Fusion and gemination in alternate dentitions.
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Child↗
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Radiographic evaluation of intraosseous implants of endodontic materials.
Following several case reports of cyst development after endodontic treatment of decidous teeth, the osseous response to formaldehyde- or phenol-based materials was evaluated by a standardized radiographic technique. Endodontic medicaments contained in Teflon carriers were implanted between feline deciduous canine and molar teeth and the permanent successional teeth. Persistent radiolucency surrounding formocresol implants and sequestration of Kri-paste implants were noted in contrast to apparent bony healing around the zinc oxide-eugenol controls and those implants containing glutaraldehyde. These results suggest a greater tissue tolerance to glutaraldehyde-containing agents in contrast to the more traditional endodontic agents used in deciduous teeth.
Animals↗
Predictive model for impaction of lower third molars.
The study was carried out to create and test a model for predicting impaction of lower third molars on the basis of radiographic findings at age 20 years. Fifty-six initially unerupted lower third molars were followed up for 6 years. Five radiographic findings in panoramic tomograms at age 20 were taken as variables. Clinical status at age 26 was taken as response. The radiographic features studied were angulation of tooth, development of root, state of impaction, depth in bone, and relation of the tooth to the ramus of the mandible and the second molar. With the use of logistic regression, univariate and bivariate analyses, and clustering techniques, a decision tree was constructed that indicated accuracies of prediction on the basis of single variables or pairs of variables. The most important predictor was the type of impaction. The model predictions and test teeth findings were in agreement in 94% of instances. It was concluded that the model is suitable for predicting lower third molar impaction at age 20.
Adult↗
Dental manifestations of autoimmune hypoparathyroidism.
The histopathologic changes in three permanent molars from two siblings with autoimmune hypoparathyroidism as part of candida endocrinopathy syndrome are described. These teeth developed after the diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism and while each subject was receiving vitamin D and calcium supplementation. The pathogenesis of the dental changes is unknown, but it is possible that parathormone may directly influence tooth development independent of its role in calcium and phosphorous homeostasis.
Adult↗
Pleiotropic effects of a null mutation in the c-fos proto-oncogene.
The c-fos proto-oncogene has been implicated as a central regulatory component of the nuclear response to mitogens and other extracellular stimuli. Embryonic stem cells targeted at the c-fos locus have been used to generate chimeric mice that have transmitted the mutated allele through the germline. Homozygous mutants show reduced placental and fetal weights and significant loss of viability at birth. Approximately 40% of the homozygous mutants survive and grow at normal rates until severe osteopetrosis, characterized by foreshortening of the long bones, ossification of the marrow space, and absence of tooth eruption, begins to develop at approximately 11 days. Among other abnormalities, these mice show delayed or absent gametogenesis, lymphopenia, and altered behavior. Despite these defects, many live as long as their wild-type or heterozygous littermates (currently 7 months). These data indicate that c-fos is not required for the growth of most cell types but is involved in the development and function of several distinct tissues.
Animals↗
Feeding behavior in mammals: corticobulbar projection is reorganized during conversion from sucking to chewing.
It is known that repetitive stimulation of the frontal cortex (cortical masticatory area, CMA) induces rhythmical jaw movements similar to chewing in adult mammals. In the present study we were able to induce rhythmical jaw movements similar to sucking by repetitive stimulation of the frontal cortex in neonatal guinea pigs. This area, which we named the cortical sucking area (CSA), was located rostral to the CMA which was later formed upon maturation. Neurons of the CSA were shown electrophysiologically and morphologically to project primarily to the dorsal part of the paragigantocellular reticular nucleus of the contralateral side. This was the site which the CMA neurons, later, projected to induce chewing. It is generally thought that tooth eruption triggers the conversion from sucking to chewing. However, guinea pigs are born with a complete permanent dentition and therefore devoid of this peripheral trigger for the conversion to chewing. Accordingly we propose that shift of the cortical projection area from the CSA to the CMA during the maturation causes the conversion of the mammalian feeding behavior. It is discussed that this transition involves extensive reorganization of the cortical efferent system including the pyramidal tract during early postnatal development.
Animals↗
Somatic development of the infant monkey following in utero exposure to caffeine.
