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PubMed2006

A motion capture library for the study of identity, gender, and emotion perception from biological motion.

We present the methods that were used in capturing a library of human movements for use in computer-animated displays of human movement. The library is an attempt to systematically tap into and represent the wide range of personal properties, such as identity, gender, and emotion, that are available in a person's movements. The movements from a total of 30 nonprofessional actors (15 of them female) were captured while they performed walking, knocking, lifting, and throwing actions, as well as their combination in angry, happy, neutral, and sad affective styles. From the raw motion capture data, a library of 4,080 movements was obtained, using techniques based on Character Studio (plug-ins for 3D Studio MAX, AutoDesk, Inc.), MATLAB The MathWorks, Inc.), or a combination of these two. For the knocking, lifting, and throwing actions, 10 repetitions of the simple action unit were obtained for each affect, and for the other actions, two longer movement recordings were obtained for each affect. We discuss the potential use of the library for computational and behavioral analyses of movement variability, of human character animation, and of how gender, emotion, and identity are encoded and decoded from human movement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Illusory words created by repetition blindness: a technique for probing sublexical representations.

When two orthographically similar words are displayed using rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP), the repeated letters in the second critical word (W2) are not detected, leading to a deficit in reporting this word, a phenomenon known as repetition blindness (RB). The unrepeated letters in W2 do appear to be detected and available to feed activation to words compatible with them (Morris & Harris, 1999). When a fragment was strategically placed in the RSVP stream, as in GROW throw ank, observers reported seeing thank more often than in the control condition BEAT throw ank. Illusory words were facilitated by repetition blindness only when the recombining letters maintained their position in the words. Illusory word report was insensitive to the phonological similarity of the recombining letters; equal quantities of illusory words were created by sequences like china CHEAT THR (-->threat) and swung SWEAT THR (-->threat). In addition to being an interesting phenomenon in its own right, the illusory words paradigm may have considerable use as a tool for probing the perceptual units underlying visual word recognition.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

A portable tensiometer for assessing knot-tying technique.

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of orthopedic surgeons' tying techniques on knot security using 2-0 and 4-0 monofilament and multifilament nylon sutures. Using an Instron Tensile Tester and a portable tensiometer, knot security was achieved with these sutures using four-throw square knots (1 = 1 = 1 = 1). After didactic and psychomotor skill training, medical students were taught to construct the four-throw square knot using either a two-hand tie or an instrument tie. Using the portable tensiometer, their knot-tying techniques were judged to be superior to those used by orthopedic surgeons. The orthopedic surgeon's faculty technique can easily be corrected by didactic information and psychomotor skill training.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A study on suicide in Asturias: increase of the frequency in the last two decades].

INTRODUCTION: The suicide is actually a significant public health issue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present work studies the mortality rates by suicide registered in Asturias between the years 1975 and 1994, being based on the data published by National Statistics Institute. RESULTS: The average annual suicide rate of the period was of 10.75 per 100,000 inhabitants, with a proportion man/woman of 2.3/1. The suicide rate increases with the age, so that the suicides of people older than 70 years meant 27% of the total of suicides in man and 36% of the total in women. A gradual increase of the phenomenon was evidenced in the temporary analysis, the standardized average annual rate went from 7.51 in 1974 to 12.91 in 1994. The annual rates increased in all the groups of age, but especially in young men and women in the decade of 40. The most used method of suicide was hanging, followed by throwing and immersion. It was evidenced a temporary trend to the increase of suicides by poisoning, shot by gun and throwing from a high place. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The raise of suicide rates could be influenced by sociological factors, desinstitutionalization in mental health and accessibility to suicide methods. It is important to design prevention programs adapted to local characteristics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Shoulder range of motion characteristics in collegiate baseball players.

BACKGROUND: To determine range of motion and capsular characteristics of dominant and nondominant shoulders in baseball players. Our hypothesis was that there is a significant difference between dominant and nondominant range of motion in collegiate baseball players with unoperated and without shoulder pain. METHODS DESIGN: prospective, range of motion measurements during regular season. SETTING: two collegiate baseball teams in Houston. PARTICIPANTS: 15 pitchers and 23 position players. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: shoulder range of motion was evaluated by goniometric technique in all baseball players. Horizontal adduction (cross body reach test) and active internal rotation (reach behind back) in standing position and external rotation and internal rotation in supine lying position were measured for each player. RESULTS: Average external rotation with the arm in 90 degrees of abduction was significantly greater and average internal rotation was less in the dominant shoulder than in the nondominant shoulders, both in pitchers and position players. There was no statistical difference in shoulder horizontal adduction. Both dominant and nondominant shoulders of pitchers had greater average range of motion in horizontal adduction and external rotation at 90 degrees of abduction and less average internal rotation than those of position players. Although there was a significant difference in active internal rotation as cm between dominant and nondominant shoulders both in both groups, no difference was found between pitchers and position players. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in the range of motion in the throwing shoulder of baseball players exist involved in overhead throwing motions and should be considered in rehabilitation of the upper extremity after injury and in the prevention of injury for pitchers and position players.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dynamic paradigm in psychopathology: "chaos theory", from physics to psychiatry].

