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At least 1,027 records · Page 57Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Inhibition of inducible NO synthase by TH2 cytokines and TGF beta in rheumatoid arthritic synoviocytes: effects on nitrosothiol production.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects on NO production of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 with those of TGF-beta. RA synovial cells were stimulated for 24 h with IL-1 beta (1 ng/ml), TNF-alpha (500 pg/ml), IFN-gamma (10(-4)IU/ml) alone or in combination. Nitrite was determined by the Griess reaction, S-nitrosothiols by fluorescence, and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) by immunofluorescence and fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis (FACS). In other experiments, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and TGF beta were used at various concentrations and were added in combination with proinflammatory cytokines. The addition of IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma together increased nitrite production: 257.5 +/- 35.8 % and S-nitrosothiol production : 413 +/- 29%, P < 0.001. None of these cytokines added alone had any significant effect. iNOS synthesis increased with NO production. IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and TGF beta strongly decreased the NO production caused by the combination of IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma. These results demonstrate that stimulated RA synoviocytes produce S-nitrosothiols, bioactive NO* compounds, in similar quantities to nitrite. IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and TGF-beta decrease NO production by RA synovial cells. The anti-inflammatory properties of these cytokines may thus be due at least in part to their effect on NO metabolism.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Synthesis, cytotoxicity and antitumor activity of 2,3-diarylcyclopent-2-ene-1-ones.

Two series of 2,3-diarylcyclopent-2-ene-1-ones including 2-aryl-3-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclopent-2-ene-1-ones (2a-2f) and 3-aryl-2-3',4',5'-trimethoxyphenyl)cyclopent-2-ene-1-one (3a-3j) were synthesized and evaluated for the cytotoxicity against three tumor cell lines; B16F10, HCT116 and A431. It was found that the 3,4,5-trimethoxy substituent was optimal for the bioactivity of compounds in series 2. Meanwhile, compounds in series 3 exhibited the most potent cytotoxicity with 3-aryl ring being 4-methoxyphenyl (compound 3f), (3-hydroxy-4-methoxy)phenyl (compound 3e), or (3-amino-4-methoxy)phenyl (compound 3j).

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Genetic mapping of sulfur assimilation genes reveals a QTL for onion bulb pungency.

Onion exhibits wide genetic and environmental variation in bioactive organosulfur compounds that impart pungency and health benefits. A PCR-based molecular marker map that included candidate genes for sulfur assimilation was used to identify genomic regions affecting pungency in the cross 'W202A' x 'Texas Grano 438'. Linkage mapping revealed that genes encoding plastidic ferredoxin-sulfite reductase (SiR) and plastidic ATP sulfurylase (ATPS) are closely linked (1-2 cM) on chromosome 3. Inbred F(3) families derived from the F(2 )population used to construct the genetic map were grown in replicated trials in two environments and bulb pungency was evaluated as pyruvic acid or lachrymatory factor. Broad-sense heritability of pungency was estimated to be 0.78-0.80. QTL analysis revealed significant associations of both pungency and bulb soluble solids content with marker intervals on chromosomes 3 and 5, which have previously been reported to condition pleiotropic effects on bulb carbohydrate composition. Highly significant associations (LOD 3.7-8.7) were observed between ATPS and SiR Loci and bulb pungency but not with bulb solids content. This association was confirmed in two larger, independently derived F(2) families from the same cross. Single-locus models suggested that the partially dominant locus associated with these candidate genes controls 30-50% of genetic variation in pungency in these pedigrees. These markers may provide a practical means to select for lower pungency without correlated selection for lowered solids.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Mechanisms of genomic and non-genomic actions of carotenoids.

Carotenoids are highly bioactive dietary compounds that have the potential to have significant effects on human health. It is becoming increasingly clear that the various biological effects that carotenoids exert could be driven via a number of different mechanisms. These include direct pro- and antioxidant effects, redox sensitive cell signalling, vitamin A signalling pathways and other as yet unidentified mechanisms. This article provides an overview of the known effects of carotenoids and discusses the use of model systems and functional genomic approaches further to elucidate their modes of action.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Ring-B functionalized androst-4-en-3-ones and ring-C substituted pregn-4-en-3-ones undergo differential transformation in Aspergillus tamarii KITA: ring-A transformation with all C-6 substituted steroids and ring-D transformation with C-11 substituents.

