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PubMed2003

Advantage of single-trial models for response to selection in wheat breeding multi-environment trials.

An investigation was conducted to evaluate the impact of experimental designs and spatial analyses (single-trial models) of the response to selection for grain yield in the northern grains region of Australia (Queensland and northern New South Wales). Two sets of multi-environment experiments were considered. One set, based on 33 trials conducted from 1994 to 1996, was used to represent the testing system of the wheat breeding program and is referred to as the multi-environment trial (MET). The second set, based on 47 trials conducted from 1986 to 1993, sampled a more diverse set of years and management regimes and was used to represent the target population of environments (TPE). There were 18 genotypes in common between the MET and TPE sets of trials. From indirect selection theory, the phenotypic correlation coefficient between the MET and TPE single-trial adjusted genotype means [ r(p(MT))] was used to determine the effect of the single-trial model on the expected indirect response to selection for grain yield in the TPE based on selection in the MET. Five single-trial models were considered: randomised complete block (RCB), incomplete block (IB), spatial analysis (SS), spatial analysis with a measurement error (SSM) and a combination of spatial analysis and experimental design information to identify the preferred (PF) model. Bootstrap-resampling methodology was used to construct multiple MET data sets, ranging in size from 2 to 20 environments per MET sample. The size and environmental composition of the MET and the single-trial model influenced the r(p(MT)). On average, the PF model resulted in a higher r(p(MT)) than the IB, SS and SSM models, which were in turn superior to the RCB model for MET sizes based on fewer than ten environments. For METs based on ten or more environments, the r(p(MT)) was similar for all single-trial models.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1990

Molecular aspects of human brain sodium channel.

The sodium channel content of human brain was measured by tritiated tetrodotoxin specific binding. After solubilization, the sodium channel was submitted to chromatography on diethylaminoethyl(cellulose) Sephadex, hydroxylapatite and wheat germ agglutinin sepharose. An increase of tritiated tetrodotoxin binding specific activity was subsequently observed. Eluted sodium channels from wheat germ agglutinin sepharose were overlaid on a sucrose gradient. Electrophoretical analysis of the material obtained after the sedimentation step revealed two co-purified peptides, alpha (Mr = 275,000 mol. wt) and beta (Mr = 30,000-36,000 mol. wt.). Alpha showed an exceptionally high free electrophoretic mobility, which is a common feature for all sodium channels previously described. However, the high denaturation rate of the solubilized tetrodotoxin receptor site 1 did not allow tetrodotoxin receptor quantification by the tritiated toxin binding in sucrose fractions. Sodium channel effective reconstitution in liposomes was demonstrated: (1) 22Na+ influx in proteoliposomes was sensitive to sodium channel-specific neurotoxins: (2) reconstituted proteins showed a cation selectivity similar to that previously described for animal sodium channels. The sodium channel preparation obtained after four chromatographic steps shows two peptides on the electrophoretic analysis. Reconstituted sodium channels displayed some physiological properties found in intact conducting membranes.

Brain↗

PubMed2005

Phytosterol composition of nuts and seeds commonly consumed in the United States.

Phytosterols were quantified in nuts and seeds commonly consumed in the United States. Total lipid extracts were subjected to acid hydrolysis and then alkaline saponfication, and free sterols were analyzed as trimethylsilyl derivatives by capillary GC-FID and GC-MS. Delta5-Avenasterol was quantified after alkaline saponification plus direct analysis of the glucoside. Sesame seed and wheat germ had the highest total phytosterol content (400-413 mg/100 g) and Brazil nuts the lowest (95 mg/100 g). Of the products typically consumed as snack foods, pistachio and sunflower kernel were richest in phytosterols (270-289 mg/100 g). beta-Sitosterol, Delta5-avenasterol, and campesterol were predominant. Campestanol ranged from 1.0 to 12.7 mg/100 g. Only 13 mg/100 g beta-sitosterol was found in pumpkin seed kernel, although total sterol content was high (265 mg/100 g). Phytosterol concentrations were greater than reported in existing food composition databases, probably due to the inclusion of steryl glycosides, which represent a significant portion of total sterols in nuts and seeds.

Chromatography, Gas↗

PubMed1996

Helen Hart, remarkable plant pathologist (1900-1971).