For the last thirty years, progress in the field of physics, known as "Chaos theory"--or more precisely: non-linear dynamical systems theory--has increased our understanding of complex systems dynamics. This framework's formalism is general enough to be applied in other domains, such as biology or psychology, where complex systems are the rule rather than the exception. Our goal is to show here that this framework can become a valuable tool in scientific fields such as neuroscience and psychiatry where objects possess natural time dependency (i.e. dynamical properties) and non-linear characteristics. The application of non-linear dynamics concepts on these topics is more precise than a loose metaphor and can throw a new light on mental functioning and dysfunctioning. A class of neural networks (recurrent neural networks) constitutes an example of the implementation of the dynamical system concept and provides models of cognitive processes (15). The state of activity of the network is represented in its state space and the time evolution of this state is a trajectory in this space. After a period of time those networks settle on an equilibrium (a kind of attractor). The strength of connections between neurons define the number and relations between those attractors. The attractors of the network are usually interpreted as "mental representations". When an initial condition is imposed to the network, the evolution towards an attractor is considered as a model of information processing (27). This information processing is not defined in a symbolic manner but is a result of the interaction between distributed elements. Several properties of dynamical models can be used to define a way where the symbolic properties emerge from physical and dynamical properties (28) and thus they can be candidates for the definition of the emergence of mental properties on the basis of neuronal dynamics (42). Nevertheless, mental properties can also be considered as the result of an underlying dynamics without explicit mention of the neuronal one (47). In that case, dynamical tools can be used to elucidate the Freudian psychodynamics (34, 35). Recurrent neuronal networks have been used to propose interpretation of several mental dysfunctions (12). For example in the case of schizophrenia, it has been proposed that troubles in the cortical pruning during development (13) may cause a decrease in neural network storage ability and lead to the creation of spurious attractors. Those attractors do not correspond to stored memories and attract a large amount of initial conditions: they were thus associated to reality distorsion observed in schizophrenia (14). Nevertheless, the behavior of these models are too simple to be directly compared with real physiological data. In fact, equilibrium attractors are hardly met in biological dynamics. More complex behaviors (such as oscillations or chaos) should thus to be taken into account. The study of chaotic behavior have lead to the development of numerical methods devoted to the analysis of complex time series (17). These methods may be used to characterise the dynamical processes at the time-scales of both the cerebral dynamics and the clinical symptoms variations. The application of these methods to physiological signals have shown that complex behaviors are related to healthy states whereas simple dynamics are related to pathology (8). These studies have thus confirmed the notion of "dynamical disease" (20, 21) which denotes pathological conditions characterised by changes in physiological rhythms. Depression has been studied within this framework (25, 32) in order to define possible changes in brain electrical rhythms related to this trouble and its evolution. It has been shown that controls' brain dynamics is more complex than depressive one and that the recovery of a complex brain activity depends on the number of previous episodes. In the case of the symptoms time evolution, several studies have demonstrated that non-linear dynamical process may be involved in the recurrence of symptoms in troubles such as manic-depressive illness (9) or schizophrenia (51). These observations can contribute to more parcimonious interpretation of the time course of these illnesses than usual theories. In the search of a relationship between brain dynamics and mental troubles, it has been shown in three depressed patients an important correlation between the characteristics of brain dynamics and the intensity of depressive mood (49). This preliminary observation is in accordance with the emergence hypothesis according which changes in neuronal dynamics should be related to changes in mental processes. We reviewed here some theoretical and experimental results related to the use of "physical" dynamical theory in the field of psychopathology. It has been argued that these applications go beyond metaphor and that they are empirically founded. Nevertheless, these studies only constitute first steps on the way of a cautious development and definition of a "dynamical paradigm" in psychopathology. The introduction of concepts from dynamics such as complexity and dynamical changes (i.e. bifurcations) permits a new perspective on function and dysfunction of the mind/brain and the time evolution of symptoms. Moreover, it offers a ground for the hypothesis of the emergence of mental properties on the basis of neuronal dynamics (42). Since this theory can help to throw light on classical problems in psychopathology, we consider that a precise examination of both its theoretical and empirical consequences is requested to define its validity on this topic.

