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PubMed2001

[The impact of malnutrition on brain development, intelligence and school work performance].

The findings from several authors confirm that undernutrition at an early age affects brain growth and intellectual quotient. Most part of students with the lowest scholastic achievement scores present suboptimal head circumference (anthropometric indicator of past nutrition and brain development) and brain size. On the other hand, intellectual quotient measured through intelligence tests (Weschler-R, or the Raven Progressives Matrices Test) has been described positively and significantly correlated with brain size measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); in this respect, intellectual ability has been recognized as one of the best predictors of scholastic achievement. Considering that education is the change lever for the improvement of the quality of life and that the absolute numbers of undernourished children have been increasing in the world, is of major relevance to analyse the long-term effects of undernutrition at an early age. The investigations related to the interrelationships between nutritional status, brain development, intelligence and scholastic achievement are of greatest importance, since nutritional problems affect the lowest socioeconomic stratum with negative consequences manifested in school-age, in higher levels of school dropout, learning problems and a low percentage of students enrolling into higher education. This limits the development of people by which a clear economic benefit to increase adult productivity for government policies might be successful preventing childhood malnutrition.

Brain↗
PubMed1977

Predictive value of infant intelligence scales with multiply handicapped children.

The predictive value of infant intelligence scales with multiply handicapped children was investigated through the administration of a mental measure on two occasions to 28 children, divided into two age groups. A Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient of .69 (p less than .001) was obtained for the younger group and .83 (p less than .001) for the older group. When subjects were divided according to IQ level, a nonsignificant correlation coefficient was obtained for the high-IQ group and a significant correlation (r=.81, p less than .001) for the low-IQ group. These results indicated that infant intelligence tests are highly reliable predictors of later intellectual development when given to a population of multiply handicapped children.

Child↗
PubMed2005

[Modified sanjiasan decoction in regulating intelligence state of patients with vascular dementia].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the therapeutic effects of modified Sanjiasan decoction (MSD) on vascular dementia (VD). METHODS: Thirty-seven patients in the treated group were given MSD, one dosage each day, and 31 patients in the control group were administered orally Naofukang 0.8 g three times a day. The treatment course for both groups was three months. The indices as Hasegawa dementia scale (HDS), mini mental state examination (MMSE) and its subentries, intelligence quotient (IQ) and memory quotient (MQ) were examined. RESULTS: MSD could improve the scores of HDS, MMSE and its subentries (P<0.05 or P<0.01), ameliorate dementia state and enhance IQ (P<0.05) and MQ (P<0.01) in patients with VD. CONCLUSION: MSD has a certain effect on intelligence benefiting and dementia antagonizing.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

[The intelligence quotient and malnutrition. Iron deficiency and the lead concentration as confusing variables].

This study gave us the opportunity to know the roles iron deficiency and the presence of lead in blood play, as confounding variables, in relation to the state of malnutrition and the intellect of those children. A sample of 169 school children were classified according to their state of nutrition, their condition in reference to serum iron and lead concentrations. In addition, their intelligence was evaluated. The results confirmed that those children with lower weights and heights registered lesser points of intelligence; in fact, iron deficiency cancels out the difference in favor of those taller and weighing more. Lead did not contribute as a confounding variable, but more than half of the children showed possible toxic levels of this metal.

Anemia, Hypochromic↗
PubMed1991

Intelligence and educational level in adult males at the extremes of stature.

Stature and intellectual ability are commonly found to correlate positively (r approximately 0.2). In this study we have assessed whether this relationship holds true at the extremes of stature in adults. From a representative study population of 76,111 young Danish men, we defined an extremely short group as those below the 2d percentile (less than or equal to 163 cm) and an extremely tall group as those above the 98th percentile (greater than or equal to 191 cm). The short group had intelligence test scores and educational levels lying at approximately two-thirds of a standard deviation below the overall means. The tall group had means lying approximately one-half standard deviation above the overall means. These deviations are to a large degree in agreement with the observed overall correlations of height with intelligence test scores (r = 0.244) and with educational level (r = 0.264). Both groups, however, appear to score somewhat below the levels expected from a purely linear relationship. For the short group there appear to be local factors that are particularly detrimental to intellectual ability. For the tall group corresponding local factors are relatively independent of intellectual ability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

[Intelligence in children with cleft lip and palate].