Helen Hart was a Professor of Plant Pathology at the University of Minnesota from 1924 until retirement in 1966. Born in Janeville, Wisconsin, she died at Grants Pass, Oregon. Her scholarly research concentrated on wheat stem rust to understand host pathogen relationships and to develop rust-resistant cultivars. She did not teach formal courses but was heavily involved in making seminars a vital part of instruction, in teaching languages needed for graduate studies, and as an informal advisor for most rust research theses. She had common sense, excellent scientific judgment, and sound instincts on personnel matters that served the department well. A talented science writer, Hart served as editor of hundreds of theses and departmental manuscripts for publication. Her writing and editing skills were used as associate editor of Phytopathology for two years and as editor-in-chief from 1944-1951. A strong advocate of The American Phytopathological Society, Helen Hart served on Council for 12 years and as President in 1956. Helen Hart was a great professional scientist who had a far-reaching impact on plant pathology during the twentieth century.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1997

Phasic temperature control appraised with the Ceres-Wheat model.

Phasic control refers to the specification of a series of different environmental conditions during a crop's life cycle, with the goal of optimizing some aspect of productivity. Because of the enormous number of possible scenarios, phasic control is an ideal situation for modeling to provide guidance prior to experiments. Here we use the Ceres-Wheat model, modified for hydroponic growth chambers, to examine temperature effects. We first establish a baseline by running the model at constant temperatures from 10 degrees C to 30 degrees C. Grain yield per day peaks at 15 degrees C at a value that is 25% higher than the yield at the commonly used 23 degrees C. We then show results for phasic control limited to a single shift in temperature and, finally, we examine scenarios that allow each of the five phases of the life cycle to have a different temperature. Results indicate that grain yield might be increased by 15-20% over the best yield at constant temperature, primarily from a boosted harvest index, which has the additional advantage of less waste biomass. Such gains, if achievable, would help optimize food production for life support systems. Experimental work should first verify the relationship between yield and temperature, and then move to selected scenarios of phasic control, based on model predictions.

Biomass↗

PubMed1996

Responses of dogs with food allergies to single-ingredient dietary provocation.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize specific food ingredients causing allergic reactions in dogs and to assess cross-reactivity between proteins derived from a single animal source or from different plant products. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 25 dogs with histories and cutaneous signs consistent with food-allergic dermatitis. PROCEDURE: Dogs were fed a food-elimination diet until resolution of clinical signs and then challenged with their original diet. A diagnosis of food allergy was made if there was complete return of pruritus within 14 days of challenge exposure. After diagnosis, dogs were fed the food-elimination diet until signs related to dietary challenge abated. The dogs then were fed beef, chicken, chicken eggs, cows' milk, wheat, soy, and corn in single-ingredient provocation trials for 1 week. Any cutaneous reactions to these food ingredients were recorded by their owners. RESULTS: Beef and soy most often caused adverse cutaneous reactions, although all ingredients induced clinical signs in at least 1 dog. Mean number of allergens per dog was 2.4, with 80% reacting to 1 or 2 proteins and 64% reacting to 2 or more of the proteins tested. A significant difference was found between dogs reacting to beef versus cows' milk and between dogs reacting to soy versus wheat; thus, the hypothesis of cross-reactivity to ingredients derived from a single animal source or to different plant products was not supported. Similar differences between chicken meat and eggs were not identified. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Long-term management of dogs with food allergies is facilitated by identification of the most commonly encountered food allergens. Because cross-reactivity cannot be verified, each protein source should be included separately in food-provocation trials.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1991

Origin of spinal projections to the anterior and posterior lobes of the rat cerebellum.

The present study was carried out to analyze the topography of spinal projections to the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum and to investigate whether projections to the two lobes come from different spinocerebellar neurons or from branching axons of the same cells. We used orthograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) to identify the cerebellar areas where spinocerebellar axons terminate and retrograde double-labeling techniques to estimate the incidence of spinocerebellar neurons projecting to both anterior and posterior lobes via axon collaterals. Orthograde labeling confirmed that the rat, like other mammalian species, has spinocerebellar projections to two different regions of cerebellar cortex, i.e., lobules I-V of the anterior lobe and lobule VIII of the posterior lobe, with the highest incidence in lobules II, III, and VIII. We did not observe a clear difference in the distribution of afferents coming from different spinal segments to either of the two lobes. The double-labeled cells were located primarily in the lower thoracic and upper lumbar segments, almost exclusively in Clarke's column and in the dorso-lateral part of lamina 7 (in the region of the spinal border cells). It is likely that most or all of the spinocerebellar neurons in these structures project to both anterior and posterior lobes. Therefore, the two lobes of the cerebellum are likely to receive common information from these cells, but different information from the separate populations of spinocerebellar neurons that project only to one lobe or the other.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1988

Differential expression of a sialoglycoprotein with an approximate molecular weight of 900,000 on metastatic human colon carcinoma cells growing in culture and in tumor tissues.

Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-binding cellular glycoproteins produced by HT-29 human colon carcinoma and its variant cells established from liver metastases in nude mice after intrasplenic injection were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. On 5.5% polyacrylamide gels five major sialoglycoproteins (approximate Mr 115,000, 145,000, 190,000, 450,000, and 740,000) reactive with WGA were common to the parental and metastatic sublines. There was an additional component of Mr approximately 900,000 that was prominent in cells established from liver metastases. Specific removal of sialic acid from the glycoproteins eliminated WGA binding, indicating that all the WGA-binding glycoproteins including the Mr 900,000 component were sialoglycoproteins. Smith degradation following mild acid hydrolysis resulted in formation of WGA-binding carbohydrate chains on Mr 115,000, 145,000, 190,000, and 900,000 components, but not on Mr 450,000 and 740,000 components, which indicated that these two sialoglycoproteins bore different oligosaccharides from the other sialoglycoproteins. The Mr 900,000 component was more prominent with HT-29 cells growing in nude mice than those growing in vitro. WGA binding to the Mr 900,000 component of metastasis-derived HT-29 cells growing in a nude mouse was higher than that of parental cells growing in nude mice. The expression in liver metastases derived from parental as well as metastatic cells was higher than the primary tumor growing in the spleen of the same mouse, indicating that the levels of Mr 900,000 sialoglycoprotein (SGP = 900) were regulated by intrinsic and environmental factors. The influence of organ microenvironmental factors was confirmed by analyzing sialoglycoproteins of HT-29 cells growing in the liver of a nude mouse following intrahepatic injection. Analyses of human colorectal carcinoma tissues and liver metastases revealed a polydisperse WGA-reactive high-molecular-weight component similar to that seen in tumors growing in nude mice. The mean value of WGA binding to high-molecular-weight glycoproteins in the primary tumors of stage B1 patients was smaller than that of all other primary tumors. Comparison of primary tumors with liver metastases from the same patients indicated that the level of SGP-900-like high-molecular-weight glycoproteins in metastases was not always higher than those in primary tumors.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2006

GluDy allele variations in Aegilops tauschii and Triticum aestivum: implications for the origins of hexaploid wheats.

To investigate the evolution and geographical origins of hexaploid wheat, we examined a 284 bp sequence from the promoter region of the GluDy locus, coding for the y subunit of high-molecular-weight glutenin. Fourteen different alleles were found in 100 accessions of Aegilops tauschii and 169 of Triticum aestivum. Two alleles were present in both species; the other 7 alleles from Ae. tauschii and 5 from T. aestivum were unique to their respective species. The two shared alleles differed at only one nucleotide position within the region sequenced, but their apparent association with the common haplotypes GluD1a and GluD1d, which have substantial differences within their GluDy coding regions, makes it unlikely that the alleles evolved independently in Ae. tauschii and T. aestivum. The results therefore support previous studies which suggest that there were at least two Ae. tauschii sources that contributed germplasm to the D genome of T. aestivum. The number of alleles present in T. aestivum, and the nucleotide diversity of these alleles, indicates that this region of the D genome has undergone relatively rapid change since polyploidisation. Ae. tauschii from Syria and Turkey had relatively high nucleotide diversity and possessed all the major GluDy alleles, indicating that these populations are probably ancient and not the result of adventive spread. The presence in the Turkish population of both of the shared alleles suggests that hexaploid wheat is likely to have originated in southeast Turkey or northern Syria, within the Fertile Crescent and near to the farming villages at which archaeological remains of hexaploid wheats are first found. A second, more recent, hexaploidisation probably occurred in Iran.

Alleles↗

PubMed1995

Endemic mycoses in AIDS: a clinical review.

Histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis are serious opportunistic infections in patients with AIDS who reside in areas of endemicity of the United States and Central and South America. Blastomycosis, although less common, also must be recognized as an opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS. Prompt diagnosis requires knowledge of the clinical syndromes and diagnostic tests as well as a high index of suspicion. Histoplasmosis and blastomycosis respond well to antifungal treatment, but relapse is common without chronic suppressive therapy. Improvements in treatment are needed in coccidioidomycosis. Research is needed to identify preventive strategies for patients at risk. These strategies may include use of prophylactic antifungal therapy or vaccination.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed2003

The genetic colinearity of rice and other cereals on the basis of genomic sequence analysis.

