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PubMed1980

Penicillin G susceptibility of "rural" staphylococcus aureus.

A total of 9,955 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) from an urban hospital and clinic and from rural office settings obtained during 1971 through 1978 were compared for susceptibility to penicillin G. Clear downward trends in susceptibility of SA were noted for all urban settings during the 1970s. In 1978, penicillin G susceptibility of SA in an urban community practice (16.3 percent) was actually less than that in the urban hospitals in the same city (17.1 percent). Penicillin G susceptibility of SA from two rural sources was likewise very low (20.9 percent and 28.7 percent). Therefore, Staphylococcus aureus must be considered resistant to penicillin G until proven otherwise, irrespective of the source of the isolate.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1998

Sources of intramammary infections from Staphylococcus aureus in dairy heifers at first parturition.

The study objective was to identify probable sources and modes of transmission of 91 Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from the colostrum of 76 heifers at parturition. Sources cultured were milk (including colostrum), heifer body sites (teats, muzzle, rectum, vagina, and lacteal secretions), and environmental sites (bedding, insects, housing, water, feedstuffs, humans, nonbovine animals, air, and equipment). Staphylococcus aureus isolates were characterized by 63 phenotypic traits. A similarity coefficient was calculated by herd to identify the S. aureus that most closely resembled the S. aureus obtained from heifer colostrum. Staphylococcus aureus from a heifer's colostrum was compared with all preexisting S. aureus isolates from that heifer's herd. Isolates that were > or = 90% similar were considered to be identical. Because 30 (of the 91) S. aureus isolates from heifer colostrum were collected prior to environmental sampling, only 61 S. aureus isolates from heifer colostrum were available for comparison among all three sources. Possible sources of S. aureus from heifer colostrum at parturition were milk (70%, 43 of 61 isolates), heifer body sites (39%, 24 of 61), environmental sites (28%, 17 of 61), or no identified source (16%, 10 of 61). Three heifers with intramammary infection (IMI) from S. aureus at parturition had the same S. aureus on their teats prior to parturition. Milk was the only source identified for 41% (25 of 61) of isolates from heifer colostrum. Isolates from heifer body sites were the only source identified for 5% (3 of 61) of heifer colostrum isolates. Staphylococcus aureus from the environment was never the sole possible source for S. aureus from heifer colostrum. Data suggest that the major sources of S. aureus IMI in heifers at parturition are milk and heifer body sites. Contact among heifers may be an important mode of transmission of S. aureus leading to IMI in heifers at parturition.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Reactivity of type-specific monoclonal antibodies with Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates and purified capsular polysaccharide.

Staphylococcus aureus has been classified into at least eight different capsular types by using polyclonal rabbit antisera specific for their associated capsular polysaccharides. We produced and characterized monoclonal antibodies reactive with two serologically distinct capsular types, types 5 and 8, which account for more than 70% of all S. aureus bacteremias. These type-specific, monoclonal antibodies reacted with S. aureus clinical isolates possessing the homologous capsular type and exhibited no cross-reactivity against S. aureus clinical isolates possessing the heterologous capsular type, nontypeable S. aureus clinical isolates, Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolates, or a variety of gram-negative organisms. The anti-type 8 monoclonal antibodies also reacted with purified capsular polysaccharide derived from the prototype type 8 S. aureus strain.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed2001

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy sites.

BACKGROUND: Antibiotic prophylaxis for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy insertion remains controversial. The bacteriology of peristomal infection following percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy insertion has been poorly studied, leading to uncertainty regarding the optimum choice of antibiotic for prophylaxis. AIM: To investigate the bacteriology of peristomal infection following percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy insertion and to determine the contribution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS: Nasal and pharyngeal swabs were taken from a consecutive series of patients prior to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy insertion over a 6-month period. Bacterial colonization and infection at the peristomal site were prospectively evaluated at days 2/3 and 7 post-insertion. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients underwent percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy insertion (mean age, 68 years; cerebrovascular disease, 52%). Naso-pharyngeal colonization by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (35%) invariably led to peristomal colonization following percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy insertion. Peristomal infection occurred in eight (26%) cases (seven (88%) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus- positive). Peristomal infection was significantly more likely to occur in patients with naso-pharyngeal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization (odds ratio, 10.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-70.9). CONCLUSIONS: Naso-pharyngeal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization invariably predicts peristomal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization following percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy insertion, and is associated with an increased peristomal infection rate. Currently recommended antibiotic prophylaxis regimens may be inappropriate in institutions with significant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization rates.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Evidence for three different fibrinogen-binding proteins with unique properties from Staphylococcus aureus strain Newman.

