Internet training for biologists on BioMOO.
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Biological Science Disciplines↗
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Results for “computer sciences”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
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Java experiments for introductory cognitive psychology courses.
Interactive on-line experiments provide a unique and useful method for communicating material to students that is otherwise cumbersome and often confusing. The Java programming language is particularly suited for Internet-based programming applications of this sort because it bypasses many technical issues, including resource availability, security, and cross-platform compatibility. In most cases, topics appropriate to this medium of presentation should (1) not be easily demonstrated by other means, (2) represent an important finding in the field, and (3) be robust with respect to variations in both participants and equipment. The present paper outlines the integration of interactive experiments into an introductory cognitive psychology classroom, describing several experiments currently available on the World-Wide Web (WWW). Evaluation of the technical aspects of the technology as well as expansion of the format to other courses is discussed.
Cognitive Science↗
Using cognitive learning theory to design effective on-line statistics tutorials.
Careful attention to principles of learning can improve the design of Web-based lessons and tutorials. Tutorials from the Web Interface for Statistics Education (WISE; http:¿wise.cgu.edu) demonstrate how specific principles can be integrated into Web design to enhance learning in two areas. First, the impact of students' poor self-regulation abilities on Web-based learning is considered. Second, evidence that specific types of visual presentations improve learning is discussed. Finally, the need for empirical evaluation is emphasized. Specific research and examples from the WISE project are used to illustrate each of these points.
California↗
The use of the computer in education: focusing on nutrition.
The past few years have brought about renewed recognition of the important interrelationships between diet and disease. The disheartening popularity of food fads and highly questionable products is a signal that the health consumer not only views this as an important area but also has found professional sources of health guidance to be inadequate. With the increasing importance of nutrition as a national health priority, technological advances should be used to translate knowledge of nutrition to the public more efficiently.
Computers↗
Case reports in anesthesiology: their trend through 17 years.
UNLABELLED: The study objective was to delineate the trend of case reports (the simplest of the descriptive forms of study) in the anesthesiological literature by analyzing the frequency of publication, and citation, and especially of the place of citation of a sample of published case reports. It is our opinion that case report in anesthesia is particularly suitable for this specialty rather than for others and is often the first signal of a complication, an adverse event, an anesthetic problem in rare disease and alerts other anesthesiologists to the possibility of unexpected events. METHODS: We analyzed the case reports published on an Anesthesiological journal placed in the middle in term of Impact Factor, from January 1980 to December 1997. Citations of each case report were obtained using computer searches of the Science Citation Index (SCI). For each of these case reports we collected in a custom-designed data base the following data: year of publication, number of authors, number of citations per year, place of citation, type of article quoting the case report, number of self-citations, year of first citation. MAIN RESULTS: We identified 637 case reports and 1946 citations. The number of case reports increased through the years up to a peak in 1994-95 and the same trend was observed for citations and self-citations, the number of authors per case report was < or = 4 in 90.4%; 74.2% of total case reports cited were first cited within two years of publication, while 34.7% were never cited. The type of article quoting the case reports has been, in the majority of cases, an original article. CONCLUSIONS: The analysed case reports and the number of citations can give us information about the importance of a clinical situation at a particular time.
Anesthesiology↗
Lessons learned in public health emergency management: personal reflections.