The fungus Aspergillus tamarii transforms progesterone 1 into testololactone 5 in high yield through a four-step enzymatic pathway which is flexible to a range of steroidal substrates. To date, no studies have investigated the fate of C-6 (ring-B) and C-11 (ring-C) functionalized steroidal substrates on metabolism. Remarkably all of the C-6 functionalized substrates underwent reductive metabolism on ring-A in contrast to C-11 functionalized steroids where only ring-D oxidative or reductive transformation occurred. In order to discern the precise role of the functional groups in directing metabolism 6-ketoprogesterone 10 with functionality at C-6 and the ring-D methyl ketone underwent reductive and oxidative transformation on both terminal A and D rings showing that this functionality was directing metabolism. Androst-4-en-3,6-dione 12 devoid of ring-D functionality underwent reductive metabolism on ring-A proving that the C-6 functionality was directing metabolism to this ring with the ring-D methyl ketone responsible for generating transformation at this position. Functionality at C-11 exclusively controlled entry into and degree of metabolism on the lactonization pathway. These novel findings may have important bearing in the future understanding of structure activity relationships in revealing new metabolic pathways and further affords a unique opportunity for generation of novel bioactive steroidal compounds.

Androstenes↗
PubMed2004

DNA damage and cytotoxicity in pancreatic beta-cells expressing human CYP2E1.

Epidemiological studies have identified nitrosamines as a risk factor for Type I (insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. These compounds require bioactivation by cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) for exertion of their toxic effects. Two mammalian insulin secreting pancreatic beta-cell lines BRIN BD11h2E1 and INS-1h2E1, which express human full length CYP2E1 cDNA, were used to elucidate the role of CYP2E1-mediated nitrosamine bioactivation in pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and destruction. These cell lines were shown to metabolise dimethylnitrosamine to produce formaldehyde at rates of 3.41 +/- 0.24 and 3.65 +/- 0.26 nmol/minmg microsomal protein, respectively. Following incubation with various concentrations of the nitrosamines dimethylnitrosamine, N-nitrosopyrrolidine and 1-nitrospiperidine, all of which are bioactivated by CYP2E1, cytotoxicity and DNA damage were assessed using either the neutral red assay or comet assay respectively. Exposure of CYP2E1 expressing cells to nitrosamines resulted in significant dose-dependent decreases in cell viability, which were not seen in cells which did not express CYP2E1. Following culture with nitrosamine concentrations as low as 2.5mM 1-nitrosopiperidine, cell viability was significantly lower in BRIN BD11h2E1 and INS-1h2E1 cell lines in comparison to the BRIN BD11 and INS-1 parental cell lines (72.5 +/- 4.96 and 66.4 +/- 3.09% in BRIN BD11h2E1 and INS-1h2E1 versus 109.0 +/- 3.40 and 100.0 +/- 3.25% in BRIN BD11 and INS-1 respectively, P < 0.001). The highest dose of any of the nitrosamines tested failed to significantly reduce cell viability in the cells which lacked CYP2E1. Expression of CYP2E1 did not cause any change in the basal level of DNA damage in any of the cell lines. However, 16 h exposure to various nitrosamines resulted in significant dose-dependent DNA damage in the BRIN BD11h2E1 and INS-1h2E1 cells compared to their respective non CYP2E1-expressing parental controls, e.g. DNA damage increased from 34.38 +/- 1.25 to 44.01 +/- 1.56% DNA in comet tail in BRIN BD11h2E1 cells incubated with 10 or 40 mM N-nitrosopyrrolidine, respectively (P < 0.001). Similar treatment of the BRIN BD11 and INS-1 cell lines did not result in a significant increase in DNA damage (20.33 +/- 1.0 and 22.4 +/- 0.98% DNA in comet tail). The pancreatic beta-cell is richly vascularised and expresses CYP2E1. This study suggests that expression of human CYP2E1 in pancreatic beta-cells make them highly susceptible to cytotoxicity and DNA damage by nitrosamines and other agents bioactivated by CYP2E1.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Isolation and purification of inflacoumarin A and licochalcone A from licorice by high-speed counter-current chromatography.