Caffeine has been associated with a number of reproductive and developmental effects in animals and humans. In an effort to characterize the potential effects of caffeine on the developing infant, 40 adult female monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were randomly divided into three groups and exposed at 0, 0.15, and 0.35 mg/ml (equivalent to 0, 10-15, and 25-30 mg/kg/day, respectively) of caffeine via their drinking water, before, during, and after pregnancy. Maternal blood and milk samples were collected following parturition. Infants were separated from their mothers within 12 hr of birth and were reared in a primate nursery. Blood samples were collected during the first week of life, and body weight, somatic measurements, and food consumption data were collected throughout the first 3 years. Maternal blood and milk concentrations and infant blood concentrations of caffeine and theophylline (the major blood metabolite of caffeine in the monkey) were similar to one another. Infant half-life of these methylxanthines was longer than that of the adult but not as long as that observed in human infants. Body weights and somatic measurements of male infants were significantly reduced over the first 30 days, as were a number of initial somatic measurements in both male and female infants. These deficits were not evident after 1 year of age. There were no treatment-related effects on infant tooth eruption or milk consumption. Results from this study support previously published results from this group of monkeys as well as studies by other researchers in rodents indicating that caffeine consumption during pregnancy can alter infant somatic development.
Animals↗
The effect of tetracycline on the incidence of postextraction alveolar osteitis.
Four hundred twenty-four mandibular third molar extractions of varied surgical difficulty were evaluated for the occurrence of alveolar osteitis. In 219 of these sockets, tetracycline powder was placed immediately after the tooth was removed. This resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of alveolar osteitis from 28.7% to 14.6%. There was also a positive correlation between the rate of alveolar osteitis and the increasing depth of the impaction and the degree of surgical difficulty.
Dexamethasone↗
Treatment of the retained permanent molar.
The effect of five different treatments for retained permanent molars was evaluated in 59 patients to develop a rational guideline for adequate therapy. The results showed that a prosthetic buildup is the proper treatment if retention develops after the growth spurt, because in these cases the extent of infraocclusion is slight and relatively stable. If retention develops before the growth spurt, immediate removal of the retained molar followed by orthodontic treatment is the way to maximal success. When retention develops during the growth spurt, the tooth affected has to be observed at 6-month intervals. In such a case, no active treatment is indicated if the neighboring teeth show no tilting and the extent of infraocclusion is minor and stable. In all other cases, the teeth affected have to be removed, followed by orthodontic closure of the edentulous space. Finally, all patients must be screened regularly, because in this investigation, new cases of retention were observed relatively frequently.
Adolescent↗
Treatment of ameloblastic fibro-odontoma without removal of the associated impacted permanent tooth: report of cases.
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Child↗
Management of impacted teeth.
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Bicuspid↗
Three-generation reproduction study on carmine of cochineal in the rat.
Carmine was fed continuously to male and female rats over three generations at dietary concentrations that provided intakes of 50, 150 or 500 mg carmine/kg body weight/day. In adult animals of all generations there were no effects of treatment on body-weight gain, food and water intakes or fertility. At autopsy the weights and the gross and microscopic appearance of the organs were normal. In the teratological investigations, examination of the foetal skeletons of the F3 generation revealed a slightly more advanced stage of ossification in all treated groups compared to those of the control. Survival, growth and development of offspring were similar in each group apart from a slight delay in the time of tooth eruption in the 150- and 500-mg/kg groups of the first and second generations. This was not seen in the final generation. It is concluded that carmine had no untoward effects on the growth and fertility of adult rats, or on the ante- and postnatal development of their offspring when given continuously at doses of up to 500 mg/kg body weight/day in the diet throughout all phases of mating, gestation, lactation, weaning and adult life over three successive generations.
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
Energy requirements for gestation and lactation in a delayed implanter, the American badger.
1. Two adult female badgers were water-deprived and/or fasted during the last one-half to two-thirds of pregnancy while a third pregnant female received water ad libitum and was fed meat and dog food. 2. The litter size, birth weights, post partum energy consumption, growth rate, development of homeothermy, tooth eruption and date of weaning, as well as other developmental characteristics, were not significantly different between cubs born to the fed or fasted mothers. 3. The energy demands for gestation are apparently small and are accommodated by fat reserves during periods of food deprivation. However, the calculated energy for lactation is 16 times that of gestation, which is quadruple the expenditure for most mammals. 4. As a result of delayed implantation, the length of gestation and litter weights of badgers are considerably below those predicted from allometric equations. 5. The period of lactation is therefore extremely critical to the survival of both the cubs and lactating adults which require heavy fat stores and possibly torpor to ensure sufficient energy availability during prolonged winter food shortage.