Brain↗
PubMed2001

A series of studies on the training of high-intensity muscle power in rugby league football players.

Maximal power (Pmax) levels and the effects of the manipulation of training variables on power output in rugby league football players were investigated in 5 studies. In study 1, players of 3 different ability levels were assessed for Pmax during explosive bench press throws. Pmax levels were a significant descriptor of playing ability within the sport. In study 2, the effect of contrast loading was investigated during jump squats. The result was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in power output in the investigated load. In study 3, the effect of an ascending vs. descending order of loads during explosive bench press throws was investigated. An ascending order resulted in a significantly higher power output for the heaviest load, whereas the descending order resulted in a significantly higher power output for the lightest load. In study 4, the relationship between measures of upper-body strength, power, and speed was investigated in athletes from 3 different levels of playing ability. Strength, power, and speed were significantly correlated overall; however, the relationships were greater in the more experienced training group. In study 5, it was found that stronger athletes utilized a lower percentage of 1 repetition maximum (1RM; 46-51%) to attain Pmax than less strong athletes (58-69%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Effect of specially programmed physical and health education on motor fitness of seven-year-old school children.

The efficacy of specially programmed physical and health education on the motor development of first-grade pupils was analyzed in a sample of 633 children aged 7 years. Pupils have been divided into control group consisting of 140 boys and 137 girls attending standard program of physical and health education, and in experimental group consisting of 184 boys and 172 girls attending specially programmed physical and health education. A battery of 12 motor tests has been used on two occasions separated by nine-month interval. Analysis of time-changes (by using the model of differences) pointed to the significantly greater quantitative changes in experimental group compared with control group of children. In boys, the changes are obtained for the tests of aerobic endurance, static strength, flexibility, speed, explosive strength of sprint and throw type, and equilibrium, and in girls, they are for aerobic endurance, static strength, explosive strength of throw and sprint type, flexibility, repetitive strength, speed, and equilibrium.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Elbow instability: treatment strategies and emerging concepts.

Elbow stability relies on a complex interaction between the bony articulations of the elbow joint, the capsuloligamentous structures, and dynamic muscle restraints. Understanding the functional anatomy of the elbow and the relative contribution of the various elements to elbow stability is important in developing a strategy for diagnosis and management. Elbow instability presents a spectrum from minor subluxation to dislocation. The treatment of an acute dislocation is determined by the stability of the elbow after reduction and the fixation of associated fractures. Isolated acute tears of the LCL are uncommon and are generally treated nonsurgically. On the medial side, augmented repair is required for return to throwing sports. Chronic MCL insufficiency results in valgus instability, which usually is a problem only for the throwing athlete. Chronic LCL insufficiency may lead to symptomatic posterolateral joint subluxation. Free tendon graft reconstruction can be successful on both sides of the joint, with a return of stability and improved elbow function.

Arthroplasty↗
PubMed2002

Differences between winning and defeated top quality basketball teams in final tournaments of European club championship.

The goal of this research was to identify parameters among the 12 indicators of situation-related efficiency that differentiated between the winning and defeated top quality teams which played in final tournaments of the European club championships from 1992 to 2000. The differences were confirmed by discriminant analysis, although the canonical correlation was here somewhat lower than in the previous similar research studies done on the so-called regular season games. The probable reason for the smaller differences obtained in the present study may be found in almost equal (high) quality of the teams competing in Final Fours. The highest discriminative power was obtained in the variable defensive rebounds, then in the variables field goal percentage and free throw percentage, whereas the variable assist had evidently smaller impact with regard to the referent studies. The obtained results suggested that the winning teams showed more of tactical discipline and responsibility in controlling inside positions for defensive rebounds, as well as in controlling play on offense and the ball until the required open shot chance, which considerably reduced game risks and resulted in a lower number of turnovers and in a higher shooting percentage. Such a type of decision-making in play require a high degree of reciprocal help of players on both defense and offense and a higher level of concentration and self-confidence when shooting field goals and free throws. The common denominator of the winning teams was a lower number of imbalanced states in their play (the organized style of play on defense and offense implied) and a higher level of collective outplaying the opponents with the controlled system of play, which enabled entire potential of the victorious teams to be expressed.

Basketball↗
PubMed2002

Effect of 6-month athletic training on motor abilities in seven-year-old schoolgirls.

