SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Transdermal Patch”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,027 records · Page 57Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

In vitro release study of verapamil hydrochloride through sodium alginate interpenetrating monolithic membranes.

Polymeric sodium alginate interpenetrating network membranes containing verapamil hydrochloride were fabricated for transdermal application. The membranes were evaluated for their physical properties, weight and thickness uniformity, water vapor transmission, as well as drug content uniformity. All the thin patches were transparent, smooth, and flexible. The drug-loaded membranes were analyzed by X-ray diffraction to understand the drug polymorphism inside the membrane. The transdermal patches were permeable to water vapor, indicating the permeability characteristics of the polymers. The in vitro drug release was performed in distilled water using a Keshary-Chien diffusion cell. The release data were analyzed to understand the mechanism of drug release.

Alginates↗

PubMed2005

Transdermal androgens: pharmacology and applicability to hypogonadal elderly men.

Transdermal testosterone (T) gels have proven to be an efficacious means of delivering T to hypogonadal men. Patches, gels and creams have been used in T transdermal formulations. Patches suffered from problems either with adherence or skin irritability while gels have a potential problem of transferability from patients to partner or other family member. At present, gels have been well received by clinicians and users. There is no evidence that transdermal preparations are not suitable for treatment of older hypogonadal men; the rapid off time of both patches and gels may argue allow that transdermal preparations may be a preferential treatment modality for older men with a potential higher risk of developing androgen-responsive prostate cancer.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy and safety of a testosterone patch for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in surgically menopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the use of testosterone therapy for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) after oophorectomy has mostly involved women treated with oral estrogen preparations. We investigated the efficacy and safety of a testosterone patch in surgically menopausal women receiving concurrent transdermal estrogen. DESIGN: Women with HSDD after oophorectomy, for whom this was a concern, who were using transdermal estrogen, were recruited to a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Europe and Australia. Patients were randomly allocated to placebo (n = 40) or testosterone 300 microg/day (n = 37) treatment. Primary endpoints were changes in sexual desire measured by the sexual desire domain of the Profile of Female Sexual Function and the frequency of satisfying sexual activity at 24 weeks. RESULTS: Sixty-one women (79%) completed the trial. All subjects who received at least one application of study medication were included in analysis. The testosterone-treated group experienced a significantly greater change from baseline in the domain sexual desire score compared with placebo (change from baseline, 16.43 versus 5.98; P = 0.02). The domain scores for arousal, orgasm, decreased sexual concerns, responsiveness, and self-image as well as decreased distress were also significantly greater with testosterone therapy than placebo. The frequency of satisfactory sexual events increased but was not statistically different between treatment groups (P = 0.06) Adverse events occurred with similar frequency in both groups, and no serious risks of therapy were observed CONCLUSIONS: In this study, transdermal testosterone therapy via a skin patch improved sexual desire and other sexual function domains. It was well tolerated in these oophorectomized women with HSDD receiving concomitant transdermal estrogen.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed2006

Pharmacokinetics of a lidocaine patch 5% in dogs.

Lidocaine is increasingly used in transdermal drug delivery systems for different pain conditions in human medicine whereby several pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated minimal systemic absorption in men. In the present study, the pharmacokinetics of a lidocaine patch 5% was studied in six dogs. In the first experiment, one single lidocaine patch was applied for 12 h to the lateral side of the thorax after removing the hair either by clipping or by the application of a depilatory agent, according to a two-way crossover design. No potential adverse effects induced by the patches were observed in either group. In dogs with clipped hair, a mean peak plasma lidocaine concentration of 62.94 ng/ml was obtained after 10.67 h. In the depilatory group, a mean peak plasma concentration of 103.55 ng/ml was reached after 9.27 h. Significant differences in the AUC(0 --> infinity), C(max), k(a) and T(1/2a) were noticed between the two groups. No significant differences were found for the elimination parameters and for T(max). In the second experiment, the patches were applied for 60 h to the clipped skin in order to study the absorption kinetics after a prolonged application period. There, the mean peak lidocaine plasma concentration was 45.18 ng/ml achieved after 24 h and a final concentration of 29.37 ng/ml was obtained at 60 h. In conclusion, all dogs tolerated the transdermal lidocaine patch well. The results of this study suggest that there is an overall minimal absorption from the lidocaine patch. However, the application of a depilatory agent leads to a more rapid and increased absorption of lidocaine.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed1991

In-vivo pharmacokinetic characteristics of a transdermal phenylpropanolamine (PPA) preparation.

Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride (PPA-HCL) is a synthetic phenylisopropanolamine sympathomimetic agent which is structurally related to ephedrine and amphetamine. Although its precise mechanism of action has not been conclusively determined, PPA is known to exert cardiovascular effects possibly related to indirect stimulation of beta-adrenergetic receptors in the heart. In addition, through CNS stimulation, PPA is known to act as an appetite suppressant, the anorexigenic effect being much weaker than that of amphetamine. In order to develop a convenient dosage of PPA, a transdermal preparation containing 250 mg PPA has been developed. Transdermal delivery is convenient both in terms of case of application and ready withdrawal of drug if desired. Oral PPA dosage forms are designed to have a fall off period of 6-8 hours to facilitate sleep. Such a drug free period is easily attained using a transdermal system either by removal of the transdermal device or incorporation of a lag period into the design of the system. The bioavailability and in vitro pharmacokinetic characteristics of this novel PPA preparation were compared with those of a reference sustained-release 75 mg Q16 PPA tablet (Acutrim), in a pilot, 3 subject, unblinded, cross-over, single dose study. Subjects fasted from the evening before dosing until 0.5 hours prior to dosing. Patches were removed 24 hours following application. Reportedly effective plasma PPA levels for appetite suppression were recorded after patch application and were comparable to those observed with the reference. Peak plasma PPA levels were slightly higher for the transdermal patch compared with the tablet formulation (93.6 ng/ml versus 80.10 ng/ml respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of transdermal theophylline pharmacokinetics in neonates.

Theophylline may be administered by several routes, but problems are associated with neonatal dosing. The transdermal route may provide a safer and noninvasive method of administration, yet produce therapeutic concentrations in a consistent and reliable manner. To study the feasibility of this in the apnea of prematurity, stable neonates were administered a subtherapeutic transdermal dose for 24 hours in order to assess pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. This was followed with routine intravenous theophylline therapy according to institutional policy. Six of nine neonates had detectable serum theophylline concentrations that increased slowly after patch application. Mean (+/- SD) maximum serum concentration was 2.4 +/- 1.3 micrograms/ml, mean time to maximum serum concentration was 22 +/- 8.2 hours, and mean latency period was 8.0 +/- 4.9 hours. Mean total amount of theophylline delivered to the skin was 18.6 +/- 4.1 mg. Mean fractional absorption at 30 hours was 0.25 +/- 0.12. These data demonstrate that it is possible to produce systemic theophylline concentrations with a transdermal patch in preterm infants sufficient to study pharmacokinetics and bioavailability, and that transdermal delivery of therapeutic doses is technologically feasible.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed2001

Transdermal fentanyl: an updated review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in chronic cancer pain control.

UNLABELLED: Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid agonist which interacts primarily with the mu-opioid receptor. The low molecular weight, high potency and lipid solubility of fentanyl make it suitable for delivery by the transdermal therapeutic system. These patches are designed to deliver fentanyl at a constant rate (25, 50, 75 and 100 microg/h), and require replacement every 3 days. Data from randomised, nonblind trials suggest that transdermal fentanyl is as effective as sustained-release oral morphine in the treatment of chronic cancer pain, as reported by patients using visual and numerical analogue scales as well as verbal description scales. No obvious differences in health-related quality of life were found in patients with chronic cancer pain when comparing transdermal fentanyl with sustained-release oral morphine. Nevertheless, significantly more patients expressed a preference for transdermal fentanyl than for sustained-release oral morphine after a randomised, nonblind, crossover trial. Because of the formation of a fentanyl depot in the skin tissue, serum fentanyl concentrations increase gradually following initial application, generally levelling off between 12 and 24 hours. Thereafter, they remain relatively constant, with some fluctuation, for the remainder of the 72-hour application period. Once achieved, steady-state plasma fentanyl concentrations can be maintained for as long as the patches are renewed. The most frequently observed adverse events during transdermal fentanyl administration (as with other opioid agonists) included vomiting, nausea and constipation. Data from a nonblind, randomised trials suggest that constipation occurs less frequently in patients receiving transdermal fentanyl than in those given sustained-release oral morphine. The most serious adverse event reported in US premarketing trials was hypoventilation, which occurred with an incidence of approximately 2%. Adverse reactions related to skin and appendages (i.e. rash and application site reactions - erythema, papules, itching and oedema) were reported in 153 patients with cancer at a frequency between 1 and 3%. CONCLUSION: Transdermal fentanyl is a useful opioid-agonist for the treatment of moderate to severe chronic cancer pain. The advantages of transdermal fentanyl include ease of administration and the 3-day application interval. These factors coupled with a lower incidence of constipation are likely to contribute to the reported patient preference of transdermal fentanyl over sustained-release oral morphine.