High-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) technique in semi-preparative scale has been applied to isolate and purify bioactive flavone compounds from the ethanol extract of Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat., a particular plant species of licorice. HSCCC separation was performed with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane-chloroform-methanol-water (5:6:3:2, v/v) by eluting the lower mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.8 ml/min and a revolution speed of 800 rpm. Purification was performed with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane-chloroform-methanol-water (1.5:6:3:2, v/v) by eluting the lower mobile phase at a flow-rate of 1.5 ml/min and a revolution speed of 800 rpm. Two major flavone peaks: inflacoumarin A and licochalcone A were collected and the respective yields of the peaks amount to 6 mg (8.6%, w/w) and 8 mg (11.4%, w/w) from 70 mg of the crude extract sample. The purities of inflacoumarin A and licochalcone A reached 99.6% and 99.1%, respectively, after a sequential purification run. The structures of inflacoumarin A and licochalcone A were positively confirmed by 1H NMR and 13C NMR, 1H-13C-COSY, UV, FT-IR and electron ionization MS analyses.

Chalcone↗
PubMed2005

One step isolation and purification of liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Risch. using high-speed counter-current chromatography.

High-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) technique in semi-preparative scale has been successfully applied to the separation of bioactive flavonoid compounds, liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin in one step from the crude extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Risch. The HSCCC was performed using a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-acetonitrile-water (2:2:1:0.6:2, v/v). Yields of liquiritigenin (98.9% purity) and isoliquiritigenin (98.3% purity) obtained were 0.52% and 0.32%. Chemical structures of the purified liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin were identified by electrospray ionization-MS (ESI-MS) and NMR analysis.

Chalcone↗
PubMed2006

Bioassay-guided purification and identification of antimicrobial components in Chinese green tea extract.

The Chinese green tea extract was found to strongly inhibit the growth of major food-borne pathogens, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and a diarrhoea food-poisoning pathogen Bacillus cereus, by 44-100% with the highest activity found against S. aureus and lowest against E. coli O157:H7. A bioassay-guided fractionation technique was used for identifying the principal active component. A simple and efficient reversed-phase high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) method was developed for the separation and purification of four bioactive polyphenol compounds, epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epicatechin (EC), and caffeine (CN). The structures of these polyphenols were confirmed with mass spectrometry. Among the four compounds, ECG and EGCG were the most active, particularly EGCG against S. aureus. EGCG had the lowest MIC90 values against S. aureus (MSSA) (58 mg/L) and its methicilin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (37 mg/L). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies showed that these two compounds altered bacterial cell morphology, which might have resulted from disturbed cell division. This study demonstrated a direct link between the antimicrobial activity of tea and its specific polyphenolic compositions. The activity of tea polyphenols, particularly EGCG on antibiotics-resistant strains of S. aureus, suggests that these compounds are potential natural alternatives for the control of bovine mastitis and food poisoning caused by S. aureus.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

Bioactivity guided isolation of antimicrobial compounds from Lythrum salicaria.

Lythrum salicaria extracts showed activity against the phytopathogenic fungus Cladosporium cucumerinum and activity against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and Microccocus luteus. Bioautography on thin-layer chromatograms was used to isolate the two antifungal triterpenoids oleanolic and ursolic acid. The hexahydroxydiphenoyl ester vescalagin was isolated as active principle of the antibacterial activity. Furthermore, the flavon-C-glucosides vitexin, isovitexin, orientin and isoorientin were isolated.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2026

Multi-omics reveals that burdock seed aglycone alleviates renal fibrosis by restoring mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation function.

