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PubMed1998

Decidualization and expression of insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 in the periimplantation mouse uterus.

In a previous study, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and a potential inhibitory binding protein, IGF binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4), were found to be expressed in a cell-specific and temporally dynamic manner in the mouse uterus during the periimplantation period. The mRNA levels of both IGF-I and IGFBP-4 rapidly increased between Days 5 and 6 of gestation and then declined after the establishment of embryo implantation. In the current study, we conducted in situ hybridization analysis on pregnant mouse uteri and deciduomata-induced mouse uteri to determine whether the presence of an embryo is required for uterine IGF-I and IGFBP-4 mRNA expression. Our data reveal that before implantation, the maternal hormones of pregnancy support IGF-I and IGFBP-4 mRNA expression. Beyond gestational Day 4, however, decidualization of the uterine stroma, either artificially induced or naturally induced by an implanting embryo, is sufficient for maintaining the expression of these two genes. Thus, the presence of specific embryo factors is not required for IGF-I and IGFBP-4 expression in the periimplantation uterus. These studies indicate that the expression of IGF-I and IGFBP-4 mRNAs may be associated with decidualization of uterine stromal cells. The restricted anatomical and temporal expression of IGF-I and IGFBP-4 mRNAs in the periimplantation uterus suggests a physiologic role for IGF-I and IGFBP-4 in the maintenance and expansion of decidualization.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1998

Expression of opioid receptors and ligands in pregnant mouse uterus and placenta.

The endogenous opioid system has been implicated in the regulation of hormonal secretion, pain perception, and uterine contractility during pregnancy, but there is only limited information about the cellular location of opioid receptor and opioid peptide gene expression in the pregnant rodent uterus and placenta. In this study, we have used in situ hybridization to identify expression sites of mRNAs encoding the delta (delta), kappa (kappa), and mu ( micro) opioid receptors as well as the endogenous opioid peptide precursors proenkephalin (PENK), prodynorphin (PDYN), and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in pregnant mouse uterus and placenta. Soon after implantation, all three opioid receptor genes as well as POMC and PENK, but not PDYN, were detected in the uterine environment. Each expressed gene exhibited a distinct expression pattern that was generally retained until late gestation. The delta receptor and POMC were coexpressed in the trophoblast giant cells, which remained the only cells of the placenta/uterus to express these two genes throughout gestation. Cells expressing kappa receptors were absent from the placenta but instead were found in the basal part of the decidualized uterine endometrium. While kappa and micro receptors were transiently expressed in the uterine myometrium (until embryonic day 8.5), substantial levels of PENK were continuously detected in this region until at least embryonic day 18. In addition, complementary expression of the micro receptor and PENK genes in the uterus was detected. Taken together, these results suggest multiple roles for the opioid receptors and opioid peptides in maternal adaptation to pregnancy and in supporting embryo growth.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Progesterone via its receptor antagonizes the pro-inflammatory activity of estrogen in the mouse uterus.

Populations of macrophages and neutrophils in the uterus are under the control of the female sex steroids estrogen and progesterone (P4). Their influx is induced by estrogen, while P4 can both stimulate and inhibit leukocyte influx depending on the timing of P4 with respect to estrogen. Regulation of leukocytes has been implicated in changes in uterine immune responses during the estrous cycle, pregnancy, and implantation. This work demonstrates that P4 given concurrently with estrogen to ovariectomized mice for 4 days antagonizes the ability of estrogen to recruit macrophages and neutrophils into the mouse uterus. Using progesterone receptor knockout (PRKO) mice, we show that this effect is dependent on progesterone receptors (PR). In the absence of PR, neutrophils recruited by estrogen were found to be degranulated, partially explaining the edema that is observed with long-term treatment of PRKO mice with estrogen and P4. Populations of B lymphocyte cells were shown to be unchanged by estrogen and P4 treatment in both wild-type and PRKO mice. The neutrophil chemotactic chemokine MIP-2 was examined for down-regulation by P4 but was found to be unaffected by hormonal treatment. Together, these observations demonstrate that PR has a strong anti-inflammatory role in the mouse uterus when estrogen and P4 are present together.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Expression of messenger ribonucleic acids for fibroblast growth factors 7 and 10, hepatocyte growth factor, and insulin-like growth factors and their receptors in the neonatal ovine uterus.

