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PubMed2001

Synthetic estrogens-mediated activation of JNK intracellular signaling molecule.

Signal transduction pathways regulate the transmission of specific signals to the cells from the surface to the nucleus. Activation of protein kinases such as JNKs (c-jun amino-terminal kinase), a subgroup of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, results in regulation of important cellular functions like cell growth and differentiation. The involvement of estrogens in stimulation of growth of already transformed breast cancer cells in vivo and in vitro accompanied with activation of JNKs prompted us to investigate the role of synthetic estrogens in the regulation of JNK expression. T 47D breast cancer cells were incubated with the synthetic estrogens, ethinylestradiol (10(-9)M) and 17 beta-estradiol valerate (10(-9)M), epidermal growth factor (EGF) (10 ng/ml) and the natural estrogen, 17 beta-estradiol (10(-9)M), for 5 minutes. The same experiments were repeated after pretreatment of the cells with ICI 182780 for 24 hours. EGF as well as natural and synthetic estrogens stimulated proliferation. This effect was reversed by the estrogen receptor blocker ICI 182780, but only in the case of both natural and synthetic estrogen. Like 17 beta-estradiol, synthetic estrogens induced a rapid and transient activation of JNK kinase. ICI 182780 blocked this effect, but not that mediated by EGF. Ethinylestradiol used in oral contraceptives, and 17 beta-estradiol and 17 beta-estradiol valerate for hormone replacement therapy, are able to activate JNK. The estrogen receptor is necessary for JNK activation upon estrogen stimulation.

Blotting, Western↗
PubMed1975

Short chain fatty acids in rats with jejunal blind loops. I. Analysis of SCFA in small intestine, cecum, feces, and plasma.

The luminal and plasma levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), products of bacterial fermentation, were measured in rats with surgically produced, self-filling blind loops located in the proximal small intestine. High levels of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids were detected in the blind loop segment and in the distal small bowel, regions which in normal and sham-operated rats contain no SCFA. Isobutyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids were also present. Feeding or fasting made little difference in the amount or composition of luminal SCFA. Although the amount of SCFA in each animal varied, the ratio of these acids was relatively constant. The ceca of the blind loop rats had relatively less acetic acid (48% of total SCFA) than did normal rats (64%) and proportionately more isobutryic, isovaleric, and valeric acids. The concentrations of SCFA increased in the feces of blind loop rats. The acetic acid concentration was 50% higher in blind loop rat feces; propionic, isobutryic, and isovaleric acids were elevated to a greater extent. The total output of most of the SCFA was also of acetic acid (137 +/- 32 mug per ml), the rest being isovaleric (5.2 +/- 2.6 mug per ml) and isobutyric (1.4 +/- 0.7 mug per ml) acids. Blind loop animals had nearly twice the concentration of acetic acid in the plasma (240 +/- 29 mug per ml) as normal animals, while the other acids were unchanged. The present study suggests that endogenous substances may be important substrates for the production of SCFA in the intestinal lumen. The high levels of SCFA in the small intestine and in feces and the substantial increase in the concentration of acetic acid in thvergrowth syndrome if the same relationships were found in man.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

In vitro alterations in fecal short chain fatty acids and organic anions induced by the destruction of intestinal microflora under hypotonic and aerobic conditions.

