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PubMed2001

The circumplex structure of affect: a Swedish version.

The taxonomy of a circumplex model has been widely applied in the emotion domain and especially by researchers advocating a systematic arrangement of conscious emotional experience (see Fabrigar, Visser & Browne, 1997; Feldman Barett & Russell, 1999 for recent reviews). To rule out some of the lexical problems in the naming of affective states in the circumplex space, Larsen and Diener (1992) suggested a labeling system with forty-eight English adjectives representing eight affective states. The objective of the present study was to examine how well Swedish adjectives map onto a dimensional model of this kind, in doing so, to compose a Swedish measure for self-reported affect. The forty-eight Swedish adjectives translated from Larsen and Diener (1992) failed to capture a pure circumplex structure. However, when approximately two thirds of these adjectives were reanalyzed, a reasonable consistency with the circumplex model was reached. This suggested a composite Swedish measure for self-rated affect, with up to four adjectives representing each of the eight affective states in the circumplex space.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Effects of positive and negative affect on electromyographic activity over zygomaticus major and corrugator supercilii.

Pleasant stimuli typically elicit greater electromyographic (EMG) activity over zygomaticus major and less activity over corrugator supercilii than do unpleasant stimuli. To provide a systematic comparison of these 2 measures, the authors examined the relative form and strength of affective influences on activity over zygomaticus major and corrugator supercilii. Self-reported positive and negative affective reactions and facial EMG were collected as women (n = 68) were exposed to series of affective pictures, sounds, and words. Consistent with speculations based on known properties of the neurophysiology of the facial musculature, results revealed a stronger linear effect of valence on activity over corrugator supercilii versus zygomaticus major. In addition, positive and negative affect ratings indicated that positive and negative affect have reciprocal effects on activity over corrugator supercilii, but not zygomaticus major.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2004

The role of the anterior cingulate cortex in pitch variation during sad affect.

We examined neural activity, in the frontal lobes, associated with speech production during affective states. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response to the overt reading of emotionally neutral sentences was measured before and after a happy or sad mood induction. There was no explicit demand to produce affect-congruent speech and a cover story was used to de-emphasize the significance of the speech task in light of our experimental aims. Each fMRI measurement was acquired 6 s after the onset of sentence presentation so that speech could be recorded while the scanner noise was minimal; speech parameters (e.g. pitch variation) were extracted from the sentences and regressed against fMRI data. In the sad group we found the predicted changes in affect and pitch variation. Further, the fMRI data confirmed our hypothesis in that the 'reading effect' (i.e. the BOLD response to reading minus the BOLD response to baseline stimuli) in the supracallosal anterior cingulate cortex covaried negatively with both pitch variation and affect. Our results suggest that the anterior cingulate cortex modulates paralinguistic features of speech during affective states, thus placing this neural structure at the interface between action and emotions.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Chronic pain, stress, and the dynamics of affective differentiation.

We describe a program of research examining how the relationship between positive and negative affect varies both between individuals and within individuals over time. This Dynamic Model of Affect (DMA) proposes that under conditions that promote maximal information processing, positive and negative affective systems function relatively independently. In contrast, under conditions characterized by uncertainty, including pain and stress, the affects become strongly inversely related. Included in our consideration are potential individual differences in the ability to sustain affective differentiation during pain and other stressors and the implications of this model for perceptions of social relations and for interventions to improve well-being among the chronically ill.

Affect↗
PubMed1987

Affective processes and academic achievement.

Achievement, empathy, depressive affectivity, aggression, and self-concept measures were obtained for 8-9- and 10-11-year-olds. Depressive affectivity and aggression were assessed by teacher ratings and self-reports. Empathy was assessed by audiovisual tapes. Measures were readministered to the younger group 2 years later. Achievement scores were highly stable. Significant test-retest correlations were also found for the affective measures. Self-reports were negligibly related to achievement. For girls, strong relations were found between empathy at age 8-9 and achievement in reading and spelling at age 10-11. Teacher ratings of depressive affectivity were inversely related to achievement for boys and girls at age 8-9, but significant at age 10-11 for girls only. Initial ratings of depressive affectivity were predictive of girls' subsequent achievement. A similar pattern was found for teacher ratings of aggression.