Renal fibrosis (RF), a common pathological process driving chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression to end-stage renal failure, is closely associated with oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Arctigenin (ATG), the main active component of burdock seed, exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities, but its mechanisms in RF treatment remain unclear. Here, we performed integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analyses to identify key targets and pathways of ATG in a unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced rat RF model. Multi-omics enrichment analysis revealed that NDUFS8 and NDUFS2 were the core targets of ATG, with the OXPHOS pathway as the central intersecting pathway. Our results suggest that ATG exerts anti-renal fibrosis effects by targeting the OXPHOS pathway to inhibit excessive reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress. SIGNIFICANCE: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) continues to impose an escalating global health and socioeconomic burden, while renal fibrosis (RF), as the convergent pathological endpoint of virtually all progressive nephropathies, remains the principal determinant of irreversible renal failure and adverse clinical outcomes. Despite extensive efforts to develop antifibrotic therapies, effective clinical interventions remain elusive, largely due to the complex and multifactorial nature of RF pathogenesis. In this study, we employed an integrated multi-omics framework encompassing transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics to systematically decipher the antifibrotic mechanism of arctigenin (ATG), a bioactive natural compound derived from traditional Chinese medicine. Our findings identify mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation as the pivotal regulatory axis underlying the renoprotective effects of ATG and further establish key catalytic subunits of mitochondrial complex I as its direct molecular targets. Mechanistically, ATG not only restores complex I activity and reprograms mitochondrial energy metabolism but also preserves the intracellular stability and localization of these subunits, thereby preventing their aberrant release-mediated inflammatory activation and disrupting the self-perpetuating cycle linking metabolic dysfunction, inflammation, and fibrosis progression. Beyond revealing a previously unrecognized dual mechanism integrating metabolic and inflammatory regulation, this study provides compelling evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction is not merely a secondary consequence of tissue injury but a fundamental driver of fibrotic remodeling. Importantly, our work highlights the translational potential of natural product-based mitochondrial interventions for CKD treatment and supports a broader conceptual shift toward metabolism-centered therapeutic strategies for chronic fibrotic diseases. Given the central role of mitochondrial dysfunction across multiple organs, these findings may also have far-reaching implications for the treatment of systemic fibrosis-related disorders beyond the kidney.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Bioactivity guided isolation of antifungal compounds from the liverwort Bazzania trilobata (L.) S.F. Gray.

A dichloromethane and a methanol extract of the liverwort Bazzania trilobata showed antifungal activity against the phytopathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium cucumerinum, Phythophthora infestans, Pyricularia oryzae and Septoria tritici. Bioautography on thin-layer chromatograms was used to isolate six antifungal sesquiterpenes: 5- and 7-hydroxycalamenene, drimenol, drimenal, viridiflorol, gymnomitrol and three bisbibenzyls: 6 ',8'-dichloroisoplagiochin C, isoplagiochin D and 6'-chloroisoplagiochin D. Furthermore we report the isolation of gymnomitr-8(12)-en-4-one and the new coumarin 7,8-dihydroxycoumarin-7-O-beta-D-glucuronide. Their structures have been elucidated based on extensive NMR spectral evidence.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2006

Vasodilatory and hypoglycaemic effects of two pyrano-isoflavone extractives from Eriosema kraussianum N. E. Br. [Fabaceae] rootstock in experimental rat models.

