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PubMed1986

Tooth discoloration induced by endodontic sealers.

Endodontic therapy often results in discoloration of the tooth crown. The main causes are blood, necrotic pulp tissue, and endodontic materials. The staining potentials of various materials were examined in vitro by means of a visual method for tooth color determination. Extracted premolars were prepared, and the following sealers were introduced into the pulp cavities: Zinc oxide eugenol cement, Grossman's cement, AH26, Diaket, N2, Riebler's paste, Tubliseal, and Endomethasone. Before the sealers were applied, the original tooth colors were assessed on the external buccal tooth surfaces. Further color determinations were carried out at regular intervals up to 6 months after introduction of the sealers. Each material induced measurable tooth discoloration within 3 weeks. Riebler's paste caused the most severe discoloration while Diaket caused a mild stain. The other materials produced intermediate discolorations between those of Riebler and Diaket.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1989

The effect of human blood on the sealing ability of root canal sealers: an in vitro study.

The effect of human blood and moisture contamination on the sealing ability of six commonly used root canal sealers was studied. The materials tested--Tubliseal, Diaket, AH26, Nogenol, Roth, and Endomethasone sealers--were placed in root canals with laterally condensed gutta-percha. The specimens were immediately immersed in blood or saline solution or kept dry for 2 hours. All the teeth were then subjected to methylene blue dye for 1 hour. A comparison of the seal was made by observation of dye penetration around the filling materials. Under all conditions, Tubliseal exhibited the least amount of marginal penetration, followed by AH 26. There was no significant difference in the depth of dye penetration between Diaket and Tubliseal in dry and wet conditions. Although AH 26, Nogenol, Roth, and Endomethasone sealers showed comparable sealing ability under dry conditions, the sealing ability of AH 26 and Diaket was superior to that of Nogenol, Roth, and Endomethasone sealers in moisture contamination. A significant drop in the seals afforded by AH26, Diaket, Roth, and Endomethasone sealers was recorded when these materials were immersed in blood. On the other hand, immersion in blood caused no significant change in the sealing ability of Nogenol.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1992

Usage test of four endodontic sealers in Macaca fascicularis monkeys.

Root canals with vital pulps in four Macaca fascicularis monkeys were subjected to pulp extirpation and root filling with gutta-percha and sealer, either AH26, Endomethasone, Kloroperka N-phi, or ProcoSol. Observation periods were 1 and 6 months. The results of treatment were evaluated by radiographic analysis (periapical index scores) and by histopathologic assessment of the remaining pulp and periapical tissues. Sixty roots with acceptable termination (between 0.5 and 3 mm from apex) of the root fillings and adequate histopathologic specimens were available for analysis. These roots were equally distributed in each observation period group and among the four material groups. Radiography indicated periapical pathosis in 6 of the 60 roots--4 at 1 month and 2 at 6 months. Periapical inflammation was observed on histopathologic examination in 17 roots--11 after 1 month and 6 after 6 months. Histologic and radiographic assessment of periapical inflammation was significantly correlated (p less than 0.01, chi 2) at the 6-month observation period. No granuloma or cyst formation was evident on histologic examination. The magnitude of the inflammatory response appeared unrelated to the endodontic sealer used, and several inflammatory foci were not related to foreign bodies in the tissues. Bacteriologic sampling showed growth in thioglycollate broth cultures in 9 of the 60 roots, but the presence of cultivable bacteria by this technique was unrelated to inflammatory changes. Histologic demonstration of bacteria was positive in 4 roots, all of which were associated with inflammatory periapical reactions. The method applied in the present study did not provide a sensitive discrimination among endodontic materials of widely different chemical composition.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1992

Antimicrobial activity of seven root canal sealers. Results of agar diffusion and agar dilution tests.

A comparative study of the antimicrobial action of seven root canal sealers: Traitement Spad, Endométhasone, N2 Universal, Diaket-A, AH26 with silver, Tubli Seal, and Sealapex was done with 120 strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Two antimicrobial susceptibility tests were used: the agar dilution test and the agar diffusion test. The Diaket-A and Traitement Spad sealer cements showed the highest efficiency in the dilution test, whereas Diaket-A was in fourth place in the diffusion test, only better than the antimicrobial activity of the Tubli Seal and Sealapex sealers.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1993

Dimensional changes of endodontic sealers.