Achievement↗
PubMed1989

Facial expressions of affect in autistic, mentally retarded and normal children.

This study examined the facial affect expressions of autistic, mentally retarded and normal children. Affect was coded using the Maximally Discriminative Movement Coding System. Results indicated that the autistic children were more flat/neutral in their affect expression than the mentally retarded children. Moreover, they displayed a variety of ambiguous expressions not displayed by any of the other children. This unique pattern may be related to the difficulties that autistic children have in sharing affect, and to the difficulties that others experience in reading their affective signals.

Affect↗
PubMed1979

Prosopo-affective agnosia as a symptom of cerebral organic disease.

A previously described test for prosopo-affective agnosia (impairment of facial affect recognition) had been applied in 14 disoriented elderly patients with chronic organic brain syndrome, 14 fully oriented elderly patients with non-organic psychiatric disorders, and 14 normal volunteers. In this re-test study of 37 of the 42 subjects, after a six-month interval, the test was found to be reliable (r = .75, p less than .001). The test was also more sensitive in detecting organic disorders than were other frequently applied neuropsychiatric tests. Prosopo-affective agnosia (PAA) appeared unrelated to prosopo-agnosia (PA) (r = .082, ns). Some patients who had the ability to recognize famous faces and faces of ward personnel were severely impaired in the ability to recognize facial affect. The deterioration was more pronounced for the recognition of sadness and anger than for happiness, indicating that patients with this impairment had reverted to an infantile mode of facial-affect recognition. This reversal is another example of the neurologic regression that characterizes dementia.

Affect↗
PubMed1979

Affective disorders and ABO blood types.

Results of the present study provide evidence of: 1) a positive association between bipolar affective disorder and blood type O and a corresponding negative association between the former and blood type A, 2) a positive association between unipolar affective disorder and blood type O, and 3) a positive association between involutional depression and blood type A and a corresponding negative association between the former and blood types B and O. Sex does not appear to modify the ABO blood types' distribution in patients with bipolar, unipolar affective disorder, or involutional depression, and the same holds for early- or late-onset of the illness in patients with bipolar or unipolar affective disorders. Findings in the present study do not support the validity of the bipolar-unipolar distinction of affective disorders, and provide evidence in favour of the view that involutional depression is a genetically distinct nosological entity.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1981

Age-of-onset and genetic transmission in affective disorders.

Age-of-onset data were gathered on first-degree relatives of 252 probands with bipolar and unipolar affective disorders. Early onset probands (younger than 40 at onset) had more early onset relatives and a greater risk for affective disorder among their relatives than late onset probands (40 or older). This indicates that age-of-onset is a familial factor correlated with the liability to affective illness. Multiple threshold models of inheritance were applied to the data using age-of-onset as a liability-threshold determinant. The hypothesis of autosomal single-major locus was ruled out. Multifactorial-polygenic inheritance provided a better fit to the data. The data suggest that early and late onset affective disorders can be placed at different thresholds on a genetic environmental continuum and that the early onset form is more deviant genetically than the late onset type. The implications for genetic research in affective disorder are discussed.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed1981

Genetic heterogeneity in affective disorders. Implications for psychobiological research.

The extent of genetic heterogeneity in major affective illness was estimated via three paradigms of single-major-locus inheritance. In the first paradigm bipolar and unipolar disorders were represented at different liability thresholds on a genetic-environmental continuum. The second paradigm incorporated sex-related thresholds into the model, thereby testing the hypothesis that affective illness is a transmitted trait whose phenotypic expression is a function of the individual's sex. The third paradigm included both clinical polarity and sex effect as threshold phenomena. All three paradigms predicted considerable genetic heterogeneity in affective disorders. Bipolar homozygotes were far more common than unipolar homozygotes, although the majority of ill individuals in the first two paradigms were heterozygotes. According to the third paradigm bipolar males had the highest proportion of homozygotes amongst the affected population. Significant increases in homozygosity occurred using the dual mating sampling method. Depending on the model paradigm and parameters these increases were 140-25,000% over the random sample method. The implications for biologic and genetic research in affective disorders were discussed.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed1982

Genetic factors in puerperal affective psychoses.

