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PubMed1990

Female-enhanced aggression in male rats: effects of genital anesthesia, castration, or preoptic lesions.

Male rats that had cohabited with ovariectomized females for 2 weeks became more aggressive toward male intruders after a novel estrous female had been placed in their home cages for a period of 4 hr on the previous day. No increase in aggression was seen in males exposed to anestrous females. Genital anesthesia did not attenuate the female-enhanced aggression effect. By contrast, no enhancement of aggression was observed in long-term castrated males after 24 hr of exposure to estrous females. Rats with bilateral electrolytic lesions in the medial preoptic area showed a normal female-enhanced aggression effect. The observations that exposure to females facilitates aggression in males subjected to genital anesthesia and in males with preoptic lesions raise the possibility that copulatory cues are not always required for the effect.

Aggression↗
PubMed2005

Parental reported bullying among Nordic children: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Bullying has been shown to be a serious problem amongst school children, but few studies have been population-based and included pre-school children. METHODS: The study is part of a cross-sectional comparative study in 1984 and 1996, focusing on children's and their families' health and welfare in the Nordic countries. At each point of time parents of 3000 randomly selected children aged 2-17 years in each of five Nordic countries received a postal questionnaire. Altogether approximately 20,000 questionnaires were completed. The prevalence of bullying, risk factors for bullying and possible effect factors were analysed. RESULTS: Parents reported bullying of their child in 15.1% of the cases. Bullying varied from 7.2% in Sweden to about 20% in Denmark and Finland. There was a small increase in bullying from 13.7% in 1984 to 16.4% in 1996. Bullying was most frequent in boys (OR: 1.4) and in children 2-6 and 7-12 years old (OR: 2.0 and 2.2 compared with older children). Children of single parents and of parents with low education had increased risks (OR: 1.4 and 1.4). Children with chronic conditions had higher risks for being bullied (OR: 2.3). In 1996 children with psychiatric/nervous problems and hyperactivity had high risks for being bullied (OR: 8.8 and 10.5) and for bullying others (3.9 and 3.5). Being bullied was associated with poor thriving and psychosomatic and psychological problems. No countries had national interventions before 1984, but Sweden had early focused on the problem and implemented a strong national policy before 1996. After 1996 national anti-bullying policies were strengthened in the Nordic countries, most in Sweden and Norway. CONCLUSION: Bullying is common among Nordic children, including pre-school children. Bullying is a threat to children's health, and augments problems in children with chronic conditions. The low prevalence of bullying in Sweden may be a result from sustained, strong anti-bullying policies. There is still a need for continuing interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Effect of chronic social stress on delta-opioid receptor function in the rat.

Previous studies have shown that stressors modify endogenous opioid systems. However, the consequences of social stress on the function of endogenous opioid systems is not well documented. The present studies investigated the effect of rank and housing condition on response to SNC-80, a delta receptor agonist. Triad-housed rats were assessed for dominance status by their behavior and alteration in body weights. At 3 and 50 days, triad- and individually housed rats were injected with SNC-80 (35 mg/kg i.p.) or saline, and evaluated using a test battery consisting of open field behaviors, rectal temperature, analgesia, and air-puff-induced ultrasonic vocalizations. After 50 days of housing, plasma corticosterone, adrenal catecholamines, and the density of cyclic[D-penicillamine2-D-penicillamine2]enkephalin-stimu lat ed guanylyl 5'-[gamma[35S]thio]-triphosphate binding in the prefrontal cortex, the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, thalamus, arcuate, and median eminence were also determined. The first 24 h of triad housing resulted in loss of body weight in subdominant (betas and gammas) but not dominant alpha rats. SCN-80-induced hypothermia was smaller, and there was no depression of headpoke and locomotor behavior in the periphery and the center of the field of alpha rats, in contrast to subdominant and singly housed rats. Rank status did not influence SNC-80's analgesic effect or its inhibition of air-puff-induced ultrasonic vocalizations. Plasma corticosterone levels of alphas and gammas were lower compared with betas and singly housed rats. Agonist stimulation of delta receptor guanylyl 5'-[gamma[35S]thio]-triphosphate binding was lateralized in prefrontal cortex and amygdala, but not nucleus accumbens. Binding was highest in all brain areas of singly housed rats and lowest in the thalamus of beta and of gamma rats. Lateralized binding in amygdala, high locomotor activity, and sensory sensitivity correlated positively with greater sensitivity to SNC-80-induced depression in these measures. Higher binding in the right amygdala correlated with higher plasma corticosterone levels. These findings indicate that dominant rats displayed stimulant rather than depressant responses to delta-opioid activation. Therefore in rodents rank-related stress can alter responsiveness of the endogenous opioid system, and dominance can increase the excitatory effects of delta agonists.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of the repeated experience of victories and defeats in social conflicts on the function of the brain serotoninergic system in male mice].

Serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels, tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) activity, and 5-HT1A receptor binding were studied in brain areas of male mice after repeated experience of victories (winners) and defeats (losers) in daily male confrontations. A decrease in the TPH activity in midbrain and its decrease in hypothalamus were shown in winners in comparison with controls. The victory experiences were accompanied by a pronounced increase of Bmax of 5-HT1A receptors in the frontal cortex and decrease of Kd in the hypothalamus. Repeated defeats in social confrontations were accompanied by an increase in 5-HT level in the amygdala and increase of 5-HIAA/5-HT index in the hippocampus in comparison with controls. A decrease of Bmax in the hypothalamus and of Kd of 5-HT1A receptors both in the frontal cortex and hypothalamus was shown in losers as compared to controls. An increase in TPH activity under the influence of repeated defeats was shown in striatum and hypothalamus. The obtained evidence point to specific changes in serotonergic activity which characterize aggressive or submissive types of social behaviour, and unspecific changes which are similar in winners and losers and are likely to be induced by social stress.

Aggression↗
PubMed1986

Effects of chlordiazepoxide on competition for a preferred food in the rat.

In rats with previous experience of chocolate this is a food that is rapidly taken and eaten for which rats will compete. Female rats preferred white and milk chocolate to dark chocolate, but male rats displayed no preferences among the different types, regardless of whether it was offered in a novel environment or in the home-cage. Chronic (5 days) administration of chlordiazepoxide (5 mg/kg) to dominant animals, as judged in a previous competition for chocolate, led to a fall in success, whether the animals had been previously housed together for 1, 2 or 6 months. There were no significant effects of chlordiazepoxide treatment on the behaviour of subordinate rats. The potential usefulness of serial chocolate competition as a test of dominance is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Cadmium affects the social behaviour of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss.

The present study investigated both the effects of cadmium on the social interactions of rainbow trout and the differential accumulation of waterborne cadmium among social ranks of fish. Fish exposed to waterborne cadmium concentrations of 2 microg l(-1) for 24 h, followed by a 1, 2 or 3 day depuration period in clean water, had a decreased ability to compete with non-exposed fish. However, the competitive ability of exposed fish given a 5 day depuration period was not significantly impaired. Cadmium accumulated in the olfactory apparatus of fish exposed to waterborne cadmium for 24 h and decreased significantly only after 5 days depuration in clean water. Among groups of ten fish held in stream tanks, where all fish were exposed to cadmium, there were significant effects on social behaviour and growth rate. Dominance hierarchies formed faster among fish exposed to cadmium than among control fish, and overall growth rates were higher in the cadmium treatment. In groups of ten fish, social status also affected tissue accumulation of cadmium during waterborne exposure, with dominant fish accumulating more cadmium at the gill. In conclusion, exposure to low levels of cadmium, affects the social behaviour of fish, in part due to accumulation in the olfactory apparatus, and dominant fish accumulate more gill cadmium than subordinates during chronic waterborne exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Sex effects in leader behavior self-descriptions and job satisfaction.

This study investigated possible sex differences in leadership among supervisory employees (N = 72) of a large psychiatric hospital by comparing male and female self-descriptions of their own leader behaviors, as well as their satisfaction with various aspects of their jobs. Female leaders described themselves as performing more consideration and tolerance of uncertainty leader behaviors and as being more satisfied with co-workers than male leaders. The possibility, suggested by sex role stereotypes, that self-perceptions of consideration behavior for females and initiating structure for males are related to job satisfaction was not affirmed by the findings. Although some differences were found, the results generally support indications from studies based on subordinate descriptions that there actually may be few job-related differences between male and female leaders.