The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains unknown. It has been suggested that luminal factors such as the microflora, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), food antigens and so on play important roles in the disease progression. Many reports have revealed alterations in the SCFA and organic acid concentration of the colon, especially increased lactate and decreased butyrate, in IBD patients. The mechanisms responsible for these alterations, however, remain unclear. Therefore, the effects of aerobic conditions on the alterations in the SCFA and organic anion levels in the feces was evaluated. Fecal specimens were collected from 5 healthy volunteers. Under aerobic condition, a mixture of feces and distilled water was incubated in 37 degrees C for 1 and 3 h. The pH, osmotic pressures, the concentrations of potassium, bicarbonate, SCFA and organic anion, and the activities of alpha-amylase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the mixture were then measured. We also examined any changes in the microscopic microflora under the hypotonic and aerobic conditions. The results showed the osmotic pressure, and the concentrations of lactate and SCFAs (formate, acetate, propionate and n-valerate) were progressively increased with longer incubation times, and reached a statistically significant difference. In particular, the ratios of lactate, succinate and n-valerate after 1 and 3 h of incubation increased remarkably. In contrast, the electrolyte levels and both alpha-amylase and LDH activities were not altered significantly. Microscopically, the microflora in the mixture decreased with prolonged incubation times. These data suggest that under these in vitro conditions, the organic anion and SCFA levels in the feces easily increased. It is probable that the alterations in the SCFA and organic anion levels in IBD patients may be partly due to intracellular components derived from microflora destroyed under hypotonic and aerobic conditions in the colonic lumen, for example caused by mucosal bleeding. These alterations may influence the pathogenesis and progression of IBD.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Metabolic characteristics of the faecal microflora in humans from three age groups.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the influence of the ageing process on the bacterial metabolism. The aim of this work was to study the inter-individual variation and the influence of age on metabolic characteristics of the faecal microflora from persons of three age groups. METHODS: Nine enzyme activities and 11 metabolites were analysed in faecal samples of 21 elderly persons (69-89 years of age), 15 adults (30-46 years of age) and 14 children (3-15 years of age). RESULTS: They provide a pattern of the faecal microflora metabolism in a French population aged between 3 and 89 years. They showed large inter-individual differences in the three groups. Although the enzyme activities were not significantly different between groups, glycolytic activities appeared less variable in adults than in elderly persons and children. The major metabolites (acetate, propionate, butyrate and L-lactate) resulting from carbohydrate fermentation were similar in the three groups. Samples from elderly persons were characterized by higher D/L lactate ratio and higher concentrations of metabolites resulting from protein fermentation (ammonia, valerate, iso-butyrate and iso-valerate). CONCLUSION: The data showed significant differences between elderly persons and younger adults and children, but the major metabolic characteristics of the faecal microflora were not greatly altered by the ageing process.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Effect of hormone replacement therapy on blood serum lipids in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes].

There are limited data concerning influence of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on lipid profile in women with type 2 diabetes. Aim of the study was to compare changes of blood lipids during HRT in postmenopausal women with and without type 2 diabetes. Seventy seven women included in the study were assigned to 1 of 4 groups, basing on being diabetic or nondiabetic, and further subdivided into users of estrogen alone (ERT), and of estrogen plus progestin (EPRT). Effect of 6-month ERT (oral estradiol valerate 2 mg/day) and EPRT (oral estradiol valerate 2 mg/day sequentially combined with cyproterone acetate 1 mg/day) on total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides and lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] was separately assessed. EPRT and ERT caused decrease in LDL-C by 15% and 12%, and increase in HDL-C by 12% and 13%, respectively, in patients with diabetes (p<0.05 in all cases). LDL-C decreased by 11% and 15%, respectively, in women without diabetes (p<0.05 in all cases). Lp(a) was also reduced 25% with EPRT (p<0.01) and ERT (p<0.05). HDL-C increased 10% (p<0.05) with ERT but remained unchanged with EPRT. In conclusion, changes in all lipid parameters except Lp(a) caused by ERT and EPRT were comparable in postmenopausal women with and without type 2 diabetes.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Hydrogen production from wastewater by acidogenic granular sludge.

Sludge was granulated in a hydrogen-producing acidogenic reactor when operated at 26 degrees C, pH 5.5 treating a sucrose-rich wastewater. The influence of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and sucrose concentration on hydrogen production by the acidogenic granular sludge was investigated at a constant loading rate of 25 g-sucrose/(l x day). Results show that the gas composition was not greatly influenced by HRT or sucrose concentration. The hydrogen accounted for 57% to 68% of the biogas at HRT ranging 4.6-28.6 h and sucrose concentration ranging 4,800-29,800 mg/l. However, the hydrogen yield was more dependent on HRT and sucrose concentration. It ranged from 0.19 to 0.27 l/g-sucrose with the maximum yield occurring at HRT 13.7 h and sucrose concentration 14,300 mg/l in the wastewater. The acidified effluent was composed of volatile fatty acids and alcohols. The predominant products were butyrate (59-68%) and acetate (10-25%), plus smaller amounts of i-butyrate, valerate, i-valerate, caproate, methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol. The sludge yield averaged 0.2 g-VSS/g-sucrose. The carbon balance was 98-107% throughout the study.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed2002