The hypothesis that puerperal affective psychosis (PAP) is genetically related to manic-depressive disorder was tested by comparing the morbidity risks for puerperal and non-puerperal affective disorders in the relatives of 17 PAP subjects and 20 parous manic-depressives (PMD) with no history of puerperal illness. The risk for affective disorder (mania, depression or suicide) and puerperal affective disorder was the same in the two groups of relatives and the test hypothesis was accepted, although the sample size was small. The frequencies of HLA-A, B and C locus antigens, nine blood group antigens and 10 red blood cell isoenzymes were not significantly different in the PAP and PMD subjects, showing that in this series genetic markers do not distinguish puerperal from non-puerperal affective psychoses.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Selective memory for sensory and affective information in chronic pain and depression.

Mood congruity effects in induced mood states and affective disorders are well established. Recent evidence suggests that a similar process occurs in chronic pain patients, although the extent to which the memory bias is a consequence of the affective or sensory state of the subject in this group is unknown. In this study selective memory for sensory and affective pain-related information was investigated in depressed and non-depressed chronic pain patients and depressed psychiatric patients. A recall test comprising sensory, affective and neutral adjectives matched for frequency was followed by a recognition task, where the words of the recall test were randomized with an equal number of new adjectives matched for word type and frequency. Comparison of the three patient groups with normal controls revealed specific recall biases directly related to pain and depression in both chronic pain groups and the controls. Contrary to expectations, the depressed psychiatric patients failed to show a recall bias for affective adjectives: the possibility of cognitive avoidance as an explanation for this is discussed. Signal detection analysis of the recognition results suggested that selective memory in chronic pain and depression may to some extent be accounted for by differences in 'true memory', the contribution of response bias remaining less clear.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension of pain.

The affective dimension of pain is made up of feelings of unpleasantness and emotions associated with future implications, termed secondary affect. Experimental and clinical studies show serial interactions between pain sensation intensity, pain unpleasantness, and secondary affect. These pain dimensions and their interactions relate to a central network of brain structures that processes nociceptive information both in parallel and in series. Spinal pathways to limbic structures and medial thalamic nuclei provide direct inputs to brain areas involved in affect. Another source is from spinal pathways to somatosensory thalamic and cortical areas and then through a cortico-limbic pathway. The latter integrates nociceptive input with contextual information and memory to provide cognitive mediation of pain affect. Both direct and cortico-limbic pathways converge on the same anterior cingulate cortical and subcortical structures whose function may be to establish emotional valence and response priorities.

Affect↗
PubMed2005

Effect of anticipation during unknown or unexpected exercise duration on rating of perceived exertion, affect, and physiological function.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of unknown exercise duration and an unexpected increase in exercise duration on rating of perceived exertion (RPE), affect, and running economy during treadmill running. METHODS: Sixteen well trained male and female runners completed three bouts of treadmill running at 75% of their peak treadmill running speed. In the first trial, they were told to run for 20 minutes and were stopped at 20 minutes (20 MIN). In another trial, they were told to run for 10 minutes, but at 10 minutes were told to run for a further 10 minutes (10 MIN). In the final trial, they were not told for how long they would be running but were stopped after 20 minutes (unknown, UN). During each of the running bouts, RPE, oxygen consumption (ml/kg/min), heart rate (beats/min), stride frequency (min(-1)), affect scores (arbitrary units), and attentional focus (percentage associative thought scores) were recorded. RESULTS: RPE increased significantly between 10 and 11 minutes in the 10 MIN compared with the 20 MIN and UN trials (p<0.05). The affect score decreased significantly between 10 and 11 minutes in the 10 MIN compared with the 20 MIN trial (p<0.05). Running economy, as measured by oxygen consumption, was significantly lower in the UN compared with the 20 MIN trial from 10 to 19 minutes (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The change in RPE between 10 and 11 minutes in the 10 MIN trial suggests that RPE is not purely a measure of physical exertion, as treadmill speed was maintained at a constant pace both before and after the unexpected increase in exercise duration. The associated changes in affect score at similar times in the 10 MIN trial supports the hypothesis that RPE has an affective component.