The purpose of this study was a long-term comparison of the dimensional changes of endodontic sealers of diverse properties. The sealers were injected as thin layers on the internal walls of glass pipettes 1 mm in diameter. The pipettes were filled with deionized water, and the water meniscus levels were recorded periodically up to 180 days. The water was removed from the pipettes, samples were allowed to dry, and the mass and the volume of the sealers were measured. AH26 and Endo-Fill had an initial expansion followed by a volumetric loss. The two zinc oxide eugenol-based sealers studied started to shrink within hours after mixing; the first volumetric loss for AH26 was recorded during the first 30 days and for Endo-Fill after 30 days. The least dimensional change at any time was observed for Endo-Fill. It was concluded that a significant dimensional change and continued volume loss can occur in some endodontic sealers.

Absorption↗
PubMed1986

Inhibitors of ex vivo aggregation of human platelets induced by decompression, during reduced barometric pressure.

It has been shown experimentally ex vivo that human platelet aggregation is induced by decompression (reduced pressure) produced by various means, i.e., reduced barometric pressure, reduced hydrostatic pressure, and reduced hydrodynamic pressure due to Bernoulli's principle. We report here that the spontaneous platelet aggregation induced by reduced barometric pressure (253 torr for three hours) is inhibited by 1:10(7) diluted Japanese herbal plant oil (JHP) and also by two of its major constituents, menthone and menthol with the median inhibitory concentration (IC50) in the millimolar range. These drugs gave essentially similar results when collagen and ADP were used as aggregating agents. Inhibitor concentrations were determined by microscopic examination of platelets in wet preparations when the aggregating stimulus was reduced pressure and by optical aggregometry when collagen and ADP were the aggregating agents. Potential usefulness of these compounds in the prevention of decompression syndrome (DCS) and acute mountain sickness (AMS) are discussed.

Atmospheric Pressure↗
PubMed1985

Mutagenicity of endodontic sealers.

Four endodontic sealer materials and some of their chemical constituents were subjected to Ames' test for mutagenicity with the Salmonella/microsome assay. Extracts of two zinc oxide-eugenol based materials and of one gutta-percha-zinc oxide-chloroform based sealer were negative in the test. Extracts of a synthetic polymer material, based on epoxy-bis-phenol A, induced mutations in Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 as did extracts of the epoxy-bis-phenol A resin alone. Formaldehyde, an active ingredient from one of the ZnO-based materials, induced mutations in both Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100. The mutagenic activity of formaldehyde as well as of the epoxy material was reduced in the presence of rat liver microsomes.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1985

An in vitro model for testing biocompatibility of endodontic materials to bone.

Calvaria from 6-day old mice labelled 4 days previously with 45CaCl2 were divided into test and control halves and each half cultured separately in vitro. Eluents from four endodontic materials, endomethasone, zinc oxide/eugenol, AH26 and gutta-percha were added separately to the culture medium of each test half. After 24 and 48 h culturing periods, the 45CaCl2 in the media and calvaria was measured by a standard liquid scintillation counting technique and a resorption ratio between test and control halves was computed. This ratio, based on cell mediated resorption, was an indication of toxicity of soluble components of each endodontic material. In accordance with the literature, endomethasone was found, with our method, to be the most toxic and gutta-percha the least toxic of the materials tested. This shows that our model can be used to test the toxicity of other biomaterials to bone cells in vitro.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1995

Maxillary sinus aspergillosis: diagnosis and differentiation of the pathogenesis based on computed tomography densitometry of sinus concretions.

PURPOSE: The efficacy of preoperative computed tomography (CT) densitometry in evaluating the origin of sinus concretions (SC) in sinus aspergillosis (SA) and its value for differentiation between a dental (endodontic) and an aerogenic pathogenesis were examined. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-two patients who demonstrated radiodense maxillary sinus concretions in standard radiography underwent an additional preoperative CT examination of the maxillary sinus and the SC. The density of the SC and the root canal filling materials was assessed. The SC were subdivided into organic (< 1,500 HU) and inorganic (> 1,500 HU) masses; this classification was useful in the differentiation between a dental and an aerogenic pathogenesis of SA. RESULTS: SA was diagnosed in 22 patients (68.8%). The SC of SA patients had a density of 2,566.5 +/- 713.6 HU, whereas those of patients without SA had a density of 1,159.9 +/- 1,008.4 HU (P < .01). A correlation between the density of inorganic SC and that of root filling materials was found (r = .78, P < .01). CONCLUSION: CT densitometry allows a classification of SC into two subgroups. The correlation between the density of root filling materials and that of radiodense sinus concretions seems to point to a "dental" origin of some concretions in SA. However, "organic" masses found in CT densitomentric examinations represent endogenous fungal products, which indicate an aerogenic pathogenesis of SA. Additional CT examinations of radiodense sinus concretions may thus be of some value for diagnosing SA and differentiating their pathogenesis.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of the marginal integrity of in vivo and in vitro Class II composite restorations.