In a group of 174 children with clefts lip and palate the articulation-connected (sprachgebundene) and non-articulation-connected (nicht sprachgebundene) intelligence have been inquired by the HAWIE- and HAWIK-intelligence test. For this group a general average IQ of 106,6 resulted, that means 6,6 IQ points above a normal 100 level found out for this test. There is a significant difference between the verbal and the action-part, the action-part prevailing in nearly all IQ fields. With due restraint the qualitative interpretation of the subtests discovers a surprising high ability in respect of the verbal forming of conception, the verbal knowledge and the ability to adapt to social norms.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Intelligence change in adulthood].

At the present time we can summarize our results and interpret them normatively to the effect that until age sixty hardly any true changes in intelligence are to be expected as a result of aging; such changes are displayed by most people, however, during their seventies. It is furthermore important to refer to the fact that interindividual differences with regard to health and living conditions exert an influence on the development of intelligence (non-normative events, cf. Baltes and Willis, 1979). These are so significant, that one can hardly speak of a general process of intellectual development in adulthood. We must continue to investigate the multi-causal processes which result from interactions between dispositions and environmental experience.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Growth hormone deficiency, brain development, and intelligence.

Twenty-nine patients with growth hormone (GH) deficiency were selected according to the following criteria: no evidence of reversible GH deficiency, onset of growth retardation in early childhood, and no evidence of pituitary tumors or other direct pituitary trauma. Fourteen patients had evidence of multiple hormone deficiencies, 14 had isolated GH deficiency, and one patient questionable isolated GH deficiency. Psychometric testing showed a normal IQ distribution. The GH deficiency was not associated with deficiencies in specific mental abilities. Likewise, GH treatment in later childhood and adolescence did not seem to influence intelligence. Patients with multiple hormone deficiencies had somewhat lower IQs than patients with isolated GH deficiency when socioeconomic status was controlled. We conclude that GH deficiency itself does not seem to affect human brain development and intelligence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Natural selection, mental modules and intelligence.

The question of whether intelligence is one trait or many has exercised several generations of researchers, but no consensus is in sight. Evolutionary psychology, with its emphasis on domain-specific mental modules, seems to offer hope for advancing understanding of this question. We know that the mind has been shaped by natural selection to maximize reproductive success. This tells us what the mind must do--it must solve the adaptive problems that the organism confronts. However, whether this functional capacity is manifest in congruent anatomic, physiological, genetic, cognitive or psychometric structures is another matter. Examination of how natural selection shaped other mechanisms suggests that knowing functional demands provides only modest guidance as to the structure of mechanisms. None the less, it remains simultaneously clear that these mechanisms are not entirely general, but have been shaped to cope with specific challenges. Our metaphors for the mind, whether as a digital computer or a Swiss army knife, are misleading because computers and tools are products of intelligent design. In contrast, minds are products of natural selection whose intertwined components are products of incorporated genetic mutations whose effects are widespread and constrained by historical precedents. Our tendencies to describe the structure of the mind in terms of discrete components make it difficult for us to comprehend the mind as a mind. One antidote may be to minimize metaphorical descriptions of postulated structures of mind and focus instead on its function.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The impact of perioperative factors on subsequent intelligence quotient deficits in children treated for medulloblastoma/posterior fossa primitive neuroectodermal tumors.