Affect↗
PubMed2004

Acute tryptophan depletion affects brain-gut responses in irritable bowel syndrome patients and controls.

BACKGROUND: Serotonin, a key denominator of the brain-gut axis, is involved in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility, secretion, and perception as well as cognition and mood. AIM: To assess the effects of an acutely lowered serotonin synthesis, using the acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) method, on visceral perception, affective memory performance, and mood in diarrhoea predominant irritable bowel syndrome patients (d-IBS) and controls. METHODS: In a randomised, double blind, crossover design, 14 d-IBS patients and fourteen matched controls were studied under ATD and placebo conditions, respectively. Perception of urge and pain was scored during rectal distensions. Affective memory performance, mood, and biochemical parameters of serotonergic metabolism were simultaneously assessed. RESULTS: ATD significantly decreased plasma tryptophan (67.0 (2.0) v 24.9 (2.0) mumol/l) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid concentrations (29.9 (1.0) v 15.8 (0.6) nmol/l). ATD was associated with significantly increased urge scores specifically in the lower pressure range and overall increased pain scores. ATD significantly lowered the perceptual threshold for first perception compared with placebo (patients 10.6 (1.2) v 13.6 (0.8) mm Hg, controls 12.6 (1.3) v 15.7 (1.2) mm Hg) but not for maximal tolerable discomfort (patients 50.5 (3.6) v 51.6 (3.3) mm Hg, controls 50.9 (3.3) v 48.8 (2.9) mm Hg). ATD induced a significant shift in affective memory bias towards preferential loss of positive material but no significant changes in mood. ATD did not differentially affect the patient or control group. CONCLUSIONS: We have provided evidence that serotonergic modulation by ATD affects both visceral perception as well as cognition in d-IBS and controls. Simultaneous measurement of brain and gut function and the application of ATD contribute to the elucidation of the complex pathophysiology of IBS.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Disturbances of affective prosody in patients with schizophrenia; a cross sectional study.

The objective was to determine whether disturbances of affective prosody constitute part of the symptomatology of schizophrenia. Affective prosody is defined here as a neuropsychological function that encompasses all non-verbal aspects of language that are necessary for recognising and conveying emotions in communication. Twenty six schizophrenic outpatients and twenty four normal controls underwent a standardised prosody test, assessing four different aspects of affective prosody: spontaneous prosody, prosodic recognition, prosodic repetition, and facial affect recognition. Patients scored significantly worse than controls on three of the four subtests: spontaneous prosody, prosodic recognition, and prosodic repetition. There were no significant differences on a subtest for facial affect recognition. Differences in educational level between patients and controls could not account for these differences.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Age of onset of affective illness.

The age of onset of affective illness as measured by the initial psychiatric consultation for four affective subtypes was evaluated. Bipolar I (mean age = 28.00) and cyclothymics (mean age = 27.58) sought psychiatric consultation for their affective symptoms significantly earlier than unipolar patients (mean age = 34.69). Bipolar II patients (mean age = 31.54) sought psychiatric consultation at an age intermediate between bipolar I and unipolar patients. Male bipolar II patients sought psychiatric treatment significantly later than female bipolar II patients and there was a nonsignificant trend toward male cyclothymics initially seeking treatment later than female cyclothymics. In all, the range of age of onset for the four affective subtypes was quite wide suggesting that a patient was at risk for developing an affective disorder at any time from adolescence to the geriatric age range.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Biogenic amines and affective disorders. A critical analysis.

The evidence linking biogenic amines and affective disorders is critically reviewed. Surveyed are studies on the level of biogenic amines and their metabolites in the brain, blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with affective conditions; the effects of biogenic amine precursors, depletors and blockers on affective states and the action of present methods of treatment of these disorders on the level of biogenic amines. Reference is also made to the existence of various disease states where abnormalities of biogenic amines exist in the absence of affective disorders. The review fails to uncover convincing evidence that affective disorders are related to abnormal levels of biogenic amines. Reasons are outlined why the "catecholamine hypothesis" and related theories can neither be proven nor disproven with the available techniques.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