Addition of testosterone to estrogen replacement therapy in oophorectomized women: effects on sexuality and well-being.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of adding testosterone undecanoate 40 mg daily to estrogen replacement on sexual function, psychological well-being and self-esteem in surgically postmenopausal women. METHODS: A letter of invitation to participate in the study was mailed to women who had undergone hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy for benign disorders during 1990-98. Fifty women, 45-60 years old, were consecutively recruited and randomly assigned to oral treatment with testosterone undecanoate 40 mg plus estradiol valerate 2 mg daily or placebo plus estradiol valerate 2 mg daily for 24 weeks. A double-blind design was chosen, with cross-over to the other regimen for another 24 weeks of treatment. Forty-four women completed the study. Outcome included scores on McCoy's sex scale questionnaire, the Psychological General Well-Being index and a self-esteem questionnaire, at baseline and after 24 weeks of either treatment. Serum concentrations of total testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, free testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were analyzed at baseline and after 24 weeks of both treatment regimens. RESULTS: After 24 weeks, both treatment regimens had significantly improved some of the sexual variables. The addition of testosterone had a significantly better effect on the sex variables 'enjoyment of sex', 'satisfaction with frequency of sexual activity' and 'interest in sex'. The total McCoy score was significantly increased by both treatments, but there was a stronger effect when testosterone was also given. Although both regimens improved psychological well-being and self-esteem, we found no significant differences between testosterone-estrogen or estrogen alone at 24 weeks. Serum levels of all androgens, with considerable individual variation, increased significantly from baseline after 24 weeks of testosterone-estrogen treatment. Supraphysiological levels were achieved in a significant proportion of the women. Increases in estradiol and sex hormone binding globulin were less marked when testosterone was also given. Both treatments reduced gonadotropin levels. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of testosterone undecanoate improved specific aspects of sexual function more than treatment with estrogen alone. Improvements in well-being and self-esteem were similar for both treatments. If testosterone undecanoate 40 mg daily should be used for clinical treatment, regular monitoring of androgen serum levels is needed.

Cross-Over Studies↗
PubMed1977

[Clinico-pharmacological studies on the acne-inducing action of fluocortin butylester (author's transl)].

The acne-inducing effect of butyl 6alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-oate (fluocortin butylester, Vaspit) 0.75% was compared with that of hydrocortisone acetate 1.0% and diflucortolone valerate 0.1% in a model established by Plewig and Kligman. The steroid and the cream base uniformly used in all preparations were applied to the backs of 20 volunteers over 4 weeks. Dome-shaped red papules developed in the third week of occlusive treatment, and were counted in an area of 16 cm2 at the maximum of their development and graded according to a scale. The degree of papulation under diflucortolone valerate 0.1% was 2.15+/-0.75. No differences were observed between fluocortin butylester 0.75% (0.2+/-0.42), hydrocortisone acetate and the cream base (0.15+/-0.37).

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed2004

Effect of estrogen on plasma ceruloplasmin level in rats exposed to acute stress.

BACKGROUND: Plasma ceruloplasmin, a copper containing protein, belongs to a class called acute phase proteins. Reduced level of ceruloplasmin was associated with Wilson's disease and Menke's kinky hair disease in man, primarily affecting copper metabolism. Stress was known to increase Ceruloplasmin. Several stress associated changes were commonly observed in women at menopause and also those who underwent overiectomy. Present experiment investigated the effect of estrogen on ceruloplasmin level in acute stress. AIMS: To assess the estradiol induced changes in plasma ceruloplasmin concentration on exposure of the rats to acute stress. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Acute stress was induced by forcing the rats to swim till exhaustion. The rats were overiectomised bilaterally to remove the primary source of sex hormones. And hormone replacement was done later. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Wistar albino female rats were used. Acute stress was induced before overiectomy, following recovery from surgery, and again after Estradiol Valerate injection (for 10 days) in same group of rats. The plasma ceruloplasmin was estimated immediately after stress during each stage--that is preoperative control, stressed control, after overiectomy and then following treatment with Estradiol Valerate. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Paired sample T test was applied to analyze the findings. RESULTS: We found lowest ceruloplasmin level after stress in overiectomised animals, while on substitution of estradiol the trend appeared to be reversed. CONCLUSION: The result suggested a direct effect of estrogen on hepatic ceruloplasmin production/release and this could account for some of the beneficial effects of hormone replacement therapy.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

[Application of gas chromatography to identification of Clostridium difficile].