BACKGROUND: Despite success in treating children with medulloblastoma/posterior fossa primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PF PNET), some children survive with significant neurocognitive sequelae. This study was performed to understand better the significance of perioperative factors on subsequent full scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) deterioration in these children. METHODS: Twenty-eight children who underwent prospective and serial neurocognitive testing were studied. All children underwent surgery followed by radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy between 1983 and 1987 for medulloblastoma/PF PNET and were disease free when this study was conducted. IQ testing was performed before surgery and after the completion of radiation therapy. The clinical courses of the patients were correlated with changes in the corresponding intelligence quotients of each child. Factors correlating with neurocognitive declines were examined by chi-square or Fisher exact test analysis. Differences in mean IQs were examined by the t test. Factors found to be significant were analyzed by exact logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The presence of adverse factors such as neurologic deficits, meningitis, or shunt infections, or the need for repeat surgery was correlated significantly with IQ deficits after treatment. Of the subset of children with one or more of these factors, 13 of 16 (81%) sustained decreases in FSIQ; 7 of 16 (43.8%) had decreases of 20 points of more. In contrast, only 3 of 12 (25%) of the children without the factors sustained FSIQ decreases, and no child sustained a decrease of more than 13 points. The mean FSIQ change after treatment in the group with factors was -15.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -24.0, -8.4), and the median was -18. The mean FSIQ change in the group without factors was 4.8 (95% CI: -0.5, 10.1), and the median was 5. The difference in mean FSIQ change between the two groups was significant (P < 0.0001). On univariate analysis, both the presence of adverse factors and an age less than six years correlated with neurocognitive deficit. On regression analysis, only the presence of adverse factors was significant (odds ratio 11.53; 95% CI, 1.65-116.58; P = 0.009), whereas age was not (P = 0.27). CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative events or complications may account for some of the neurocognitive deterioration seen in these children after treatment, especially in the very young. The occurrence of these factors is associated with a significantly greater risk of IQ deterioration. Studies of the neurocognitive effects of treatment for children with medulloblastoma/PF PNET should include an analysis of these postoperative factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Bender Gestalt recall: memory measure or intelligence estimate.

WAIS subtest standard scores, IQ scores, and factorial deviation quotients were correlated with Bender Gestalt recall scores for 111 vocational rehabilitation clients. The number of Bender designs recalled was associated significantly with intellectual measures, with the strength of association somewhat stronger with nonverbal than with verbal scores. Bender recall scores were correlated more highly with Perceptual Organization DQs than with Memory-Freedom from Distractibility DQs, but that difference only approached significance. Despite the relationships between Bender recall scores and intelligence scores, the Bender recall task could not classify Ss as to general intelligence level with greater accuracy than could be obtained with the WAIS Vocabulary subtest alone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

The influence of intelligence on coping style selection.

The initial purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the role of intelligence in the selection of a cognitive coping strategy by undergraduate college students in test situations (N = 50). The primary hypothesis of this investigation was confirmed. Intelligence was found to be related significantly to the selection of a predominant coping strategy. Although this finding is interesting and important to the understanding of test anxiety, the second unpredicted finding, that identification of patterns of coping styles rather than one predominant style may be a more useful technique, is the primary contribution of this study. The results of this investigation contribute to the further understanding of coping in testing situations.

Achievement↗
PubMed1984

The Slosson Intelligence Test and young learning-disabled children: a comparative study.

Evaluated 26 children independently diagnosed as learning disabled in a counterbalanced design with the deviation IQ form of the Slosson Intelligence Test and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R). Moderate to good correlations were obtained between the Slosson and the WISC-R Full Scale (r = .91), Verbal (r = .94) and Performance (r = .60) IQ scores. The Slosson correctly predicted functioning level to within 10 IQ points of WISC-R Full Scale scores for 88% of the Ss. These data suggest that the recent revision of the Slosson has corrected the tendency of earlier versions of this instrument to inflate the estimated IQs of young learning-disabled children.

Child↗
PubMed1985

Relationships between measures of brain functions and general intelligence.

Relationships between measures of general intelligence (Wechsler-Bellevue Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, and Full-scale IQ) and a measure designed to reflect adequacy of brain functions (Halstead Impairment Index) were studied using a control group and groups with left, right and generalized cerebral lesions. The results confirmed earlier findings of (1) differential levels of Verbal and Performance intelligence depending on damage of the left or right cerebral hemisphere; and (2) the greater general sensitivity of the Impairment Index than IQ values to brain damage. Comparative data suggested particularly that IQ values may underestimate brain-dependent adaptive abilities among non-brain-damaged subjects. A significant relationship between IQ values and the Impairment Index was present. This finding permitted evaluation of use of a differing cut-off Impairment Index, as an indicator of cerebral damage, depending on the subject's IQ level. The results suggested that increased accuracy in classifying subjects as brain-damaged might be achieved using a cutting Impairment Index of .4 or greater when the IQ value is 100 or more and .5 or greater when the IQ value is below 100.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The TM-Sidhi programme, age, and brief tests of perceptual-motor speed and nonverbal intelligence.