Binding of extracellular components of Staphylococcus aureus strain Newman to fibrinogen and prothrombin was investigated. Affinity-purified material from fibrinogen- and prothrombin-Sepharose was analysed on immunoblots, and two proteins with coagulase activity were identified. The two coagulases were produced in a sequential manner during staphylococcal growth. An 87 kDa fibrinogen-binding coagulase was produced mainly during the exponential growth phase and was replaced by a 60 kDa fibrinogen- and prothrombin-binding coagulase which was produced mainly during the post-exponential growth phase. In addition, a 19 kDa fibrinogen-binding protein was constitutively produced. Analyses of immunogenic properties and NH2-terminal sequences suggested that the 19, 60 and 87 kDa fibrinogen-binding proteins are not closely related. The NH2-terminal sequence of the 87 kDa protein is identical to a previously described coagulase from Staphylococcus aureus strain 8325-4. The 19 kDa fibrinogen-binding protein, which spontaneously aggregates into dimers and larger molecular weight complexes, had a unique NH2-terminal sequence.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

[Experimental study of topical uses of para-chloro-methyl-xylenol in burns: therapeutic effect against Staphylococcus aureus].

The therapeutic effect of para-chloro-methyl-xylenol (PCMX), a disinfectant of phenol compound, against Staphylococcus aureus infection in burns is evaluated in the present article. The MIC of PCMX is 50 micrograms/ml. Experimental study was done on deep burn wounds of white rabbit. Bacterial stock of Staphylococcus aureus was inoculated on the wound surface 15 min after the burn. Five hours later, cream base, and creams of 1% silver sulfadiazine (Ag-SD) and 5% PCMX were topically applied followed by dressing change once a day. Biopsy was performed on the third postburn day. Samples of subeschar tissue were sent for bacterial count and pathological examination. The average bacterial count per gram of subeschar tissue of cream base, Ag-SD cream, and PCMX cream groups was 4.69 X 10(8), 3.05 X 10(6), zero, respectively. Gross inspection of the wound surface showed dry and intact in PCMX cream group, while in the other two groups autolysis of the eschar were seen. Microscopic examination of the pathological sections indicated a generalized lesion with degeneration and necrosis of the epithelium and the dermis, subcutaneous edema, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and degeneration of myofascia. The lesion seen in PCMX group was mild. While those of the other two groups were severe with the amount distribution of Staphylococcus aureus and more severe in the cream base group. Results of the study demonstrated that PCMX is an effective antimicrobial agent against Staphylococcus aureus. Its better therapeutic effect might be due to a higher concentration of PCMX cream than that reported in the literature was used in the present study.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2007

Identification of the capsular polysaccharides in Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates by PCR and agglutination tests.

Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. The predominance of two capsular polysaccharides, types 5 and 8, on the surface of clinical isolates led to the development of a conjugate vaccine (StaphVAX) based on capsular polysaccharides types 5 and 8 conjugated to a carrier protein. We have studied the capsular phenotypes and genotypes of 195 isolates representative of all clinical syndromes that encompassed both hospital and community-acquired infections. These isolates were mainly detected in France between January 2001 and December 2004. In this population, most of clinical isolates (87%) expressed either capsular polysaccharide type 5 (42%) or 8 (45%), whereas 13% were nontypeable by the serotyping method with antibodies specific to capsular polysaccharide type 5 or 8. These 26 nontypeable strains were further serotyped and were demonstrated to express the cell wall surface antigen 336, a polyribitol phosphate N-acetylglucosamine, which resembles cell wall teichoic acid. Among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, we found a predominance of serotype 5 for 64% of strains, whereas MSSA isolates were predominantly capsular serotype 8 (60%). All S. aureus clinical isolates included in the present study have been investigated by PCR method, demonstrating that all isolates carried either the cap5 or the cap8 locus.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2003

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): the associated risk factors.

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) infections are common among hospitalized patients in whom surgical/medical therapy provides easy and ample opportunity for infection. The present study was conducted to examine the incidence of MRSA amongst patients from burns and orthopaedic units which are high risk units, and to see the correlation of the risk factors associated with these infections. Four hundred and fifty patients from the above two units were included with complete clinical details. Pus samples/swabs were transported in glucose broth and subsequent identification of MRSA was based on standard techniques. The incidence of MRSA infection was found to be 17.5% while the nasal carriage of this pathogen was seen in 2.9% patients. The risk factors which were found to be significantly associated with these infections were prolonged hospital stay, (16.95+6.7d) previous history of hospitalization during the last three months (38%), intake of broad spectrum antibiotics within the last two weeks (39.2%), prior history of intake of any intravenous drug (6.3%) and carriage of Staphylococcus aureus (30.3%) particularly MRSA (61.5%) in nose. Since these risk factors were found to be significant, it is therefore essential to control and prevent these factors to minimize the spread of these multi drug resistant MRSA infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Staphylococcus aureus in the hospital milieu].