Zulu traditional health practitioners have claimed that the roots of Eriosema kraussianum N. E. Br. (Fabaceae) and other Eriosema species (Zulu indigenous umbrella name of "uBangalala") are effective remedies for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) and/or impotence. In order to scientifically appraise the significance and contribution of Eriosema kraussianum to its ethnomedical use as "uBangalala" and "VIAGRA substitute", the present study was undertaken to investigate the vasodilatory and hypoglycaemic properties of the two main bioactive chemical compounds obtained from E. kraussianum, in experimental rat models, using sildenafil citrate (VIAGRA) as the reference drug for comparison. The two E. kraussianum rootstock constituents (K1 and K2, 20-80 mg/kg p.o.) caused dose-dependent and significant (P<0.05-0.001) hypoglycaemia in rats. Relatively low to high concentrations of the plant's extracts (K1 and K2, 100-2000 microg/ml) always produced biphasic effects on rat isolated portal veins. K1- and K2-provoked responses of the isolated portal veins always consisted of concentration-related initial transient, but significant (P<0.05), contractions of the venous muscle preparations, followed by secondary, longer-lasting, highly significant (P<0.01-0.001) relaxations of the venous muscle strips. Sildenafil citrate (VIAGRA, 5-100 microg/ml) always produced concentration-related and highly significant relaxations of the rat isolated portal veins. Unlike K1 and K2 (20-80 mg/kg p.o.), however, sildenafil citrate (VIAGRA, 100 mg/kg p. o.) only caused slight and insignificant (P>0.05) reductions in the blood glucose levels of the experimental animals used. On the other hand, glibenclamide (10 mg/kg p.o.) induced highly significant (P<0.05-0.001), marked reductions in the blood glucose concentrations of the rats. The findings of this laboratory animal study indicate that the two hydro-ethanol extractives of E. kraussianum (K1 and K2) possess hypoglycaemic and secondary, vasorelaxant effects in the experimental paradigms used.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase: selective inhibition by potent n-alkyl methylphosphonofluoridates.

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent endogenous phospholipid modulator of diverse biological activities, including inflammation and shock. PAF levels are primarily regulated by PAF acetylhydrolases (PAF-AHs). These enzymes are candidate secondary targets of organophosphorus (OP) pesticides and related toxicants. Previously known OP inhibitors of other serine hydrolases were tested with PAF-AH from mouse brain and testes of established functional importance compared with the structurally different human plasma enzyme. Several key OP pesticides and their oxon metabolites were very poor inhibitors of mouse brain and human plasma PAF-AH in vitro but moderately active for mouse brain and blood PAF-AH in vivo (e.g., tribufos defoliant and profenofos insecticide, presumably following oxidative bioactivation). OP compounds were then designed for maximum in vitro potency and selectivity for mouse brain PAF-AH vs. acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Lead compounds were found in a series of benzodioxaphosphorin 2-oxides. Ultrahigh potency and selectivity were achieved with n-alkyl methylphosphonofluoridates (long-chain sarin analogs): mouse brain and testes IC50 < or = 5 nM for C(8)-C(18) analogs and 0.1-0.6 nM for C(13) and C(14) compounds; human plasma IC50 < or = 2 nM for C(13)-C(18) analogs. AChE inhibitory potency decreased as chain length increased with maximum brain PAF-AH/AChE selectivity (>3000-fold) for C(13)-C(18) compounds. The toxicity of i.p.-administered PAF (LD50 ca. 0.5 mg/kg) was increased less than 2-fold by pretreatment with tribufos or the C(13)n-alkyl methylphosphonofluoridate. These studies with a mouse model indicate that PAF-AH is not a major secondary target of OP pesticide poisoning. The optimized PAF-AH inhibitors may facilitate investigations on other aspects of PAF metabolism and action.

1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase↗
PubMed2004

Optimisation of the comet genotoxicity assay in freshly isolated murine hepatocytes: detection of strong in vitro DNA damaging properties for styrene.

While the comet assay is used to detect DNA damage in isolated cells following exposure to chemicals in vitro, few publications report the use of the procedure in liver cells isolated from mice. Our initial efforts to use the assay to assess DNA damage in mouse hepatocytes maintained on collagen-coated dishes were hampered by high levels of baseline damage in controls, which appeared to result from mechanical damage sustained during the dislodgement of adherent cells in the early stages of the assay protocol. Here we describe an efficient version of the comet assay in cultured mouse hepatocytes that involves careful recovery of cells using a "scraping" buffer supplemented with 10% high purity grade DMSO. Use of this buffer strongly diminished the frequency of false positives. Using the industrial reagent styrene as a positive control in the optimised procedure, non-cytotoxic concentrations of this substance (2.5-10 mM) significantly increased mean comet tail length, area, and moment. Co-incubation with the CYP inhibitor SKF-525A strongly attenuated these effects of styrene. Collectively, these findings confirm this method is highly suitable for the detection of DNA damage by bioactivation-dependent compounds in freshly isolated mouse hepatocytes.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Infection imaging with technetium-99m-labeled chemotactic peptide analogs.