Multiple environmental, ecological, and socio-political forces are converging to increase the occurrence of both natural and technological disasters. Ten forces are of most concern in this regard. These are: 1) global warming, with its consequent weather extremes and climate changes; 2) continued rapid human population growth and concomitant increased urbanization; 3) decreased bio-diversity and consequent ecological fragility; 4) deforestation and loss of natural habitat for animal species, with resultant greater overlap of human and animal habitats, human exposure to animal pathogens, and other ecological perturbations; 5) increased technological development throughout the world (especially in developing countries with their typically immature safety programs); 6) globalization and increased population mobility; 7) sub-national religious and ethnic conflicts, and their potential for conflict escalation and large scale displacement of populations; 8) the collapse of several major countries and consequent unraveling of national identity and social order; 9) the rise of terrorism; and 10) dramatic advances in the science and technology of computing, communications, biotechnology, and genomics. This paper describes 10 lessons learned relative to the public health aspects of emergency management, especially as they pertain to disasters. 1) Planning pays; 2) A bad situation can be made worse by inappropriate responses; 3) Most life saving interventions will occur before the disaster happens and immediately afterwards by local action; 4) Public health emergency management is not a democratic process; 5) Psychological impacts are usually greater than anticipated; 6) Communications and information management are vital, but often are the weak link in the response chain; 7) Collaboration and partnerships are essential; 8) Unsolicited volunteers and aid are inevitable and must be planned for and managed; 9) Never assume anything, and always expect the unexpected; and 10) Post-event evaluation is important, and must be coordinated. The paramount lesson learned from past emergencies is that the untoward impact of these events can be anticipated and significantly ameliorated by appropriate planning and preparation. On the other hand, preparation for emergency events has deteriorated because of health-care financial constraints, and resources to support planning and needed infrastructure have diminished. Given these realities, the major unresolved challenge is how to ensure that planning for the common good is supported and, in fact, gets done.
Communication↗
[From micro- to macro-reconstitution of families: the SOREP system].
"This article outlines a new system for computerized family reconstitution. It has been developed in the last ten years by a multidisciplinary team of Quebec researchers belonging to the inter-university research center on populations (SOREP). Basically, this system is characterized by: a) an attempt to computerize as much as possible every step involved in the process of reconstitution, b) a set of tools devised for identifying and measuring all forms and degrees of similarity between names and surnames, c) a technique to process cases of ambiguous links, d) a set of programs used to assess the quality of the data and the strength of the links created, [and] e) an attempt to maximize the performance of the linkage work in terms of both efficiency and accuracy. The system has been designed to support several kinds of analyses, from social history and demography to population genetics. Our paper contains a brief overview of the current state of research in the field of record linkage, an introduction to the Saguenay [Canada] population register and a description of the system itself which has been utilized successfully in the last year on the 660,000 Saguenay parish records, covering the period 1842-1971." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND ITA)
Americas↗
[Population files and database management: the BALSAC database and the INGRES/INGRID system].
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Americas↗
A researcher's guide to population information Web sites.
"Thanks to the Internet, researchers now have instant and easy access to reference sources and databases and in many cases, no longer have to pay search fees. Highlighted here are some of the most useful reference sources for population research on the Internet."
Data Collection↗
A medical informatics curriculum for 21st century family practice residencies.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: An informatics curriculum was developed by integrating evidence-based medicine, communication and behavioral sciences, patient education, and computer skills. Introduction of an electronic medical record (EMR) to our family practice center was a focal point of this training. Our objective was to measure whether the new curriculum improved our residents' informatics skills and computer knowledge. METHODS: Before and after institution of the curriculum, residents' self-rated skills and attitudes were measured with a questionnaire. They also took an objective test of informatics skills after the curriculum was implemented, and their scores were compared to scores from five other control residencies that did not use the curriculum. RESULTS: The curriculum, including use of the electronic record, was successfully implemented and tested. The curriculum improved residents' self-ratings of informatics knowledge and computer skills, but the objective test did not show a significant difference between programs. CONCLUSIONS: After implementation of a medical informatics curriculum, residents self-reported an improvement in computer and informatics skills. The objective measurement of knowledge did not demonstrate the benefit of our curriculum compared to other programs.
Computer Literacy↗
[The informational concept of searching for periodicity in symbol sequences].
Method of informational decomposition has been developed, allowing one to reveal hidden periodicity in any symbol sequences. The informational decomposition is calculated without conversion of a symbol sequence into the numerical one, which facilitates finding periodicities in a symbol sequence. The method permits introducing an analog of the autocorrelation function of a symbol sequence. The method developed by us has been applied to reveal hidden periodicities in nucleotide and amino acid sequences, as well as in different poetical texts. Hidden periodicity has been detected in various genes, testifying to their quantum structure. The functional and structural role of hidden periodicity is discussed.
Algorithms↗
The virtualization of medicine: a decade of pitfalls and progress.
This paper is a personal perspective on VR in medicine over the last decade.
Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
Cognitive theories and the design of e-learning environments.