With chromatograph produced in our country, the gas chromatograms of fatty acid metabolites of five strains of Clostridium difficile isolated from stool of patients with tumor and one strain for control were compared and analysed by using stainless steel chromatographic column, 15% modified polyethylene glycol stationary phase nitrogen carriergas 140 degrees C column temperature and 190 degrees C detector temperature. The chromatograms of the isolated strains and the control strain were found to be extremely similar. All of them were peaks of acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, valeric, and isocaproic acid. In comparison, the peaks of acetic, butyric, and isocaproic acid were higher, those of the isobutyric and isovaleric acid were medium and those of propionic and valeric acid were lower. Moreover, a low, flat peak appeared at 14th minute and was similar to that of p-cresol reported by Berg et al. The results of our experiment revealed that gas chromatography may be used as a simple, quick method for the identification of Clostridium difficile.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2005

Odorous compounds treatment of winery and distillery effluents during natural evaporation in ponds.

During treatment of winery and distillery wastewater by natural evaporation in ponds, formation of malodorous compounds induces harmful olfactory effects. In this work, we studied the origin of malodorous compounds and methods to prevent and treat odours. The formation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) from pure substrates (glycerol, lactic and tartaric acids, ethanol) and complex media (winery and distillery wastewater) was studied. Various anaerobic bacteria ferment the glycerol and produce butyric or propionic acid. Valeric and caproic acids were observed at lower concentrations than butyric and propionic acids, but their malodorous intensities were higher. Microflora produce butyric, valeric, caproic, heptanoic and octanoic acids from ethanol, the main component of winery wastewater. When nitrate (an electron acceptor) is added, catabolism leads to an anaerobic respiration phenomenon (denitrification). The organic compounds are oxidised to CO2 and the nitrate is reduced to N2 (odourless compounds), without VFA formation. The preventive treatment of odours by nitrate addition was tested on an industrial scale in winery and distillery ponds. Furthermore, the study took the effect of nitrate on VFA degradation into consideration. The results make it possible to consider using nitrate for the curative treatment of pond odours.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed1992

Intrauterine release of levonorgestrel--a new way of adding progestogen in hormone replacement therapy.

Forty perimenopausal women with climacteric complaints were randomly allocated to one of two estrogen-progestogen regimens. One group was treated cyclically for 3-week periods with 2 mg of estradiol (E2) valerate; during the last 10 days 250 micrograms of levonorgestrel was added. Another group was given 2 mg of E2 valerate a day and had a 20-micrograms/24-hour levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (IUD) inserted. The study period was 1 year. Climacteric symptoms, bleeding patterns, and endometrial histopathology were recorded during the study. Subjective symptoms were equally diminished in both groups. In the IUD group, bleeding disturbances were gradually reduced, and 15 of 18 women became amenorrheic after 12 months, compared with the group given cyclic treatment in which all women bled regularly. No endometrial proliferation was found in any woman after 12 months. Thus, intrauterine release of 20 micrograms of levonorgestrel per day, in combination with orally administered E2, prevented endometrial proliferation and reduced uterine bleeding. This new approach to continuous combined hormone replacement therapy may be a well-tolerated treatment alternative in perimenopausal women.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2005

[Analysis of volatile fatty acids in gingival crevicular fluid of patients with chronic periodontitis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the volatile fatty acids in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and to analyze the relationship between the levels of the volatile fatty acids and chronic periodontitis. METHODS: GCF samples taken from 37 patients with chronic periodontitis and 16 volunteers with healthy periodontal status were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis. RESULTS: The detection frequencies and concentrations of succinic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid were significantly higher in GCF of chronic periodontitis than in that of healthy group. The detection frequencies of propionic acid had no statistic difference between the two groups, but the concentrations of it was significantly higher in inflammation group. We also found that the concentrations of succinic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid were significantly lower in shallow pockets than that in deep pockets. CONCLUSIONS: The volatile fatty acids, especially succinic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid were associated significantly with the severity and inflammation of periodontal disease. The levels of succinic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid in GCF were related to pocket depth.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Studies on synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate consisting of 3-hydroxyvalerate by Aeromonas hydrophila].