The localization of occult sites of infection is frequently essential to the therapeutic management of critically ill patients. Current imaging procedures, including computed tomography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and conventional radiography, rely primarily on focal changes in tissue density or composition to define the lesion. Typically, these are relatively late changes in the inflammatory process. Radionuclide procedures which have been used to localize early inflammatory processes, require a minimum of 12 hours, and usually 24 to 48 hours, from the time of injection to imaging. Clearly, a method of rapidly localizing sites of acute inflammation would be helpful for patient management. Recently, we developed methods for preparing analogs of the leukocyte chemoattractant peptide, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (ForMLF), that can be radiolabeled for external imaging. In vitro, these compounds have bioactivity and neutrophil ForMLF receptor binding comparable with that of the native peptide. Studies in animals demonstrate that these agents bind to leucocytes in vivo, clear from the circulation rapidly, and localize at sites of Escherichia coli infection to an extent sufficient to yield external images early after injection. However, even at relatively low doses, the peptides elicit a profound but transient reduction in peripheral leukocyte levels. Despite this, if the peptides could be radiolabeled at very high specific activity, imaging might be possible with doses of peptide that do not reduce peripheral leukocyte levels. Recently, hydrazino nicotinamide--derivatized peptides were prepared and radiolabeled with technetium-99m at extremely high specific activity (> 20,000 mCi/mumole). In a rabbit model of E coli infection, these peptides yielded excellent images of sites of infection at injected doses that are approximately 1,000-fold below the level that produces a significant reduction in peripheral leukocytes. In addition, studies of thermally injured infected animals indicate that peptide localization may be infection selective, with very low levels of accumulation at sites of sterile inflammation.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Prenylated flavonoids from Deguelia hatschbachii and their systematic significance in Deguelia.

Chemical investigation of dichloromethane and petrol extracts from the roots of D. hatshbachii A. M. G. Azevedo furnished thirteen compounds from which five are described for the first time and their structures were determined to be 3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-5-methoxy-6-( 3,3-dimethylallyl)-2"2"-dimethylchromene-(5",6":8,7)-3-(propyl-2-one)-4H-1-benzo-2,3-dihydropyran-2,4-dione; 6,4'-dihydroxy-3-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-2",2"-dimethylchromene (5",6":5,4)-2-methoxy deoxybenzoin; 6.4'-dihydroxy-3-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-2",2"-dimethylchromene (5",6":5,4)-2-methoxy-8-(propyl-2-one) deoxybenzon; 6-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-2",2"-dimethylchromene (5",6":4.5)-4'-hydroxy-3-methoxy stilbene and 3,5-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxy-4-(3,3-dimethylallyl) stilbene by spectral analysis (UV, IR, MS and ID- and 2D- NMR experiments). The root extracts and some isolated compounds were bioactive, as revealed by bioautography and brine shrimp lethality assays.

Fabaceae↗
PubMed2006

Adiposity indices and dementia.

Indicators of adiposity, such as body-mass index (BMI), may be markers for changes in energy metabolism that influence dementia risk, progression, and ultimately death. Cross-sectional studies show that people with dementia have a lower BMI than those without dementia, which is potentially due to a greater rate of BMI decline occurring during the years immediately preceding dementia onset. However, a high BMI can also increase the risk for dementia when measured before clinical dementia onset, which might be due to vascular disorders or bioactive hormonal compounds that are secreted by adipose tissue. In this personal view, I consider how dementia is associated with BMI by looking at the role of BMI and obesity syndromes, mechanisms associated with adiposity, and the potential for hypothalamic dysregulation during the life course. Understanding the life course of adiposity by use of common surrogate measures, such as BMI, among those who do and do not develop dementia is relevant for understanding the causes of dementia and for shaping possible treatment options.

Adiposity↗