Cognitive development refers to a mental process by which knowledge is acquired, stored, and retrieved to solve problems. Therefore, cognitive developmental theories attempt to explain cognitive activities that contribute to students' intellectual development and their capacity to learn and solve problems. Cognitive developmental research has had a great impact on the constructivism movement in education and educational technology. In order to appreciate how cognitive developmental theories have contributed to the design, process and development of constructive e-learning environments, we shall first present Piaget's cognitive theory and derive an inquiry training model from it that will support a constructivism approach to teaching and learning. Second, we will discuss an example developed by NASA that used the Web as an appropriate instructional delivery medium to apply Piaget's cognitive theory to create e-learning environments.
Cognitive Science↗
An OGSA-based integration of life-scientific resources for drug discovery.
OBJECTIVES: The rapid progress of life-scientific research has the potential to dramatically change the paradigm of drug discovery. Efficient utilization of life-scientific resources, i.e., databases and analytic software tools, poses a challenging issue with regard to the reduction of time and cost in the drug discovery process. In this paper, a variety of heterogeneous Web-based life-scientific resources are integrated toward the improvement of drug discovery performance. METHODS: For the integration of heterogeneous life-scientific resources, a database federation technique based on three-layer architecture has been utilized. With the federation technique, life-scientific resources are integrated step by step through database layers, database integration layers and analysis layers to encapsulate complexity and heterogeneity. In this study, we have taken advantage of the latest Grid technology based on OGSA (Open Grid Services Architecture) for the implementation of our approach. RESULTS: The actual case of life-scientific resources for drug discovery demonstrates that our prototype system developed with the proposed technique works well for the identification process of candidate compounds to a target protein. In other words, the prototype system allows a researcher to retrieve candidate compounds with less effort than before. CONCLUSIONS: The usefulness of the prototypic system represents the ability of our approach to integrate heterogeneous life-scientific resources, which have the potential to dramatically improve efficiency in drug discovery, resulting in the shortening of drug development. On the other hand, the system requires further consideration from the aspect of practical use. Dynamic aggregation of the resources is one example of such a consideration.
Biological Science Disciplines↗
Semantic webs for life sciences.
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Biological Science Disciplines↗
[Current state and possibilities of radiotherapy in the inter- disciplinary treatment of malignancies of the stomach, pancreas and biliary tract. II. Pancreatic cancer].
The extremely unfavorable prognosis of the carcinoma of the pancreas is due to the fact that a curative operation - even by ultraradical surgery - is already impossible in 75 to 90% of patients at the moment of diagnosis. Contrary to expectation this situation has not been essentially improved by the introduction of modern, non-invasive examination methods such as ultrasound and computed tomography. Thus medical science is confronted again with the task of searching for operation modalities, especially for patients whose tumors are curatively inoperable but still restricted to the pancreatic region. Today the efficacy of radiotherapy can be considered to be proved also with respect to the carcinoma of the pancreas. The available results seem to indicate that the effect of radiotherapy depends on the dose and that the combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy is more efficient than radiotherapy alone. It is not known yet if the effect of additional chemotherapy is only of a locally adjuvant or also of a systemic nature. Similarly to the carcinoma of the stomach, direct intraoperative irradiation - alone or combined to percutaneous irradiation - brings about the greatest effect. The authors present the surgical, radiotherapeutic, and chemotherapeutic results achieved hitherto in the treatment of the locally advanced carcinoma of the pancreas. Further possibilities for the future use of radiotherapy are proposed in order to encourage the establishment and application of interdisciplinary therapy conceptions.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Hiring drug information personnel.
An analysis of the functions performed at a drug information center (DIC) is described as the basis for hiring personnel. A functional job analysis demonstrated a division in the duties of DIC personnel. The workload demanded a drug literature specialist (DLS) to access, store, and retrieve drug information, and a practitioner in drug information (PDI) to analyze this information and make the appropriate clinical judgements. The DIC hired a DLS with a background in library science and experience with computer searching techniques to work with the PDI. It is suggested that the combination of a qualified librarian and a drug information pharmacist can provide the DIC with the optimal personnel. The analysis was a valuable tool in selecting personnel who possess the appropriate skills, job understanding, attitude, and innovative abilities.
Computers↗