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) is a family of microbially synthesized polyesters consisting of various 3-hydroxyalkanoate monomers. Aeromonas hydrophila 4AK4 could be able to synthesize PHA copolymer consisting of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB) and 3-hydroxyhexanoate (3-HHx). No data has been reported about the ability to synthesize the PHA with other monomers in A. hydrophila. In this study, propionic acid, valeric acid, heptanoic acid, nonanoic acid and undecanoic acid were used together with gluconate to find out whether A. hydrophila 4AK4 could synthesize the PHA consisting of odd carbon atom number monomers. The result showed that A. hydrophila 4AK4 could not growth when supplied with propionic acid, valeric acid, heptanoic acid and nonanoic acid and only undecanoic acid could be used to synthesize PHA. Wild type and recombinant A. hydrophila 4AK4 harboring phaA (beta-ketothiolase) and phaB (acetoacetyl-CoA reductase) were cultivated with undecanoic acid and glucose or undecanoic acid and gluconate served as carbon sources. PHA consisting of 3-HB and 3-hydroxyvalerate (3-HV) could be produced by both wild type and recombinant A. hydrophila 4AK4 and the latter could produce PHA with more 3-HB monomer. When the ratio of glucose or gluconate to undecanoic acid was 1:1, the cell dry weight (CDW) of A. hydrophila 4AK4 reached 1.14 g/L and PHA content was 60% of the CDW after cultivation for 24 h. When lauric acid and undecanoic acid were served as co-substrate, A. hydrophila 4AK4 could produce copolyester consisting of 3-HB, 3-HV and 3-HHx. Along with the increase of undecanoic acid proportion in the mixed carbon source, the 3-HV content of copolymer was increased while the 3-HB and 3-HHx content were decreased. In all cases, the CDW decreased along with the increase of undecanoic acid concentration, which indicated that undecanoic acid was not very good for A. hydrophila 4AK4 growth.

Aeromonas hydrophila↗
PubMed1977

Prolactin binding to R3230AC mammary carcinoma and liver in hormone-treated and diabetic rats.

Specific 125I-labeled prolactin binding was measured in membrane particles prepared from R3230AC mammary carcinoma and liver of tumor-bearing Fischer rats after either prolactin, estrogen, or lergotrile mesylate treatment, or after the induction of diabetes by streptozotocin. Hormone binding to tumors was decreased by treatment with prolactin (0.5 or 1 mg/day) or estradiol valerate (7.5 mg/kg/week). In contrast, prolactin treatment did not affect prolactin binding to liver membrane particles, but estradiol valerate treatment resulted in a four-fold increase in prolactin binding to this tissue. Lergotrile mesylate, which lowers plasma prolactin levels, did not affect tumor growth or prolactin binding to either tumor or liver. Prolactin binding to both tumor and liver was significantly reduced in diabetic rats, suggesting that insulin may play an important role in controlling tissue sensitivity to prolactin. Specific binding of 125I-labeled prolactin to enzymatically dissociated cells from R3230AC tumors was demonstrated in vitro. The binding capacity of the cells was found to be of the same order of magnitude as the binding capacity in membrane preparations when appropriate corrections were applied for yields of cells and membranes. R3230AC tumor, which is responsive to prolactin appears therefore to be a useful model system for further study aimed at elucidation of growth and metabolic response to the hormone prolactin in breast cancer.

Acetonitriles↗
PubMed1986

Interaction of three second-generation anthracyclines with polynucleotides, RNA, DNA, and nucleosomes.

The interaction of three second-generation anthracycline derivatives with polynucleotides, supercoiled DNA, and calf thymus nucleosomes has been studied by terbium fluorescence measurements and agarose gel electrophoresis. It was shown that, as expected, N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate had little detectable effect on the fluorescence of this guanine-specific probe except for polydisperse calf thymus linear DNA fragments. The soluble analogue, N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-O-hemiadipate, did show marked effects on terbium fluorescence with all nucleic acids and nucleosomes, but the effects were generally not as striking as were those observed with the epimer, 4'-epi-Adriamycin, which tended to produce a similar effect to its parent drug, Adriamycin, showing that a marked change in the hexose ring did not appreciably affect the interaction of the drug with DNA. Changes in the electrophoretic mobility of supercoiled pBR322 DNA were observed only at very high drug concentrations, much higher than those required with Adriamycin or actinomycin D. The effect was a smearing of the form I DNA and the production of some circular relaxed form II DNA. The drugs produced the effect in the following order: Adriamycin greater than N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-O-hemiadipate greater than or equal to epi-Adriamycin. N-Trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate had little effect, even at very high drug concentrations (1:2, drug:DNA ratios).