This study concern the distribution and sensibility towards some antibiotics of 318 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in bacteriological samples coming from la Rabta hospital units. The study of distribution shows that 75% of these strains are isolated in bacteriological samples coming from surgery and intensive care unit dermatology unit, and ear nose and throat unit. The bacteriological samples are matter, blood, and intensive care materials. The study of sensibility found a high frequency of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. These strains are also resistant towards macrolide and lincosamide. MLSB resistance is the predominant phenotypic aspect. It was also observed that all of Staphylococcus aureus gentamicin resistant strains were also resistant toward methicillin. At last is seems that pritinamicin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and ofloxacin, are good alternatives for treatment of staphylococcus aureus infections diseases.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2001

Antimicrobial susceptibility of respiratory isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus aureus in Italy: incidence and trends over the period 1997-1999.

The antibiotic susceptibility of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from the respiratory tract was assessed over the period 1997-1999 as part of the Italian Epidemiological Observatory survey sponsored by the Smith-Kline Foundation. A standardised method was used to determine the MICs of 22 antibiotics against isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=870), Escherichia coli (n=684), Enterobacter cloacae (n=342), Enterobacter aerogenes (n=187) and Serratia marcescens (n=135) as well as the MICs of 11 antibiotics against isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (n=1,606). Overall, the susceptibility rate of Enterobacteriaceae isolates was > or = 90% to 5 agents (meropenem, imipenem, amikacin, cefepime and gentamicin); 89-80% to 2 agents (ciprofloxacin and tobramycin); and <80% to 11 agents (cefotaxime, piperacillin-tazobactam, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cefetamet, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, aztreonam, ticarcillin-clavulanate, tetracycline, piperacillin, cefuroxime, chloramphenicol, ticarcillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate and amoxicillin). During the 3-year monitoring period, antibiotic susceptibility increased in Klebsiella pneumoniae against amoxicillin-clavulanate, in Escherichia coli against third-generation cephalosporins and aztreonam, in Enterobacter aerogenes against amoxicillin and piperacillin-tazobactam and in Serratia marcescens against most of the antibiotics. In contrast, Enterobacter cloacae showed a tendency to develop resistance to cefetamet, amikacin and ciprofloxacin. Of the total number of Staphylococcus aureus strains, 38% were methicillin resistant. Nearly 80% of the methicillin-resistant strains displayed a multiresistance pattern (additional resistance to 2 or more non-beta-lactam antibiotics). Rates of susceptibility of particular species (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus) were compared using strains from different geographical areas of Italy (northern, central and southern) and from different nosocomial areas (outpatients, intensive care unit [ICU] inpatients, non-ICU inpatients). Susceptibility of Klebsiella pneumoniae to several antibiotics was lower in southern Italy, whereas the incidence of methicillin-resistant strains was higher in northern and central Italy. The susceptibility of Escherichia coli was similar in all three areas. No significant differences in susceptibility of Klebsiella pneumoniae or Escherichia coli were found between strains from inpatients and outpatients or from inpatients admitted to ICU and non-ICU units. The incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was higher in ICU inpatients (52%) than in non-ICU inpatients (38%) and lower in outpatients (19%) than in inpatients.

Drug Resistance, Bacterial↗
PubMed1985

[Frequency of toxic-shock-syndrome-toxin producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus in the Basel region].

An attempt was made to explain the fact that toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is far less often observed among Swiss women than in the USA. To this end, 353 patients were examined for vaginal infection with Staphylococcus aureus, and 131 strains of Staphylococcus aureus of various origins tested for the formation of "toxic shock syndrome toxin one" (TSST-1). In addition, the patients were questioned about the use of tampons for menstrual hygiene. Taking all age groups into consideration, 2.3% of the 353 patients, and 4.8% of those younger than 27 years, were Staphylococcus aureus carriers. 19.8% of the tested strains of Staphylococcus aureus produced TSST-1. Since these figures are comparable with the US statistics, they afford no explanation for the difference in the incidence of TSS. On the other hand, it seems very probable that the much less common use of tampons, especially the highly absorbent variety, could be responsible. It is also possible that TSS is less often recognized and reported in Switzerland.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Neonatal osteomyelitis associated with Staphylococcus aureus in turkey poults.