Absorption↗

PubMed1992

The effect of transdermal nitroglycerin on exercise tolerance in relation to patch application time--a meta-analysis.

Disagreeing results have been reported in the many studies on continuous treatment with nitroglycerin patches. The effects on exercise tolerance are partly studied at the end of a 24-hour application period, and partly examined only a few hours after patch renewal. The present meta-analysis estimates the overall efficacy of nitroglycerin patches in trials with and without concomitant antianginal therapy, and investigates if the treatment effect depends on the patch application time. A computed search (MEDLINE) identified 110 publications, of which 17 trials on nitrate patch monotherapy and six trials on combined therapy satisfied the inclusion criteria. Data on "exercise duration" and "ST-segment depression" were converted to a standardized treatment effect size d, and pooled to an overall treatment effect size d+. In tests 2-5 hours after patch renewal, moderate but significant effects of nitrate monotherapy were observed; d+ was 1.20 with regard to "ST-segment depression" and 0.39 with regard to "exercise duration" (both p < 0.0001). In contrast, 24 hours after patch application, the values for d+ were 0.09 (not significant) and 0.36 (p < 0.01), respectively. When adding the results from the six trials on combined therapy, d+ with regard to "exercise duration" was reduced to 0.28 (p < 0.0001) 2-5 hours after renewal and to 0.17 (p = 0.04) after 24 hours. Thus, the efficacy of continuous nitroglycerin patch treatment is moderate but evident during exercise tests 2-5 hours after patch renewal; however, it is reduced after 24 hours of patch application.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The long-term safety and tolerability of transdermal glyceryl trinitrate, when used with a patch-free interval in patients with stable angina.

The safety and tolerability of intermittent (16 hours on/8 hours off) nitrate patch therapy (0.2, 0.4 or 0.6 mg/hr: dose adjusted as required) was studied for a median duration of 356 days in 106 patients (mean age 60.9 +/- 8.6 years) with angina pectoris. Most patients (82%) were on existing beta-blocker and/or calcium antagonist therapy. Safety, tolerability and efficacy data were obtained by means of patient diary cards and regular clinic visits. Almost 90 treatment years revealed no significant or serious adverse events, and there were no changes in haematology or biochemistry associated with intermittent nitrate patch therapy. The most frequently reported side-effects were headache, skin reactions and dizziness (53%, 20% and 8% of patients respectively). Treatment resulted in a sustained reduction in the frequency and severity of angina attacks, reduced sublingual GTN consumption, an improvement in general wellbeing and a rise in the proportion of patients in whom angina was controlled.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed1996

Baroreflex resetting but no vascular tolerance in response to transdermal glyceryl trinitrate in conscious rabbits.

1. We investigated whether acute (5 h) and chronic (3 days) transdermal glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) patches could cause the development of tolerance in terms of haemodynamics and vascular reactivity in the conscious rabbit. The effects of haemodynamic tolerance were assessed on arterial pressure, heart rate and the baroreflex control of heart rate, while hindquarter vascular reactivity in response to dilator and constrictor drugs and reactive hyperaemia were used to assess vascular tolerance. 2. Seven days prior to experiments, an inflatable cuff, a pulsed Doppler flow probe and an indwelling intra-aortic catheter (for i.a. agonist infusions) were implanted around the lower abdominal aorta. 3. In acute experiments, the effects of 0-5 h treatment with transdermal GTN (0 Sham), 10 or 20 mg 24 h-1) on MAP, HR and the baroreflex were examined. Chronic experiments were performed on three separated days (days 0 - before, 4 - with GTN patch and 8 - recovery). On each day, the baroreflex, reactive hyperaemic responses and hindquarter vascular dose-response curves to i.a. GTN, adenosine, acetylcholine, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) and methoxamine were assessed. On days 1-4, GTN was administered transdermally via a patch(es) (10 mg 24 h-1 (low dose) or 20 mg 24 h-1 (high dose); renewed every 24 h). 4. Acute treatment with 20 mg GTN 24 h-1, but not with 0 (n = 4) or 10 mg GTN 24 h-1 (n = 4), caused a significant fall in MAP (8 +/- 1 mmHg; n = 4) and resetting of the baroreflex by 5 h. Chronic GTN caused a significant fall in MAP of 8 +/- 2 and 8 +/- 2 mmHg on day 4 with low (n = 8) and high dose (n = 8), respectively, with no change in HR. There was no significant change to hindquarter vascular reactivity to i.a. infusion of GTN, nor were there any significant differences in the reactivity to i.a. adenosine, acetylcholine, SNAP or methoxamine with either low or high doses of GTN. 5. Chronic GTN treatment with low and high dose patches caused a parallel leftward shift ('resetting') of the baroreflex on day 4. By day 8, the baroreflex had still not recovered from this leftward shift 6. In the rabbit, chronic exposure to clinical nitrate patches caused haemodynamic compensation and baroreflex resetting but no evidence of vascular reactivity tolerance. Novel NO donor drugs and delivery regimens which provide intermittent dosing may prevent the development of haemodynamic resetting rather then preventing vascular tolerance, a commonly perceived difficulty in chronic nitrate therapy.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed1998