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Studies on anaerobic infection in oro-maxillary region--rapid diagnosis by gas-liquid chromatography and antibiotic susceptibilities of anaerobic bacteria].

Subject material for this study was pus collected from patients with purulent inflammation in the oro-maxillary region. Direct gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis was made, bacterial isolation and identification were carried out, and comparisons were made with results from GLC analysis and anaerobic isolates in a PYG medium. In addition, antibiotic susceptibilities of anaerobic bacteria were examined. Results 1. Anaerobic bacteria were isolated from 85 of 100 cases of obstructive abscesses. Of the 85, 49 were cases of mixed infection involving both anaerobic and aerobic bacteria; and 64 cases were involved with more than 2 species of anaerobic bacteria. Of the 184 strains of anaerobic isolates, 53 were Bacteroides sp. and 51 were Peptostreptococcus sp. The 2 groups accounted for more than half of the isolates. 2. Group A, in which no VFA was detected, accounted for 17 out of 100 cases. Group B, in which acetic acid was detected, accounted for 20 cases; and Group C, in which butyric acid was detected, accounted for 20 cases; and Group D, in which iso-valeric acid was detected, accounted for 8 cases. Direct GLC analysis revealed iso-caproic and caproic acids in the 35 cases constituting Group E. 3. Whereas the percentage of anaerobic bacteria was 64.7% in Group A and 60% in Group B, significantly higher percentages were noted in Group C (95%), Group D (100%) and Group E (100%). The following species were isolated as major member in the groups; Group A--Streptococcus intermedius, Group B--Peptostreptococcus micros, Group C--Fusobacterium nucleatum, Group D--Bacteroides gingivalis, and Group E--Peptostreptococcus anaerobius. 4. In all cases, the sum of VFA produced in the PYG medium by anaerobic isolates was classified into Group A' to E'. Ratios of agreement between VFA as revealed by direct GLC and VFA as revealed by PYG.GLC were as follows: Group A-A'; 47.1%, Group B-B' and C-C'; 45%, Group D-D'; 87.5%, and Group E-E'; 62.9%. 5. In Group B, no propionic acid was detected. The 2 cases in which acetic acid occurred in a concentration greater than 14 x 10(-4) meq/ml belonged to Group B'. In Group C, no isobutyric acid was detected; and the 5 cases in which butyric acid was detected in a concentration of more than 7 x 10(-4) meq/ml belonged to Group C'. Varelic acid was not detected in Group D; and 7 out of the 8 cases in which iso-valeric acid, irrespective of concentration, was detected belonged to Group D'.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Abscess↗
PubMed1989

Progesterone alone is responsible for stimulation of the growth of ducts and of mammary alveolar structures in mice.

The effect of estradiol valerate and progesterone on mammary growth of prepubertal (20, 25 and 30 days of age) female and prepubertal (15, 20 and 30 days of age) and adult male C3H/Di mice were studied. Estradiol treatment had no effect on mammary growth in 30 day old females, but mammary growth of 20 and 25 day old females showed clear inhibition. In contrast, treatment with progesterone alone stimulated both the growth of ducts and formation of alveolar buds. In males, the injection of estradiol valerate resulted in a stimulation of the growth of mammary rudiment. The treatment with progesterone alone stimulated the growth of mammary ducts and the formation of alveolar buds in males treated from day 15 and 20 of age, while mammary growth of those treated from day 30 of age was low and the growth of mammary rudiment of adult males was not stimulated at all. The mammogenic effect of progesterone was not affected by time of weaning of males but it was inhibited by simultaneous application of testosterone. An age dependent decrease of the mammogenic effect of progesterone in males is related to an increase in plasma concentration of testosterone.

Aging↗