In sheep, uterine development begins during fetal life but is only completed postnatally with proliferation and branching morphogenetic differentiation of the endometrial glandular epithelium (G) from the luminal epithelium (L) between birth or Postnatal Day (PND) 0 and PND 56. In other epithelial-mesenchymal organs, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-7 and FGF-10, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-II play essential roles in ductal branching morphogenesis. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization analyses were used to study temporal and spatial alterations in expression of mRNAs for growth factors (FGF-7, FGF-10, HGF, IGF-I, IGF-II) and their respective receptors (FGF receptor or FGFR2IIIb, c-met, and IGF-IR) in the developing neonatal ovine uterus. The RT-PCR analyses indicated that expression of FGF-10, HGF, IGF-I, and IGF-II mRNAs increased in the neonatal uterus between PND 1 and 56. In situ hybridization analyses indicated that FGFR2IIIb and c-met mRNAs were expressed solely in uterine L and developing G, whereas IGF-IR was expressed in all uterine cell types, with highest levels in L and developing G. Both IGF-I and IGF-II mRNAs were expressed in the endometrial stroma and myometrium, with IGF-I predominantly in the intercaruncular endometrial stroma. The highest levels of IGF-I and IGF-II mRNA expression were detected in the intercaruncular endometrial stroma surrounding the nascent and proliferating glands. Immunohistochemistry revealed that phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinases-1 and -2 were most abundantly expressed in the nascent and proliferating glands of the developing neonatal uterine wall. These results implicate FGF-7, FGF-10, HGF, IGF-I, IGF-II, and their epithelial receptors in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions regulating endometrial gland morphogenesis in the neonatal sheep uterus.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Cyclic changes in the matrix metalloproteinase system in the ovary and uterus.

With each estrous or menstrual cycle, extensive alterations occur in the extracellular matrix and connective tissue of the ovary and uterus. In the ovary, these changes occur during follicular development, breakdown of the follicular wall and extrusion of the oocyte, as well as during the formation and regression of the corpus luteum. In the uterus, the endometrium undergoes dramatic connective tissue turnover associated with tissue breakdown and subsequent regrowth during each menstrual cycle. These changes in the ovarian and uterine extracellular architecture are regulated, in part, by the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) system. This system is comprised of both a proteolytic component, the MMPs, and associated inhibitors, and it is involved in connective tissue remodeling processes throughout the body. The current review highlights the key features of the MMP system and focuses on the changes in the MMPs and the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases during the dynamic remodeling that takes place in the ovary and uterus during the estrous and menstrual cycles.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Steroids modulate the expression of alpha4 integrin in mouse blastocysts and uterus during implantation.

Blastocyst implantation and successful establishment of pregnancy require delicate interactions between the embryo and the maternal uterine milieu, which are controlled at the embryo-maternal interface by the coordinated interplay of a variety of growth factors, cytokines, hormones, and cell adhesion molecules expressed by both the decidualized endometrium and the trophoblast cells. Proper implantation of the embryo is solely dependent on the initial endometrial receptivity and the preparation of the blastocyst to glue itself to the uterine wall. Both these events are considered to be mediated by cell adhesion molecules and integrins expressed by the blastocyst as well by as the maternal endometrium. Integrin expression by the blastocyst and the uterus is a dynamic process. However, reports on the expression and the hormonal modulation of integrins and their role in blastocyst activation and uterine receptivity during implantation are meager. The present study investigates the expression and hormonal regulation of alpha4beta1 integrin by steroid hormones in the blastocyst and the receptive uterus using an in vivo, delayed-implantation mouse model system. The dormant and activated blastocysts as well as the uteri were recovered from ovariectomized mice after progesterone-alone and progesterone-plus-estrogen therapy, respectively. Immunolocalization of protein expression of alpha4 and beta1 integrin subunits indicate that steroids modulate the expression of alpha4beta1 integrin receptor in the mouse blastocyst as well as the uterus and that a differential expression is observed with exposure to progesterone and estrogen. Intrauterine blocking of alpha4 integrin by specific antibody resulted in implantation failure in normal as well as in delayed-implantation mice. Based on our data, we propose here, to our knowledge for the first time, that alpha4beta1 integrin, which is responsible for binding to fibronectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, is induced by estradiol and is down-regulated by progesterone in mice during implantation. Furthermore, the results also indicate the direct role of alpha4 integrin in the process of implantation.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein is specifically localized at the implantation site of pregnant mouse uterus.

Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (alpha-TTP) was first described to play a major role in maintaining alpha-tocopherol levels in plasma, while alpha-tocopherol was primarily reported to be a factor relevant for reproduction. Expression of alpha-TTP is not only seen in the liver, from where it was first isolated, but also in mouse uterus, depending on its state of pregnancy, stressing the importance of alpha-TTP for embryogenesis and fetal development. The cellular localization of alpha-TTP in mouse uterus is reported here. By immunohistochemistry, alpha-TTP could be localized in the secretory columnar epithelial cells of the pregnant uterus on Days 4.5 and 6.5 postcoitum as well as in the glandular epithelial cells and the inner decidual reaction zone surrounding the implantation site. On Days 8.5 and 10.5 postcoitum (midterm of mouse pregnancy), alpha-TTP could still be detected in the uterine secretory columnar epithelial cells, while in alpha-TTP knockout mice, no immunostaining was visible. It is suggested that alpha-TTP plays a major role in supplying the placenta and consecutively the fetus with alpha-tocopherol throughout pregnancy. We conclude that alpha-tocopherol plays a role in the process of implantation and that alpha-TTP may be necessary for adequate alpha-tocopherol status of the fetus.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Angiosarcoma of the uterus: a light microscopic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study.

A 71-year-old woman who presented with severe vaginal bleeding was found to have a uterine angiosarcoma after total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical studies that showed positive staining of tumor cells for factor VIII-related antigen and by ultrastructural studies revealing vasoformative structures surrounded by a thin basal lamina. Primary vascular tumors of the uterus are rare. The existence of malignant vascular neoplasms of the uterus has been questioned, and at most nine previously reported cases have been generally accepted as valid examples of uterine angiosarcoma. Based on those cases, the prognosis of uterine angiosarcoma is poor. Our studies demonstrate that angiosarcoma does occur in the uterus. Our patient is presently alive with recurrent disease.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

High-resolution contrast-enhanced MRI of the uterus with a phased-array multicoil.

High-resolution contrast-enhanced dynamic MRI of the uterus can be performed with the combination of a phased-array multicoil and fast GE techniques. This technique can improve the ability to visualize normal anatomy of the uterus and periuterine tissues, including vascular structures and pelvic ligaments, and to detect pathologic processes of the uterus and determine their extent.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A bicornuate uterus with a unilateral cornual adenomyosis.

BACKGROUND: Few reports have described adenomyosis in association with congenital uterine abnormalities. The authors present a case involving unilateral adenomyosis in a bicornuate uterus. CASE: A 41-year-old married gravida 1, para 1, first became aware that she had a double uterus 14 years earlier at her first prenatal examination when the gestation was identified in the left uterine cavity because of intractable dysmenorrhea. The patient underwent laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy. Pathological examination confirmed that adenomyosis had affected only the left uterine myometrium. CONCLUSION: The right uterine cornua of a bicornuate uterus served as the control after a pregnancy in the left cornua. The subsequent development of adenomyosis in the left cornua lends weight to theories that suggest pregnancy or other acquired factors may be involved in the pathogenesis and development of adenomyosis.

Adenomyoma↗
PubMed2005

Characterization of the pharmacologic profile of a standardized soy extract in the ovariectomized rat model of menopause: effects on bone, uterus, and lipid profile.

OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed to assess the effect of a standardized soy extract (SSE, Soyselect) in the ovariectomized rat model of menopause. DESIGN: Ovariectomized rats were treated for 6 weeks with the soy extract (50 or 100 mg/kg/day - PO), vehicle (distilled water), or 17beta-estradiol (0.5 mg/kg/day - PO). Tissue-specific estrogen agonist effects were examined using the endpoints bone mineral density, biochemical parameters of bone turnover, modulation of cytokines involved in the bone remodeling, uterine weight, uterine histology, uterine hormone receptor status, and serum lipid level. RESULTS: The SSE produced a bone-sparing effect associated with a slowing down in the increased bone turnover observed after ovariectomy (as indicated by measurements of serum osteocalcin levels and excretion ratio of deoxypyridinoline); changes in serum interleukin-6 levels observed after SSE suggested that this bone-sparing effect could be partly attributed to the modulation of osteoclastogenesis induced by interleukin-6. Remarkably, organ weight data and histopathologic analysis did not show any stimulatory activity of the SSE on the uterus. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a significant down-regulation of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) in uterine epithelium after 17beta-estradiol treatment, but not after treatment with the SSE; no significant differences among groups were observed in ER-alpha uterine stromal levels. After treatment with 17beta-estradiol, estrogen receptor-beta (ER-beta) expression was not modulated in the stroma or epithelium, whereas the SSE induced an up-regulation of ER-beta stromal expression. Collectively, these results suggest that the lack of stimulatory activity on the uterine epithelium using soy treatment could be due to a negligible stimulatory activity on estrogen receptor-alpha and/or to the enhanced expression observed in stromal ER-beta, the latter being considered as a negative modulator of ERalpha-mediated uterine proliferation. 17beta-estradiol, but not the SSE, down-regulated uterine epithelial progesterone receptor (PR), compared with ovariectomized rats. In the stromal compartment, progesterone receptor expression was fully up-regulated by 17beta-estradiol treatment and, to a lesser extent, by SSE treatment. The minor increase in lipid levels induced by ovariectomy was not affected by SSE administration. Finally, the lack of stimulatory activity on uterus was also confirmed in an immature female rat model. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrated that the tested extract has an interesting profile of tissue-specific response, in that it is efficacious in preventing experimental osteoporosis without causing stimulation in uterus at doses that are effective in bone.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1998

Novel retroviral sequences are expressed in the epididymis and uterus of Syrian hamsters.

Combined androgen and oestrogen treatment of male or female Syrian hamsters results via an unknown mechanism in the formation of leiomyosarcomas in the reproductive tract. We have examined the possibility that retroviral gene expression may play a role in tumorigenesis. Evidence of virus-like particles in epididymis and seminal fluid is shown in electron micrographs. We identified expressed retroviral sequences by using RT-PCR to amplify a conserved retroviral reverse transcriptase coding region in RNA isolated from epididymis, testis, clarified seminal fluid and uterus. Phylogenetic analysis allowed us to classify the sequences into two distinct groups: (1) mammalian type-C viruses, having similarity to Moloney murine leukaemia virus, feline leukaemia virus and gibbon ape leukaemia virus amongst others; (2) a mixed ABCD group containing, for example, Chinese hamster and murine intracisternal A-particle virus sequences, mouse mammary tumour virus and human and simian retroviral sequences. The presence of putative full-length retrovirus related to mammalian type-C viruses in the epididymis and uterus was confirmed by Northern blot analysis. However, steroid treatment did not alter retroviral RNA levels in the epididymis or in a uterine tumour relative to untreated uterus. In summary, Syrian hamster reproductive tissues were found to express unique retroviral sequences; however, their role, if any, in hormonal carcinogenesis remains unresolved.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Uterus size and ovarian morphology in women with isolated growth hormone deficiency, hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and hypopituitarism.

OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTS: Current data suggest a permissive role for the somatotrophic axis in the reproductive process, mainly by affecting the onset of puberty and the maintenance of regular menstrual cyclicity. To assess a possible interface between GH and reproductive axes in determining the uterus size, we retrospectively evaluated 58 pelvic ultrasound scans in adult women with either isolated growth hormone deficiency (GHD; n = 12), hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (HH; n = 24) or hypopituitarism (HP; n = 22) of prepubertal onset. Pelvic ultrasound was performed before oestrogen replacement in patients with HH or HP, and after completion of GH treatment in the majority of patients with HP. Eight women with HH and seven with HP had a second pelvic ultrasound examination after being established on oestrogen replacement therapy. A group of 19 young healthy women with no previous history of pregnancy or miscarriage were included for comparison of ultrasound data. RESULTS: Uterine measurements, length and uterine cross-sectional area (UXA) were significantly less in the three study groups compared to healthy controls [median UXA: GHD 18.0 cm(2) (range 9.9-28.6 cm(2)), HH 7.0 cm(2) (range 1.3-18.5 cm(2)), HP 11.8 cm(2) (range 1.6-21.8 cm(2)) and controls 23.0 cm(2) (range 16.1-31.7 cm(2)); P < 0.001]. The median age of oestrogen replacement was significantly later in HH [19 years (range 16-26 years)] compared to HP [16.5 years (range 13-20 years)]P = 0.03, while the median age of menarche of GHD patients was 14.5 years (range 11-16 years), which was not statistically different from controls [13.0 years (range 12.5-14.5 years)]. Repeat uterine measurements on oestrogen in the subgroup of 15 patients did not reach the normal values [pretreatment UXA: 4.2 cm(2) (range 1.6-16.1 cm(2)), post-treatment UXA: 12.6 cm(2) (range 4-23 cm(2))]. Ovarian volume was smaller in the two groups of women with gonadotrophin deficiency (HH and HP), while a polycystic ovarian morphology was notably more prevalent in the two groups who had received GH treatment being found in 75 and 58% of women with GHD and HP, respectively, compared with 12.5% in women with HH (P < 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that GHD might have an independent effect in determining uterus size and therefore the consequences of GHD plus oestrogen deficiency on uterus growth might be additive. The fact that uterine measurements between HH and HP patients did not differed significantly in this study may be explained by the fact that oestrogen replacement has been substituted earlier in the latter group. Furthermore, it appears that standard oestrogen replacement therapy did not result in normal uterine growth. A polycystic ovarian morphology may be a consequence of GH treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Altered morphogenesis of the immature hamster uterus following neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol.

In previous studies, we found that a single neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) resulted in severe hyperplasia and a high incidence of endometrial adenocarcinoma in the uterus of adult hamsters. These observations prompted us to investigate the consequences of DES exposure on earlier stages of uterine morphogenesis. After neonates were treated within 6 h of birth (day 1) with 100 micrograms of DES or oil vehicle, uterine tissue morphometry plus cell labelling indices following in vivo pulse labeling with [3H]thymidine were determined on days 3-21 of life. The sequential findings were: (1) a precocious (day 3) burst of cellular proliferation throughout the uterus, (2) an early period (days 3-9) of hypertrophy and increased cell density in the luminal epithelium, (3) an extreme acceleration of uterine growth resulting in a persistent increase in total uterine mass (> threefold enhancement on days 5-21), (4) precocious development of endometrial glands (day 9) that were sites of intense but transient proliferative activity, (5) a middle period (days 9-15) when the percentage of stromal cells engaged in proliferative activity was reduced, (6) a second wave (days 15-21) of enhanced proliferative activity in the luminal epithelium, and (7) later development (day 21) of reduced cell density in the uterine stroma, apparently due to increased intercellular collagen accumulation. These results support our working hypothesis that the acute uterotropic response to neonatal DES treatment initiates a change in the developing hamster uterus, and later estrogenic stimulation promotes neoplastic progression in the DES-altered adult organ, perhaps due to disruption of stromal-epithelial interactions.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

The phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes isolated from normal uterus and that with experimentally induced inflammation in cows.