[Pharma clinics. How I treat...or preventing pain with "patches"].

There exists two distinct types of patches aiming at increasing the pain threshold either systematically or locally. The first type of analgesic patch is a real transdermal delivery system releasing fentanyl. Such potent opioid drug exerts a systemic effect. The other type of patch associates lidocain and prilocain to induce a local anesthesia of the skin without inducing a systemic effect.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed2004

The use of polymers for dermal and transdermal delivery.

The use of polymers for skin preparations is manifold. Requirements of such polymers are dependent on the formulation types. The most applied polymers on skin belong to various classes, for example to cellulose derivatives, chitosan, carageenan, polyacrylates, polyvinylalcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone and silicones. They are gelating agents, matrices in patches and wound dressings, anti-nucleants and penetration enhancers. Correlations between commercially available products and results of new scientific investigations are often difficult or not possible, because of the lack of comparative data especially for transdermal patches. Finally, two promising future trends of polymeric systems, gene delivery and tissue engineering, are discussed.

Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic↗

PubMed1995

[Comparison of transdermal with oral hormone substitution: a multicenter study with a new matrix patch].

166 postmenopausal patients, aged 45-65 years at baseline, with moderate to severe climacteric symptoms were randomly allocated to an open-label, multi-center study which compared the efficacy, safety and acceptance of a transdermal 17 beta-estradiol matrix patch with an oral form of estrogen replacement therapy. In a cyclic sequential regimen, the transdermal system delivered 0.05 mg of estradiol/day. Oral dosages of conjugated equine estrogens were 0.625 mg/day. An oral progestin was also given for 11 days in each cycle for each group. A statistically significant reduction compared to baseline in the primary efficacy parameter, the mean number of hot flashes, occurred with a decrease in each group from 6 per day at baseline to 1 per day at 12 weeks; there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. The incidence and severity of other postmenopausal symptoms, particularly sweating, difficulty in concentration and palpitations were reduced to a greater extent in the patch group without revealing a significant inter-group difference in the total symptom score. There were also no statistically significant differences in the mean serum estradiol and FSH concentrations between the two treatment groups after 12 weeks of therapy. A similar number of adverse events was observed in both groups. The most frequent adverse events were breast pain and under oral estrogen therapy, gastrointestinal complaints and weight increase. Skin irritation or dermatitis occurred infrequently in the patch group. In summary, the matrix patch represents at least as effective a therapy for postmenopausal symptoms as a standard oral estrogen.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed1996

Relationship between the amount of propranolol permeating through the stratum corneum of guinea pig skin after application of propranolol adhesive patches and skin irritation.

In the present study we evaluated the relationship between the cumulative amount of propranolol permeating through the stratum corneum and the formation of erythema, a skin irritation reaction, after transdermal application of adhesive patches containing propranolol to the skin of guinea pigs. The intensity of erythema was expressed in terms of a* values measured with a chromameter. The a* values increased in guinea pigs after application of the adhesive patches containing 0.4 mg/cm2 of propranolol to the skin. Since the adhesive patches showed good adhesion to the skin (propranolol content is less than the saturated concentration in the adhesive base) and the cumulative amount of propranolol permeating through the stratum corneum is small, the development of erythema was considered to be mainly due to physical factors such as peeling. Even in adhesive patches containing 0.8 mg/cm2 or 1.2 mg/cm2 of propranolol, a* values increased, although adhesion to the skin is low because of crystallization of propranolol in the adhesive base. On the other hand, in these two adhesive patches, the cumulative amount of propranolol permeating through the stratum corneum increased up to 24 h after application. These findings suggest that the skin irritation reaction is due to propranolol mainly absorbed transdermally, because there is a high correlation between the cumulative amount of propranolol permeating through the stratum corneum and the a* values (r = 0.928).