Animals↗
Intrusion of posterior teeth with magnets: an experiment in nongrowing baboons.
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Alveolar Process↗
The effects of infraocclusion: Part 2. The type of movement of the adjacent teeth and their vertical development.
This second article discusses how the inclusion of a vertical component (the infraocclusion of the deciduous molar) into the otherwise horizontal band of transseptal fibers affects the vertical development of the two adjacent teeth. From the hypothesis proposed in the first article of this series, it seemed logical to assume that the occlusal heights of the teeth adjacent to the affected tooth would themselves be lowered, when measured to the inferior border of the mandible and compared with the height of the occlusal table of the control side. Secondly, since the vertical component affects only one side of each adjacent tooth, these teeth would be tilted about a center of rotation which is much higher (coronal) than is seen in a tooth that merely tips forward as the result of available space in the immediate vicinity in the arch. In this study, both these assumptions were confirmed, with a very high degree of statistical significance.
Bicuspid↗
Long-term occlusal guidance of a severely intoxicated patient with yusho (PCB poisoning): a case report.
The peculiar dentoorofacial characteristics and 12 years of interdisciplinary management of a patient who was severely intoxicated with the man-made chemical polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are described in this case report. Cephalometric measurements showed that the SNA and SNB angles were reduced but that the developments in height and skeletal maturity were in normal ranges. Gingival hyperpigmentation that was caused by high blood PCB concentration was extremely slow to fade. A cystic mass, diffused trabeculae, and irregular calcification, which were shown on the radiograph and which were caused by high blood levels of PCB, changed gradually. However, the patient had periodontal disease because of horizontal alveolar bone resorption and a deep periodontal pocket, despite good plaque control. After the PCB poisoning the tooth roots were hypoplastic and dilacerated. One root was extracted because of chronic periodontitis. Some teeth were impacted, malposed, or ankylosed.
Adolescent↗
The effect of facial growth, attrition, and age on the distance from the cementoenamel junction to the alveolar bone crest in the deciduous dentition.
The aim of this study was to describe the distances from the cementoenamel junction to the alveolar bone crest (CEJ-ABC) in the deciduous dentition and to relate them to age, facial, and tooth structure in 72 dry human skulls. Age correlated significantly with anterior face height (AntFH), the distance from condyle to gnathion (Co-Gn), lateral face height (LatFH), molar anatomic crown (MAC), and molar space (MS). The CEJ-ABC per skull and for the molars correlated with age, LatFH, AntFH, Co-Gn, MS, and MAC. The CEJ-ABC for the canines and the incisors correlated with age, LatFH, AntFH, and Co-GN. Multiple regression analysis on the effect of age, AntFH, LatFH, Co-Gn, and MAC on the CEJ-ABC distances indicated that they account for 36.3% of the CEJ-ABC distance per skull, 68.8% for the molars, 34.3% for the canines, and 44.2% for the incisors. The effect of each variable while controlling for the others indicated that age, LatFH, and MAC had a significant effect on the CEJ-ABC of the molars, whereas only age had a significant effect on the CEJ-ABC of the canines and incisors. These results indicate that there is a site-specific effect of facial growth and attrition on the CEJ-ABC distances in the deciduous dentition.
Age Factors↗
Alterations in sensorimotor development: relationship to postnatal alcohol exposure.
The sensory, motor, and physical development of rats reared by dams, artificially reared on milk formula alone, or on milk formula combined with alcohol was examined. The rats given alcohol received 6.6 g/kg/day, which was administered either as 12 fractions distributed uniformly over 24 hours and resulted in stable blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) of 85 mg/dl, or condensed into 4 fractions over 8 hours and resulted in maximum and minimum BACs of 411 mg/dl and 45 mg/dl, respectively. Pups were reared artificially from postnatal days 4 to 12 with alcohol exposure occurring on days 4 to 10. A sensorimotor test battery was then administered from postnatal day 12 to postnatal day 30. The condensed alcohol exposure resulted in age-dependent hyperactivity, a delay in tooth eruption, disruption of balance and of the ability to use the hindlimbs in a coordinated fashion, and a delay in the acquisition of the midair righting reflex. The midair righting reflex also was disrupted by uniform alcohol exposure. Thus, postnatal alcohol exposure that produces high BACs causes more severe developmental aberrations than the same daily dose administered in a pattern producing low BACs.
Animals↗