Small segments of rice genome sequence have been compared with that of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and with several closer relatives, including the cereals maize, rice, sorghum, barley and wheat. The rice genome is relatively stable relative to those of other grasses. Nevertheless, comparisons with other cereals have demonstrated that the DNA between cereal genes is highly variable and evolves rapidly. Genic regions have undergone many more small rearrangements than have been revealed by recombinational mapping studies. Tandem gene duplication/deletion is particularly common, but other types of deletions, inversions and translocations also occur. The many thousands of small genic rearrangements within the rice genome complicate but do not negate its use as a model for larger cereal genomes.

Chromosome Walking↗

PubMed1989

Analysis of avenin proteins and the expression of their mRNAs in developing oat seeds.

We have isolated and characterized cDNA clones encoding avenins, the prolamine storage proteins of oat seeds. Sequence analysis shows that avenins are a related group of polypeptides and that their mRNAs differ from each other by point mutations and small insertions and deletions. Avenin proteins have structural homology to the alpha/beta-gliadins and gamma-gliadins of wheat, the B-hordeins of barley, and the gamma-secalins of rye. Hybridization analysis of DNA from various diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid oat species shows that the oat genome contains more globulin storage protein genes than avenin genes and that some restriction fragments containing these genes are conserved between species with common genomes. We estimate that there are 25 avenin genes and 50 globulin genes per haploid genome in Avena sativa and similar ratios of globulin to avenin genes in other Avena species. Avenin and globulin polypeptides begin to accumulate between 4 days and 6 days after anthesis. Messenger RNAs encoding avenin and globulin proteins become abundant 4 days after anthesis and reach peak concentrations at 8 days after anthesis. Avenin mRNAs are present in somewhat greater molar amounts than globulin mRNAs beginning at 4 days after anthesis. Because there is considerably more globulin than avenin in the mature oat seed, the expression of globulin and avenin genes may be regulated both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1997

In vitro study of the NS2-3 protease of hepatitis C virus.

Processing at the C terminus of the NS2 protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is mediated by a virus-encoded protease which spans most of the NS2 protein and part of the NS3 polypeptide. In vitro cotranslational cleavage at the 2-3 junction is stimulated by the presence of microsomal membranes and ultimately results in the membrane insertion of the NS2 polypeptide. To characterize the biochemical properties of this viral protease, we have established an in vitro assay whereby the NS2-3 protease of HCV BK can be activated posttranslationally by the addition of detergents. The cleavage proficiency of several deletion and single point mutants was the same as that observed with microsomal membranes, indicating that the overall sequence requirements for proper cleavage at this site are maintained even under these artificial conditions. The processing efficiency of the NS2-3 protease varied according to the type of detergent used and its concentration. Also, the incubation temperature affected the cleavage at the 2-3 junction. The autoproteolytic activity of the NS2-3 protease could be inhibited by alkylating agents such as iodoacetamide and N-ethylmaleimide. Metal chelators such as EDTA and phenanthroline also inhibited the viral enzyme. The EDTA inhibition of NS2-3 cleavage could be reversed, at least in part, by the addition of ZnCl2 and CdCl2. Among the common protease inhibitors tested, tosyl phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone and soybean trypsin inhibitor inactivated the NS2-3 protease. By means of gel filtration analysis, it was observed that the redox state of the reaction mixture greatly influenced the processing efficiency at the 2-3 site and that factors present in the rabbit reticulocyte lysate, wheat germ extract, and HeLa cell extract were required for efficient processing at this site. Thus, the in vitro assay should allow further characterization of the biochemical properties of the NS2-3 protease of HCV and the identification of host components that contribute to the efficient processing at the 2-3 junction.

Cysteine Endopeptidases↗

PubMed1991

Anaphylaxis to annatto dye: a case report.

Annatto dye is an orange-yellow food coloring extracted from the seeds of the tree Bixa orellana. It is commonly used in cheeses, snack foods, beverages, and cereals. Previously reported adverse reactions associated with annatto dye have included urticaria and angioedema. We present a patient who developed urticaria, angioedema, and severe hypotension within 20 minutes following ingestion of milk and Fiber One cereal, which contained annatto dye. Subsequent skin tests to milk, wheat, and corn were negative. The patient had a strong positive skin test to annatto dye, while controls had no response. The nondialyzable fraction of annatto dye on SDS-PAGE demonstrated two protein staining bands in the range of 50 kD. Immunoblotting demonstrated patient IgE-specific for one of these bands, while controls showed no binding. Annatto dye may contain contaminating or residual seed proteins to which our patient developed IgE hypersensitivity. Annatto dye is a potential rare cause of anaphylaxis.