Empathy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Plasma cortisol concentrations before and after social stress in rainbow trout and brown trout.

Two related experiments examined the relationship between plasma cortisol concentrations and the development of social hierarchies in fish. In the first, rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and brown trout, Salmo trutta, were observed for dominance interactions when confined within single-species pairs for 4, 48, or 168 h. Subordinate members of a pair exhibited significantly higher cortisol concentrations than dominant and single fish, but the pattern of cortisol elevation differed between the two species, being quicker to rise and increasing to a higher level in rainbow trout. Cortisol concentrations were correlated with behavioural measurements; the more subordinate the behaviour exhibited by a fish, the higher its cortisol concentration. Social stress was a chronic stressor, and no acclimation to social status occurred during the week. In the second experiment, measurements of plasma cortisol were made before pairing of rainbow trout and then after 48 h of confinement in pairs. Subordinate fish demonstrated significantly higher concentrations of plasma cortisol both before and after social stress. It therefore appears that in addition to cortisol being elevated during periods of social stress, an association may exist between initial cortisol levels and the likelihood of a fish becoming subordinate.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1978

Physical, hormonal and behavioural aspects of sexual development in the marmoset monkey, Callithrix jacchus.

Measurements of growth, plasma progesterone and testosterone levels, and copulatory behaviour were obtained from captive marmosets from birth until 600-800 days of age. Body weight and knee-to-heel length were similar for both sexes. Males exhibited a neonatal testosterone surge from 15-100 days and testosterone levels began to rise again, coincident with the growth of the testis, at about 250 days. The males were copulating by 400-500 days of age. Paired females were apparently ovulating and able to conceive from about 400 days. In peer groups, only the dominant female became pregnant, because subordinate females failed to ovulate.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Central monoamines in free-ranging lizards: differences associated with social roles and territoriality.

During the breeding season different social classes of field-active lizards, Sceloporus jarrovi, exhibit regionally specific changes in central monoaminergic activation. Changes in serotonergic content and turnover between lizards from different social classes are seen in forebrain structures (telencephalon and diencephalon) and reflect events associated with reproductive behaviors, stress and aggression. Males without territories (satellite males) exhibit higher forebrain serotonin (5-HT) system activation compared to territorial males and adult females. This serotonergic activation includes increased 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio, suggesting increased release and catabolism. Satellite males also exhibit higher 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios (serotonergic turnover) compared to territorial males following agonistic interactions. Territorial males, immediately following aggressive defense of territories against intruder males, exhibit increased 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) levels, higher 5-HIAA levels and 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio, higher epinephrine levels, greater MHPG/NE, more DOPAC and larger DOPAC/DA ratio compared to territorial males that did not have an aggressive encounter. These differences suggest activation of 5-HT, norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) systems by the synthesis and release of more 5-HT and the release of more NE and DA during aggressive defense of territory. The highest activity of serotonergic system is exhibited by satellite males compared to territorial males, perhaps reflecting stress in subordinate animals from social and ecological sources.

Aggression↗
PubMed2002

The function of male aggressive displays towards females in mountain gorillas.

In groups of Gorilla g. beringei, male aggression towards females regularly takes the form of male display. This paper examines male display towards females in two Karisoke study groups (Group 5 and Group BM) in 1989, a period when none of the females were new immigrants. Results are based on 259 hr of focal observations and 121 hr of ad libitum observations on male behaviors towards females. The goal is to see if the data are compatible with four non-mutually exclusive hypotheses to explain male displays towards females: (1) demonstration of male fighting abilities to influence female long term residence decision; (2) decrease potential competitive inequities between females; (3) provision to females of an occasion to confirm their subordinance to a male; and (4) short term influence on mating. First, male-female proximity was tested against proportion of male displays, to rule out the possibility that males display towards females simply because they happen to be close by. There was no association between proximity and male display. Dominant males were responsible for a higher proportion of displays than subordinate males. This is consistent with the idea that males display to demonstrate their fighting abilities, or their qualities as protector, since dominant males are the ones offering long term protection against infanticide and predators. Females that were in a position to transfer did not receive a higher proportion of male display, however. Long term resident dominant females received a higher proportion of displays from the dominant males, which is consistent with the idea that males attempt to decrease potential competitive inequities between females. There was an association between female appeasement reactions and male displays, which suggests that males display to create occasions for the females to confirm their subordinance to them. Estrous females did not receive a higher proportion of male displays, and there was no association between male display and copulation, suggesting that male displays are not a form of courtship aggression aimed at influencing mating in the short term.