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed2005

Lipids and clotting factors during low dose transdermal estradiol/norethisterone use.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the effects of 2-year transdermal continuous combined low-dose estradiol (0.025 mg/day) and norethisterone acetate (0.125 mg/day) on lipid/lipoprotein profile and coagulation/fibrinolysis. METHODS: A double-blind, randomized, multicenter, parallel, 1-year trial enrolled 266 healthy women at least 2 years post menopause. Patients received either 0.025 mg estradiol and 0.125 mg norethisterone acetate daily or placebo transdermally. One hundred and thirty five women completed a second year open follow-up (96 had used Estragest TTS, 39 placebo during the first year), where all women had the estradiol/norethisterone patch. Lipid/lipoprotein profile and coagulation/fibrinolysis parameters were studied at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 weeks. RESULTS: In women on estradiol/norethisterone total cholesterol, Lp(a) and VLDL cholesterol decreased significantly more than in the placebo group after 24 weeks and LDL cholesterol after 48 weeks. Women on estradiol/norethisterone had no change in HDL, triglycerides or Lp(a), an increased HDL/total cholesterol ratio and decreased LDL, VLDL and total cholesterol at 48 weeks compared to placebo. Women with active treatment also showed a significant reduction compared with the placebo group of Factor VII and antithrombin III at 24 and 48 weeks and a reduction of fibrinogen at 24 weeks. These changes persisted over the second year. CONCLUSIONS: A continuous combined low-dose transdermal patch daily delivering 0.025 mg estradiol and 0.125 mg norethisterone acetate provided beneficial effects on lipid/lipoprotein profile and coagulation/fibrinolysis. The changes were similar to those previously described after higher dose oral and transdermal estrogen/progestogen regimens.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed2003

Buprenorphine TDS: the clinical development rationale and results.

Buprenorphine, a powerful opioid, is newly available for delivery in a transdermal formulation. The transdermal system's matrix patch provides rate-controlled administration of the drug. Three double-blind, placebo-controlled trials were conducted to evaluate efficacy and tolerability of the buprenorphine transdermal system (buprenorphine TDS, Transtec). A total of 445 patients were enrolled in the studies. All suffered from moderate to severe and very severe pain, both cancer- or non-cancer-related. The percentage of responders increased as the rate of buprenorphine delivered by the transdermal system rose, ranging from a 29% (cancer) and 36% (non-cancer) response rate associated with the lowest dose (35 microg/h), to 40% (cancer) and 46% (non-cancer) with the highest dose (70 microg/h). Patients receiving buprenorphine TDS slept longer, uninterrupted by pain, than patients from the placebo group. Systemic adverse effects reported in the drug cohorts included nausea, vomiting and dizziness, and were typical of those reported in other studies of opioids; local adverse events, most commonly erythema and pruritus, were transient and mild to moderate. In an open-label, follow-up trial, in which 239 patients from the original clinical studies participated, 90% of patients reported that their analgesia was satisfactory or even better over a mean duration of 4.7 months; nearly 95% of patients found the patch to be user-friendly. The new buprenorphine TDS appears to be an important new modality for administering analgesia in patients with non-acute pain.

Analgesics, Opioid↗

PubMed1991

Adverse skin reactions to transdermal oestradiol in tropical climate. A comparative study of skin tolerance after using oestradiol patch and gel in Thai postmenopausal women.

A crossover randomized comparison between two different transdermal oestradiol delivery systems has been performed in post-menopausal women of the Bangkok area. Clinical benefits were identical with the use of either a gel, applied once/day on 800 cm2 of skin and which totally evaporated within 3 min, or a patch applied for 3-5 days on 20 cm2 of skin. There was no evidence of pharmacokinetic advantage with the patch, and the day to day intra-individual variations were even greater with patch than with gel. There were no cutaneous side effects with the gel, but unacceptable skin reactions, including itching, vesicular rash and residual pigmentation, were present in 58% of patients during patch use. Therefore a combination, in a small skin area, of adhesive, occlusive effect and high oestradiol concentration does not appear appropriate in hot and humid climate.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed1986

Treatment of pulmonary hypertension with transdermal nitroglycerin.

Glycerol trinitrate in patches (DEPONIT 10) resulted in a statistically significant pressure drop in the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary capillaries, and the right atrium within 24 hours following drug application. This pressure reduction was recorded also after 4 weeks of continuous therapy. The reduction of pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance is not only a consequence of improved pre- and afterload, but in addition also of a decrease in airways resistance and direct influence on arteriolar constriction in the pulmonary vascular bed. The beneficial effects upon pulmonary haemodynamics were equally recorded several months later.

Administration, Cutaneous↗