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PubMedDate not supplied

[Changes in kidney function and morphology in the aged].

Increasing age of man leads to macroscopical and microscopical alterations in the kidneys. They cause a reduction of renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate and other renal functions. The characteristics of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and uric acid in old people up to hundred years and over are discussed with regard to vitality and sex. The result of the reduction of kidney function is only a fully compensated renal insufficiency without need of specific therapy, but with need of dose reduction of drugs excreted with urine. The radiological renal cortical index (Vuorinen) is higher in old age because of the involution of renal cortical parenchyma. The sonographic B-scan is able to show these findings as well and to delimit them from pathological ones.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Role of prostaglandins in regulation of kidney function in heart failure].

Conditions like heart failure that augment the activity of neurohumoral mechanisms i.e. the renin-angiotensin systems, sympathetic nerve activity and vasopressin secretion are commonly associated with a decreased effective blood volume and a reduced renal perfusion. This leads to an increased dependence of renal hemodynamics on endogenous renal prostaglandin synthesis as a vasodilator and natriuretic counter-regulating system. We investigated the role of prostaglandins in renal functional control in an experimental setting of congestive heart failure by chronic inhibition of cyclooxygenase by indomethacin. In chronic moderate heart failure plasma levels of prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin were unchanged whereas the urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2 was significantly increased, indicating an augmented synthesis within the kidney (Figures 1 to 3). After inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis we observed a profound increase of renal vascular resistance associated with a reduction of effective renal plasma flow and renal blood flow. This was mainly due to a constriction of the vas afferens of the glomerulum. This led to an impairment of renal function indicated by an increase of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen associated with a reduction of urinary flow and fluid retention (Figures 4 and 5). We also studied in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial in 40 patients with congestive heart failure effects of acetylsalicylic acid (500 mg t.i.d.) on renal functional parameters. In patients with normal sodium intake acetylsalicylic acid reduced urinary prostaglandin E2 concentration by 37% which led to a reduction of daily urinary sodium excretion by 29% in comparison to placebo (Figure 6). These results clearly show the importance of vasodilator prostaglandins in the regulation of kidney function in heart failure where inhibition of cyclooxygenase results in profound deterioration of renal perfusion and kidney function and retention of fluid and sodium.

Aspirin↗
PubMed1999

Dietary NaCl-induced hypertension in uninephrectomized Wistar-Kyoto rats: role of kidney function.

This study tests the hypothesis that combination of unilateral nephrectomy and a high sodium chloride (NaCl) diet causes hypertension in otherwise normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and that this hypertensive response is due to a deficit in the remaining kidney's function. Four-week-old male WKY rats underwent either a right nephrectomy or a sham operation. Two weeks later, the groups either were switched to a high (8%) NaCl diet or remained on the basal (0.72%) NaCl diet. At ages 3 and 6 months, hemodynamic parameters and renal excretory responses were measured, in the conscious animals, before and after administration of a 30-min isotonic saline challenge (5% of body weight). The high-NaCl diet increased arterial pressure in the uninephrectomized but not in sham-operated rats; the development of hypertension was associated with increases in baseline renal excretion of fluid and sodium and diuretic and natriuretic responses to the isotonic saline challenge. The increased diuresis and natriuresis in the hypertensive WKY rats were related to a significant reduction in renal tubular reabsorption and an associated increase in fractional excretion of fluid and sodium. The high-NaCl diet also increased renal excretion of fluid and sodium in the sham-operated rats; however, the uninephrectomized animals excreted much more fluid and sodium than did sham-operated rats. These data suggest that the combination of unilateral nephrectomy and dietary NaCl excess causes hypertension in the normotensive WKY rats, but the hypertensive response is not likely due to a functional deficit in the remaining kidney.

Aging↗
PubMed1990

[Dynamic renal scintigraphy in assessing kidney function in patients with nonspecific colitis].

Research into the morphofunctional status of the kidneys was conducted in patients with nonspecific colitis-NC (nonspecific ulcerative colitis-NUC and Crohn's disease). Urodynamics and partial function of the kidneys were assessed in 74 NC patients (51 NUC patients and 23 patients with Crohn's disease) on the basis of the findings of two-nuclide dynamic renal scintigraphy with 131I-hippuran and 99mTc-pentatech. Despite the absence of clinical symptomatology of urinary tract lesions, marked dysfunction of the kidneys of various degree (depending on severity of disease, tactics of its treatment and a type of surgical intervention) was noted in NC patients. In most cases changes of renal function were without visible clinical manifestations and were frequently undetectable by routine laboratory tests. Therefore dynamic renal scintigraphy was found necessary for investigation on NC patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Diagnosis of a non-functioning kidney pelvis in adults: a report on 12 cases (author's transl)].

Two types of non-functioning supernumerary kidney pelvis are defined by analyzing 12 cases discovered in adult life. Those of congenital origin from glomerular aplasia, sometimes associated with a ureterocele or an ectopic anastomosis, and those due to an acquired lesion such as lithiasis, vesico-ureteral reflux, or secondary infection of a pocket of fluid. Radiological diagnosis is made by IVU with descending cystography and films taken during micturition. Cystoscopy and possibly retrograde ureteropyelography are essential in order to confirm the diagnosis.

Cystoscopy↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of the protective effects by human and bovine superoxide dismutase against ischemia- and reperfusion-induced impairment of kidney function in anesthetized rats.

In a rat model of ischemia- and reperfusion-induced kidney damage, the protective effects of human superoxide dismutase produced by genetic technology (hum-SOD) were compared to those of bovine superoxide dismutase (bov-SOD). The intravenous infusion of hum-SOD and bov-SOD, started concomitantly with the kidney reperfusion after a 60-min (or 30-min) period of ischemia, significantly improved the renal function (inulin and p-amino-hippuric acid clearance rates) as compared to the vehicle-treated control group. In contrast, inactive apoenzyme of superoxide dismutase (Apo-SOD) did not improve the impaired renal function after the kidney reperfusion. Therefore, the kidney protection by hum-SOD and bov-SOD may reasonably be ascribed to their specific enzymatic function--scavenging of oxygen radicals. In this respect, hum-SOD proved to be as effective as bov-SOD. To our knowledge this is the first report on a direct pharmacologic comparison of superoxide dismutases from natural and recombinant origin.

Animals↗