Aggression↗
PubMed2004

How predation risk affects the temporal dynamics of avian leks: greater sage grouse versus golden eagles.

Leks often attract predators as well as mates, yet most evolutionary models have assumed that sexual selection, not predation, drives lekking behavior. We explored the influence of predation on lek dynamics using a stochastic dynamic game model based on the lek-breeding greater sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) and its principal avian predator, the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). The model predicts time-dependent male lek attendance as a function of factors affecting both mating success (female arrival rate, male numbers, and social status) and predation risk (eagle arrival rate and group size). Dominant males are predicted to arrive sooner and leave later than subordinates, especially if mating skew is high, predation risk is low, or the relationship between lek size and female arrival rate is weak. Both high mean levels of predation risk and small lek size should reduce lek attendance, but the relative tendency of predators to attack large versus small leks has little influence on predicted lekking behavior. Field observations confirmed the predicted effects of female arrival rate, lek size, male dominance, and weather-dependent predator arrival rates on lek departure times. Predicted effects of female arrival rates and male dominance on seasonal lek attendance were also supported. Our model provides an empirically supported adaptive explanation for short-term lek dynamics. It also suggests alternative interpretations for phenomena previously invoked to support the hotshot and skew models of lek formation.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Social stress, coping strategies and tumor development in male mice: behavioral, neuroendocrine and immunological implications.

The relationships between acute social stress, immunological alterations and the development of pulmonary metastases of B16F10 melanoma were analyzed. In particular, the effects of different behavioral coping strategies on the development of the metastases were studied. Tumor bearing and tumor non-bearing mice were subjected for 24h to a sensory contact social stress model. This included two 5 min sessions of direct social interaction with their resident cagemates (which had been selected for consistent levels of aggression). The subjects' behavior was videotaped and assessed. Corticosterone, IL-2, IL-12 and splenic cell proliferation responses to Con-A were determined 1h and 3 days post-stress. Lung metastatic foci numbers were determined 21 days after inoculation (15 days post-stress). Social stress increased the number of pulmonary metastases and the serum level of corticosterone but decreased the splenic proliferative capacity. No direct relationship could be established between the development of the metastases and the assayed interleukin response. A combination of cluster and discriminant analyses established that there were three types of coping strategies. Subjects engaging in a strategy characterized by an absence of attack, low non-social exploration levels and high levels of defense, subordination and avoidance, developed most pulmonary metastases. Social stress effects on tumor development appear to depend on the subject's coping strategy in such situations (although one cannot rule out the possibility that differences in the development of the disease per se are responsible for the different behavioral patterns observed).

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

[Ethnomedicine--history of medicine. Sciences of medical thinking and behavior of man].

Ethnomedicine and the history of medicine have in common the description of medical systems, whereby the separation is geographical in the former case and historical in the latter case. As experts in both fields are not at the same time practitioners of these medical systems, they depend on source material. The interpretation of these sources is largely subordinated to the subjective personal structure of the scientist on the one hand, and is closely related to epistemiological problems, coloured by the spirit of the times, on the other hand. Above all, many medical historians even today fall victim to an unjustified cultural evolutionism, according to which ethnomedical research work in the field of "primitive medicine" may be employed to reconstruct a fictive paleopathology. The cooperation which is nowadays established between ethnomedicine and the history of medicine concerns the common structures of medical systems in their social and cultural context--so-called pattern--with the aim of establishing a theory of medical thinking and behaviour of man.

Anthropology, Cultural↗