Anaphylaxis↗

PubMed2007

Isolation and culturing of a most common anaerobic ciliate, Metopus sp.

The study includes isolation of anaerobic ciliate, Metopus sp. from an anaerobic reactor and development of its monoculture under laboratory conditions. Separation by centrifugation followed by micromanipulatory isolation resulted in obtaining pure Metopus culture with less bacterial contamination. The isolated Metopus sp. had the mean dimensions of 32 x 123 microm with the generation time of 53 h. Among the different basal media tried, the ciliate mineral medium (CMV) with 1% wheat powder suspension was the most suitable one for Metopus growth. The temperature and pH ranges, for the best growth of Metopus, were 30-35 degrees C and 6-7, respectively. Higher concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) such as acetate, butyrate and propionate had adverse effect on Metopus growth and prevented its growth beyond 0.05 M concentration. Maximum COD removal was in CMV medium by the growth of anaerobic Metopus sp.

Anaerobiosis↗

PubMed1987

Comparison of wheat germ agglutinin- and phorbol myristate acetate-mediated triggering for macrophage H2O2 release: susceptibilities to various macrophage inhibitors.

Murine peritoneal macrophages (M phi S) elicited by a single injection of zymosan A showed a higher responsiveness to the wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-mediated triggering for H2O2 release than M phi S activated by double injections of the agent. On the contrary, the response to phorbol myristate acetate(PMA)-mediated triggering was higher in the latter M phi S than in the case of the former M phi S. Furthermore, PMA-triggered M phi H2O2 release was found to be inhibited by sarcoma 180 tumor cell-derived proteinaceous factor in a much more marked fashion than the WGA-triggered H2O2 release. These results indicate some significant differences between the cellular mechanisms of the WGA- and PMA-triggering for M phi oxidative burst. On the other hand, microfilament-inhibitors (cytochalasins B and E) and serine protease-inhibitors (tosyl-L-lysine-chloromethyl ketone and tosylamido-2-phenylethyl-chloromethyl ketone), but not microtubule-disrupting agents (colchicine, vinblastine, and vincristine), suppressed both the WGA- and PMA-triggerings for M phi H2O2 release to a similar degree, thereby indicating that the WGA- and PMA-triggerings for M phi oxidative burst have a common process which is dependent on microfilament and serine protease functions. In relation to this, the WGA- and PMA-triggerings for M phi spreading were also depressed by microfilament- and serine protease-inhibitors but not by microtubule-inhibitors, indicating a participation of common membrane functions in the signal transduction in cases of M phi oxidative burst, and cell spreading induced by the WGA- as well as PMA-triggering.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗

PubMed2001

Topographic patterns of v2 cortical connections in a prosimian primate (Galago garnetti).

Topographic patterns of cortical connections of the second visual area (V2) were examined in a lorisiform prosimian primate (Galago garnetti). Up to five different tracers were injected into dorsal and ventral V2. Tracers included wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) and up to four fluorochromes. Tracer injections consistently labeled neurons and terminals in primary visual cortex (V1), V2, the middle temporal area (MT), and the dorsolateral visual area (DL). Labeled neurons were also found in other proposed extrastriate areas such as the dorsomedial visual area (DM), dorsointermediate area (DI), middle temporal crescent (MTc), medial superior temporal area (MST), ventral posterior parietal area (VPP), and caudal inferotemporal cortex (ITc), but these connections were more variable and less dependent on the retinotopic position of injection sites in V2. Areal boundaries were identified by differences in cytochrome oxidase (CO) and myelin staining. We conclude that V2 cortical connections in prosimian galagos are similar to those in simian primates, suggesting that prosimians and other lines of primate evolution have retained several visual areas from a common ancestor that relate to V2 in similar ways. Architectural features of striate and extrastriate areas in prosimian galagos are similar to simian primates, with notable exceptions such as stripes in V2, which appear to be less differentiated in galagos.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Transgenic approaches in commonly consumed cereals to improve iron and zinc content and bioavailability.

Modern genetic and molecular technologies provide a number of tools that can be utilized for the development of staple foods with a higher iron and zinc content and improved bioavailability of these minerals. This article summarizes current strategies aimed at increasing the iron-sequestering capacity of the endosperm and improving mineral bioavailability via in planta synthesis of microbial phytases. A case study is presented for wheat, and future strategies are discussed addressing the importance of phytase thermostability.

6-Phytase↗