The effects of six-month athletic training on improving motor abilities in 7-year-old schoolgirls were assessed. Analysis of the results of 12 motor tests showed significant improvement in the study group (n = 38) in comparison with control group (n = 140) subjected to conventional physical education classes only. The improvement referred to the variables of aerobic endurance (3-min run), flexibility (forward bow), explosive strength (ball throwing and 20-m run), keeping balance (bench standing), static strength (bent arm hang), and repetitive strength (sit-ups). These are probably adaptive changes brought up by discriminant functions. The varimax factor and discriminative function correlations indicated that all four factors of changes contributed significantly to the explanation of discriminative function. An almost equally high correlation of varimax factors and discriminative function was obtained on the basis of differences in the third factor responsible for changes in the frequency of movements and in the explosive strength of the jump type; in the second factor responsible for changes in coordination with changes in the repetitive strength of the body; and in the fourth factor responsible for changes in the explosive strength of the throw and sprint types with changes and endurance.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2002

[Dust exposure in a pottery plant assessed by using GRIMM dust monitor].

In one of the pottery plants in which pneumoconiosis was the only certified occupational disease (16 cases during the years 1984-1997), the concentrations of dust in inhalable, thoracic and respirable fractions were measured at most characteristic workplaces. The highest concentrations in all the three fractions was found in the slip house; the mean concentrations were as follows: inhalable dust-7231.8 mg/m3; thoracic fraction--4834.9 mg/m3; and respirable fraction 1402.2 mg/m3. High concentrations of all the dust fractions were also observed at the workplace of the intershop transport worker who removed the waste body from cast and throw shops. The largest number of pneumoconiosis (7) cases was found among the workers of the slip house (20 persons employed); this was followed by the intershop transport workers-4 cases (4 persons employed). At the other workplaces (cast shop, throw shop and firing), concentrations of inhalable dust ranged from 1175 to 3232 mg/m3; thoracic from 726 to 2001 mg/m3; and respirable from 146 to 549 mg/m3. The contents of free crystalline silica (SiO2) in the air dust ranged from 3% in firing to 50% in slip house, in the latter mostly in the form of quartz or cristobalite. The main fraction of inhalable dust was the tracheobronchial fraction, ranging from 43.1 to 48.2%, the extrathoracic fraction ranged from 32.8 to 42.3% and respirable fraction from 11.8 to 21.6%. On the basis of the graphic record, such activities as pouring of raw materials into grinding mill and reloading of the waste body were identified at the workplaces of slip making and internship transport as those associated with the highest dust emission.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2002

[Thyroid pseudo-nodules: 3 case reports].

The thyroïd pseudo-nodules constitute cervical lesions that can simulating neoplastic thyroid lesions either by their size or by their "cold" character in scintigraphy. We describe 3 cases of thyroïd pseudo-nodules collected in 10 years: a thyroid hydatid cyst, a schwannoma of the recurrent nerve and a thyroglossal duct cyst. Throw these observations, the authors discuss the problems of differential diagnosis set out with these pseudo-nodules. Although the diagnosis in the 3 cases, was histological after post operative exam, the authors insist throw a review of the literature, on the place of fine needle aspiration cytology in the therapeutic strategy that can show specific signs for some lesions. For the other cases, surgery resection is effected to eliminate malignant lesions who are the principal differential diagnosis of thyroid pseudo-nodules.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Bob's meltdown.

Annette Innella is just coming into the lunchroom at Concord Machines when Bob Dunn starts screaming at her. After throwing his lunch tray against the wall, he stomps out, leaving Annette stunned. Naturally, Annette, the new senior VP for knowledge management, is beside herself. She knows her proposal to establish a cross-functional knowledge management committee is progressive thinking for this oldline manufacturer, but Bob's reaction is totally over the line. If Bob stays, she goes--that's all there is to it. Bob is contrite, but he's under a lot of pressure. The general manager of the Services Group, he's just returned from a two-week trip around the globe to gear up his troops to beat revenue targets again, despite shrinking budgets and hiring freezes. And what does he see when he gets back? An e-mail from Annette requesting that two of his best people devote half their time to what he calls her "idiotic" Knowledge Protocols Group. He's carrying the company on his back, and she's throwing this nonsense at him. Graphics specialist Paula Chancellor is surprised. Sure, Bob's gruff, but his staff loves him, and he's the only one of the big shots who ever talks to her. But HR director Nathan Singer is incensed; Bob's never been a team player, Singer complains, and it's time he learned a lesson. CEO Jay Nguyen is in a bind. Bob is his top manager; he brings in all the money. And even though future revenues are going to have to come from somewhere else, Jay is not totally behind Annette's initiative in the current business climate. He can't afford to lose Bob. But if he reins in Annette, it will look like he's condoning Bob's outburst. What should he do? Four commentators offer advice in this fictional case study.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1992

The effect of culture and genotype on motor development of parents and their children.