In the present study Class II resin composite restorations were placed under in vivo and in vitro conditions. For the in vivo part. Class II preparations were cut in teeth destined for extraction for orthodontic reasons. The preparations were completed with the gingival margin in enamel and restored using six different combinations restorative techniques and materials. The teeth were extracted after 4-6 weeks. In the in vitro part similar preparations were cut in extracted teeth and restored using the selected material-technique combinations. The in vitro specimens were thermocycled and mechanically loaded at 125 N for a total of 4000 cycles. All in vivo and in vitro samples were stored in a dye solution, sectioned and inspected for microleakage. Microleakage was observed in all the in vivo specimens with only 60% of the in vitro specimens demonstrating microleakage. These results indicate the limitation of laboratory investigations in predicting the microleakage performance of Class II composite resin restorations under clinical circumstances.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1994

Extracts and fractions of Thymus capitatus exhibit antimicrobial activities.

Preliminary phytochemical screening of the plant Thymus capitatus exhibited the presence of saponins, resins, flavonoids, essential and fixed oils. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts (10-200 mg/ml) as well as saponin, resin and essential oil of the plant (10-5000 micrograms/ml inhibited the growth of several bacteria and fungi.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

Antimicrobial activity of 10-isobutyryloxy-8,9-epoxythymol isobutyrate.

10-Isobutyryloxy-8,9-epoxythymol isobutyrate was found to be a major constituent of Inula helenium and Inula royleana root cultures. The compound showed moderate antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherischia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2006

In vitro antibacterial activity of endodontic sealers.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of four endodontic sealers: one epoxy resin sealer (AH Plus), two zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE)-based sealers (Endomèthasone, Pulp Canal Sealer), and one sealer containing both ZOE and orthophenilphenol (Vcanalare). METHODS: A direct contact test (DCT) was performed. A 10 microl suspension of Enterococcus faecalis was placed on the test material 20 min, 24 h and 7 days after mixing. Bacteria were allowed to directly contact the sealers for 1h at 37 degrees C. Bacterial growth was then spectrophotometrically measured every 30 min for 7 h, and again after 24 h as well. RESULTS: All freshly mixed sealers showed complete inhibition of bacterial growth. Similar results were obtained with the 24-h-old samples, with the exception of AH Plus. Vcanalare was the only sealer still inhibiting bacterial growth 7 days after mixing. CONCLUSIONS: The antimicrobial activity of the tested sealers depends on the time interval between mixing and testing. All sealers exhibit bactericidal effect when freshly mixed, but only Vcanalare extended this effect until 7 days after setting.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2004

Mycetoma of the maxillary sinus: endodontic and microbiological correlations.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to show the capacity of zinc oxide and eugenol to affect the growth of Aspergillus fumigatus. STUDY DESIGN: An in vitro microbiological analysis was conducted on samples from infected maxillary sinuses and on 3 different endodontic sealers. RESULTS: Tests showed that zinc oxide in solution favors the growth of Aspergillus fumigatus, while eugenol inhibits this growth, even when mixed with zinc oxide powder. This inhibiting effect decreases over time. A reduced effectiveness was demonstrated over a 75-day period. CONCLUSIONS: The hypothesis is that the diminishing concentration of eugenol over time in endodontic sealers allows the zinc oxide to support growth of Aspergillus fumigatus. This is reinforced by clinical experience, where mycetoma has developed years after endodontic therapy with excess sealer in the maxillary sinus.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2006

Anesthesia following overfilling of a root canal sealer into the mandibular canal: a case report.

The surgical treatment of a case of anesthesia that occurred with the extrusion of Endomethasone root canal sealer into the mandibular canal is presented. Endomethasone is a neurotoxic root canal sealer containing paraformaldehyde and eugenol. The literature indicates immediate surgical decompression on the extrusion of Endomethasone into the mandibular canal. In our case, the decompression surgery was done 3 weeks after the endodontic mishap. The nearly complete resolution of anesthesia 4 months following the decompression surgery suggests that the neurotoxic effects of Endomethasone are still reversible after 3 weeks.

Adult↗