The purpose of the study was the determination of the activity of the neutrophils isolated from a physiologically sound (non-inflamed) uterus 2 days after ovulation, and comparison of this activity with that of the polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) obtained from an uterus which had undergone experimentally induced specific or non-specific inflammatory reaction. The study was carried out on 20 cows between the 2nd and the 8th day after ovulation. Activity of PMNs was determined on the basis of the per cent of these cells with Fc receptors for IgG on their surface, and on the basis of assessment of the phagocytic activity. The Fc receptors were determined by the rosette test. The phagocytic activity of PMNs was determined in relation to two standard strains of S. aureus Smith which were phagocytized by mediation of Fc receptors and S. aureus 305 phagocytized by mediation of the "non-immunological" receptors. The study showed that the inflammatory process in the uterus caused intensive migration of large numbers of PMNs into the lumen. These PMNs have their properties altered: there is a significantly lower per cent of cells with Fc receptors in this cell population and lower Fc-dependent phagocytic activity. A significant rise in the phagocytic activity mediated by non-immunological receptors occurs at the same time in this cell population.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effect of insemination volume on uterine contractions and inflammatory response and on elimination of semen in the mare uterus-scintigraphic and ultrasonographic studies.

The effect of artificial insemination (AI) volume on uterine contractility and inflammation and on elimination of semen in the reproductive tract of mares was examined for 4 h after AI using two methods, scintigraphy and ultrasonography. The same doses were used in both methods: 2 and 100 ml of skim milk-extended frozen semen. In the scintigraphic study, the number of reproductively normal mares was four per group and in the ultrasonographic study five per group. For scintigraphy, the semen was radiolabelled with technetium-99m. The static scintigrams were acquired immediately before and 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min after AI. The activities in the vagina and uterus were calculated and the values for sperm that had been discharged from the mare were obtained by subtracting the counts for the uterus and vagina from the total radioactivity. The dynamic scintigrams were taken continuously for the first 30 min after AI and in 5-min periods immediately after having acquired the static scintigrams. The uterine contractions were counted. In the ultrasonographic study, the mares were scanned before AI and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 60, 120, 150, 180, and 240 min after AI, for at least 1 min each time. The examinations were videotaped and contractions counted per minute. More contractions were observed with the ultrasonographic method than with the scintigraphic method. No difference was present in the number of contractions between the groups, except in the ultrasonographic study at 4 h, when the mares inseminated with 100 ml showed more contractions than did the mares inseminated with 2 ml. The intraluminal fluid was sampled with a tampon and by uterine lavage 4 h after AI in the ultrasonographic study. The numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and spermatozoa were counted, but the differences between the groups were not significant. Under our experimental conditions and with the number of mares examined, the volume of the AI dose had an insignificant effect on contractility - with the exception at 4 h - and inflammatory reaction and on semen elimination in the uterus.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Role of uterine artery velocimetry using color-flow Doppler and electromyography of uterus in prediction of preterm labor.

AIM: To evaluate the role of Doppler waveforms of uterine vessels and electromyography (EMG) of the uterus in predicting preterm labor. METHODS: One hundred ante-natal women at >or=24 weeks of gestation who fulfilled the selection criteria were included in the study. A single Doppler recording for bilateral uterine vessels was taken at >or=26 weeks gestation using the transvaginal route. Transabdominal EMG of the uterus was recorded serially at 4-week intervals from 24 weeks until delivery or until 37 weeks were completed. RESULTS: Women with a sensation of heaviness in the lower abdomen during pregnancy had a significant association with preterm delivery. Of the three Doppler indices, the systolic/diastolic ratio and the resistivity index of uterine vessels were found to have a sensitivity as high as 83-95% for the prediction of preterm labor. The electrical activity of uterine musculature, as recorded using EMG, showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the electrical activity recorded for the two groups at 31 weeks and later, while the duration of burst activity was significantly longer in the preterm group at 26 weeks and later. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a dull aching sensation in the lower abdomen should not be neglected. Doppler of the uterine vessels and EMG of the uterus could prove to be a good predictor of preterm labor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Evisceration of pregnant uterus through the incisional hernia site.

The herniation of a gravid uterus through an incisional hernia site is a rare occurrence, but the evisceration of the gravid uterus through the incisional hernia is even rarer. The following is a case report of an evisceration of gravid uterus through an incisional hernia of a midline incision.

Adult↗