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PubMed1990

[Morphological studies on the roots of lower first molars in Japanese].

Morphological observation of the roots of 2,164 lower first Japanese molars of known sex and side attributes, obtained from the collection of the Okamto Research Laboratory of Dentistry, produced the following results. 1. Roots varied from single to quadruple, but double roots were most common (70.6% in males and 83.4% in females). Next most frequent were triple roots 28.6% in males, 15.75% in females). Single-root was 0.7% in males, 1.1% in females. 2. Quadruple root occurred in only 1, male case (0.04% of the total). 3. Apical ramification occurred in 19.0% of all roots in the double-root category; 16.2% were ramifications on the mesial side only. In triple-root teeth, the ratio was higher: 21.9% for mesial roots. 4. Double-root teeth demonstrated 3 types of form of root apex pointed, rounded, and flat. These types were subdivided into 8 categories. The pointed type was most common (18.9% of the total) for both mesial and distal roots. 5. Orientation and curvature in doubler-root teeth (mesial and distal) were of 2 types. The separated type (Type I), in which the mesial and distal roots separate on the apical side, was most common (96.6% in males, 95.3% in females). 6. In triple-root teeth, size, orientation, and curvature of distal-lingual roots diversified into 8 types. Type V, in which lengths were about 2/3 that of the buccal root, size about half, and general curvature in the buccal-distal cheek plane with general straightness in the mesial-distal plane, was most common, accounting for 40.9% of the males and 47.0% of the females. 7. In double-root teeth, ramification degree between mesial and distal roots was 20.97 degrees in males and 18.97 degrees in females. In triple-root teeth the corresponding angles were 21.33 degrees in males and 18.98 degrees in females. In both cases, the angle was larger in male specimens. 8. In double-root teeth, root length was 12.75 mm in males and 12.41mm in females; root-trunk length was 3.22mm for males and 3.42mm in females. Differences between the sexes were significant in both cases. The root-trunk-length index was 25.24 for males and 27.56 for females, and the ratio of the length of root trunk to the root was 1/4. In triple-root teeth, root length was 12.66mm for males and 12.28mm for females; root-trunk length was 2.99mm for males and 3.21mm for females. The distal-lingual root length in triple-root teeth was 11.48mm in males and 11.10mm in females.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Female↗
PubMed2004

Biochemical changes in Glomus fasciculatum colonized roots of Lycopersicon esculentum in presence of Meloidogyne incognita.

Glasshouse experiments were conducted to elicit biochemical substantiation for the observed difference in resistance to nematode infection in roots colonized by mycorrhiza, and susceptibility of the fresh flush of roots of the same plant that escaped mycorrhizal colonization. Tomato roots were assayed for their biochemical profiles with respect to total proteins, total phenols, indole acetic acid, activities of polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and indole acetic acid oxidase. The roots of the same plant (one set) received Glomus fasciculatum and G. fasciculatum plus juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita separately; and half the roots of second set of plants received G. fasciculatum while the other half of roots did not receive any treatment. Roots colonized by G. fasciculatum recorded maximum contents of proteins and phenols followed by that of the roots that received G. fasciculatum plus M. incognita. However, IAA content was lowest in the roots that received mycorrhiza or mycorrhiza plus juveniles of root-knot nematode and correspondingly. Roots that received juveniles of root-knot nematode recorded maximum IAA content and per cent increase over healthy check and mycorrhiza-inoculated roots. The comparative assay on the activities of PPO, PAL and IAA oxidase enzymes in treated and healthy roots of tomato, indicated that PAL and IAA oxidase activities were maximum in G. fasciculatum colonized roots followed by the roots that received mycorrhiza plus juveniles of root-knot nematode, while the activity of PPO was minimum in these roots. The roots that received juveniles of root-knot nematode recorded minimum PAL and IAA oxidase activities and maximum PPO activity. Since the roots of same plant that received mycorrhiza and that did not receive mycorrhiza; and the plant that received nematode alone and mycorrhiza plus nematode recorded differential biochemical contents of proteins, total phenols and IAA, and differential activities of enzymes under study, it was evident that the biochemical defense response to mycorrhizal colonization against root-knot nematodes was localized and not systemic. This explained for the response of plant that differed in root galling due to nematode infection in presence of mycorrhizal colonization. The new or fresh roots which missed mycorrhizal colonization, got infected by nematodes and developed root galls.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Fine root branch orders respond differentially to carbon source-sink manipulations in a longleaf pine forest.

Fine roots are a key component of carbon (C) flow and nitrogen (N) cycling in forest ecosystems. However, the complexity and heterogeneity of the fine root branching system have hampered the assessment and prediction of C and N dynamics at ecosystem scales. We examined how root morphology, biomass, and chemistry differed with root branch orders (1-5 with root tips classified as first order roots) and how different root orders responded to increased C sink strength (via N fertilization) and reduced carbon source strength (via canopy scorching) in a longleaf pine (Pinus palustris L.) ecosystem. With increasing root order, the diameter and length of individual roots increased, whereas the specific root length decreased. Total root biomass on an areal basis was similar among the first four orders but increased for the fifth order roots. Consequently, total root length and total root surface area decreased systematically with increasing root order. Fine root N and lignin concentrations decreased, while total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) and cellulose concentrations increased with increasing root order. N addition and canopy disturbance did not alter root morphology, but they did influence root chemistry. N fertilization increased fine root N concentration and content per unit area in all five orders, while canopy scorching decreased root N concentration. Moreover, TNC concentration and content in fifth order roots were also reduced by canopy scorching. Our results indicate that the small, fragile, and more easily overlooked first and second order roots may be disproportionately important in ecosystem scale C and N fluxes due to their large proportions of fine root biomass, high N concentrations, relatively short lifespans, and potentially high decomposition rates.

Biomass↗