isolates sharing identical T types and opacity factor phenotypes are useful for detecting groups of isolates with identical emm genes. Many emm genes of known 5' sequence display a highly conserved restriction pattern amongst clinical isolates widely separated both geographically and temporally.

Agglutination↗