Three brief tests that assess perceptual-motor speed and two that assess nonverbal intelligence were administered to individuals who were practicing the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme. Multiple regression analyses showed that when motivation (measured on a 5-point self-rating scale), age, sex, education, and duration of practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique were held constant, number of months of practice of the TM-Sidhi programme significantly predicted higher performance on two of the perceptual-motor speed tests and both tests of intelligence. Age predicted lower scores on the same tests.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Fragile (X) X-linked mental retardation I: relationship between age and intelligence and the frequency of expression of fragil (X)(q28).

Members of eight Saskatchewan families with fragile (X) X-linked mental retardation were studied in an attempt to relate frequency to age and intelligence. The mean IQ of 37 affected men was 35 (range 10-66). The mean IQ of 32 carriers was 88 (range 57-119), and the mean IQ of 13 females who remain at risk for being carriers, have no affected sons, and who failed to demonstrate the fra(X) was 100 (range 78-126). We demonstrated a significant inverse relationship between age and frequency of the fra(X) in carriers and in affected males. However, we demonstrated a more highly significant inverse relationship between frequency of the fra(X) and IQ in carriers but to a lesser extent in affected males. Of 32 carriers, only 3 (9.4%) did not demonstrate the fra(X) after addition of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUdR) to the folic acid and thymidine-reduced culture medium. From these data we would recommend that chromosome studies in individuals at risk for fra(X) X-linked mental retardation be carried out at the youngest age and that the addition of FUdR to culture medium is useful in carrier identification. It is clear that, in at least the carriers, a lower expression of the fra(X) is highly significantly correlated to higher intelligence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

X-inactivation pattern in an Ullrich-Turner syndrome patient with a small ring X and normal intelligence.

In a description of 8 girls who had Ullrich-Turner syndrome (UTS) with a small r(X), mental retardation, and other unusual findings, it was hypothesized that the distinctive phenotype was associated with the loss of the X inactivation center from the r(X) and lack of genetic inactivation of the ring [Van Dyke et al., 1992]. Here, we present a 17-year-old young woman with 45,X/46,X,r(X)(?p11q13) mosaicism, Ullrich-Turner syndrome, and normal intelligence. In situ hybridization with the X-centromere DNA probe DXZ1 (Oncor, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD) was performed on previously G-banded slides, and the probe hybridized to the centromere regions of the normal X and the ring. The r(X) appears to be inactivated since a buccal smear demonstrated 5% Barr bodies. Furthermore, DAPI stain and FISH analysis with the X-centromere DNA probe DXZ1 was employed to distinguish the inactive X from the active X, and verified the presence of a sex chromatin mass in fibroblasts. These observations are consistent with the active-ring-X-and-mental-retardation hypothesis since the ring in this patient, although very small, appears to be normally inactivated and she has normal intelligence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Intelligence and achievement in children with extra X aneuploidy: a longitudinal perspective.

Forty-seven children (35 male, 12 female) identified as having a supernumerary X chromosome by neonatal screening were studied psychologically from childhood to late adolescence. This paper compares their findings relative to sibling controls on tests of intelligence and achievement collected over a 14-year period. Children with a supernumerary X chromosome were found to score consistently below controls on Verbal IQ and subtests comprising the Verbal Comprehension factor but they did not differ on Performance IQ, which was in the normal range. At all ages, they showed poorer reading and arithmetic achievement; relative risk for reading and arithmetic impairment was 2.6 and 2.6 in males and 1.1 and 1.7 in females. Males with an extra X chromosome were more likely to receive special education than females, who more often failed a grade. Academic achievement was not affected in aneuploid children with higher levels of intelligence. Overall, these results suggest milder impairment than previously reported, particularly among trisomy X females.

Achievement↗