The study is based on the observation of 3995 individuals aged from 3 to over 80 years from five habitat types of Poland, ranging from agricultural villages to a large industrial city. We used a set of motor tests described elsewhere and examining the static and explosive muscular strength, agility, coordination and persistent fitness. The study objects were the generations of parents and their children (because of age-dependent differences, the traits of the latter were expressed in T-scores). Factor analysis with rotation Varimax was used to examine family traits. Four latent factors characterizing families were identified. Factor 1 (F1) was related with culture (consciousness). It explained 26% of the variance. F2 described living conditions and explained 22% of the variance. F3 (maternal-genetic) explained 12% of the variance, and factor 4 (father's genetic factor) explained 11% of the variance. These factors have a stronger effect on the motor traits of parents than on those of their children. The two generations were more similar with respect to such traits as the static strength, flexibility, spatial orientation and persistence. They were little similar with respect to explosive power and running agility. A moderate similarity occurred for throw accuracy and body balance. The most important factor in the parental generation is the consciousness (culture level) co-occurring with fitness (only for throw accuracy these were living conditions). The most important factors in the descendant generation were usually beyond the examined family traits. The present results show that in parallel to genetic and maternal factors also cultural factors related to traditional customs and social practices determine motor traits of children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Convulsions in senescence-accelerated mice (SAM-R/1/Eis).

Senescence-accelerated mice (SAM) are one of the animal models used for studying senescence, which consist of several substrains such as SAM-R/1, R/2, P/1, P/2. SAM-R/1/Eis maintained in Eisai Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Ibaraki, Japan, was originally introduced as a substrain of a normal control SAM-R/1 from Kyoto University, Japan. We have noted signs of convulsions in SAM-R/1/Eis mice during routine animal care, particularly while changing cages. We identified the clinical signs and determined the concentrations of glucose and immunoreactive insulin in plasma of SAM-R/1/Eis mice. There were no differences in the male:female ratios of mice showing prodrome only, grand mal, or no-signs. The ages at which prodrome and grand mal were first noted peaked between 20 and 25 weeks. Concentrations of glucose and immunoreactive insulin in plasma did not indicate the mice were in insulin hypoglycemia, which is one cause of convulsions. AKR strain mice, some of which originated with the SAM strain are known to become convulsive by repeated "throwing" stimulations. Conversely, in SAM-R/1/Eis, throwing stimuli are not needed to cause convulsive signs. Thus it is likely that in SAM-R/1/Eis mice the signs are triggered by repeating mild environmental changes, such as changing cages. The results of this study show that SAM-R/1/Eis is neither a normal control strain, nor an original SAM-R/1 strain. But it is possible that SAM-R/1/Eis is another useful animal model for studying spontaneous convulsion.

Aging↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of the peak torque, total work, average power of flexor-estensor and prono-supinator muscles of the elbow in baseball players.

The Authors, after a short analysis on biomechanics of the elbow during throwing in baseball, show the movements of the elbow during the different phases of the throw and the stabilizing action of the ulnar collateral ligament, flexor-pronator muscles of the wrist, anconeus and brachial triceps muscles. Aim of this study is the evaluation of the peak torque, total work and average power of the flexor-extensor and pronator-supinator muscles of the elbows in professional baseball players. Isokinetic test data show that a mayor peak torque in flexo-extension at power and resistance test in the pitchers compared to the strikers. Whereas the strikers show a higher peak torque in pronation at the resistance test. This may happen because during a baseball match the ball is hit many times by the bat and the pronator muscle of the wrist are notably stimulated and reinforced.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Elbow problems associated with sports injuries in children].

Elbow problems associated with sports injuries may result from overuse, micro- or macrotraumas. Overuse injuries are frequent and are often closely related to mechanical characteristics of sports. Sports-related elbow injuries mainly occur in sports involving throwing such as baseball and javelin throwing, which require forced valgus and extension of the elbow, predisposing it to overuse injuries. Overuse injuries in child athletes are generally defined as Little League elbow, the most common of which are medial epicondyle apophysitis, osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum, radial head deformation, flexion contractures, and injuries to the olecranon. Most of these injuries can be healed without or with minimal sequelae by early diagnosis and proper treatment. Therefore, mechanisms of, and risk factors for, elbow problems encountered in pediatric athletes should be well-understood in order to avoid the risks for a permanent deformity in the child's anatomy.

Athletic Injuries↗