A case of Staphylococcus aureus infection causing osteomyelitis in young turkey poults is described. Mortality during the first week after hatching was 12.6%. Poults showed leg weakness, inflammation of all four toes, swelling of feet and hock joints, and osteomyelitis of the proximal tibiotarsus. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from exudate in the hock joints and footpads. Granulocytic infiltration and colonies of gram-positive coccoid bacteria compatible with S. aureus were found on microscopic examination of the lesions. Toe trimming after hatching is believed to have provided a portal of entry for S. aureus, which resulted in infection of the toes and spread along tendons to joints and bones of the leg. Neonatal staphylococcal osteomyelitis should be considered when recently placed turkey flocks experience increased mortality, especially if they develop severe swelling and inflammation of toes following trimming and have enlarged swollen feet, tendons, or joints.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Community-acquired methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus: an emerging problem in the athletic population.

Participants of contact sports are at risk for outbreaks of skin and soft tissue infection. Causes of reported outbreaks include Staphylococcus aureus, herpes simplex virus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and several fungi. Although once thought of solely as a nosocomial pathogen, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has been identified as an emerging problem in the community, particularly in the athletic population. Despite a recent increase in reported outbreaks of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus soft tissue infection in athletic teams, many sports medicine physicians are unfamiliar with the epidemiology of this pathogen. It is spread via person-to-person contact and is harbored within the anterior nares and on the skin of carriers. Outbreaks of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus soft tissue infection are not treated by traditional beta-lactam antibiotics, and they can be difficult to eradicate. Such infections have been associated with significant morbidity, with up to 70% of involved team members requiring hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics. A thorough understanding of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is essential for the sports medicine physician to properly identify, treat, and control infectious outbreaks.

Community-Acquired Infections↗
PubMed2001

Analogs of Eap protein are conserved and prevalent in clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates.

Map and Eap are secreted Staphylococcus aureus proteins that interact with various extracellular matrix molecules. PCR analysis using map primers yielded positive reactions in 97.9% of S. aureus isolates but not in Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates. Cloning and sequencing of the conferring genes revealed a high degree of overall homology combined with size variability of the gene product due to various repeat numbers and early translation termination in a poly(A) region. Thus, Map and Eap may provide a potential novel tool for S. aureus identification and typing.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Impact of methicillin resistance on outcome of Staphylococcus aureus ventilator-associated pneumonia.

The impact of methicillin resistance on morbidity and mortality of patients suffering from severe Staphylococcus aureus infections remains highly controversial. We analyzed a retrospective cohort of 97 patients with methicillin-susceptible and 74 patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Initial empiric antibiotic therapy was appropriate for every patient. Patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus VAP were older, had higher disease-severity scores, and had been on mechanical ventilation longer at onset of VAP. Factors associated with 28-day mortality retained by multivariate logistic regression analysis were: age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.08, p = 0.001) and Day 1 organ dysfunctions or infection (ODIN) score (OR = 1.90, 95% CI, 1.31-2.78, p = 0.001), but not methicillin resistance (OR = 1.72, 95% CI, 0.73-4.05, p = 0.22). The percentages of infection relapse or superinfection did not differ significantly between the two patient groups. In conclusion, after controlling for clinical and physiologic heterogeneity between groups, methicillin resistance did not significantly affect 28-day mortality of patients with Staphylococcus aureus VAP receiving appropriate antibiotics.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2007

Evaluation of mannitol salt agar, CHROMagar Staph aureus and CHROMagar MRSA for detection of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from nasal swab specimens.

Mannitol salt agar (MSA), CHROMagar Staph aureus (CSA) and CHROMagar MRSA (CSA-MRSA) were evaluated with nasal surveillance specimens for their ability to detect Staphylococcus aureus and meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). CSA was found to be more sensitive than MSA in detecting S. aureus (98 versus 84.3 %; P=0.03). CSA and CSA-MRSA were equivalent in the ability to detect MRSA at 24 h (89.7 versus 87.2 %) and at 48 h (94.9 versus 94.9 %). When combined with Staphaurex slide confirmation testing, both CSA and CSA-MRSA were highly specific (100 %) media for detecting MRSA from nasal swab specimens.

Agar↗
PubMed1998

Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in patients with cirrhosis: prospective assessment of association with infection.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if Staphylococcus aureus colonization of the anterior nares was a risk factor for S aureus infection in patients with cirrhosis and to determine the predictors of S aureus infection in colonized patients. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. PATIENTS: 84 consecutive patients with cirrhosis admitted to the liver transplant unit of a university-affiliated Veterans' Affairs Medical Center. RESULTS: Overall, 39 (46%) of the 84 patients were nasal carriers of S aureus, of which 24 (29%) were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 15 (18%) were methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Only MRSA, but never MSSA, carriage was acquired in the hospital; all 15 of the MSSA versus 14 (58%) of the 24 MRSA carriers were nasal carriers on first (admission) culture (P=.001). Of the 10 (42%) of 24 MRSA carriers who were not colonized on admission, 3 became MRSA carriers within 1 month, and 7 acquired MRSA carriage more than a month later. Higher Child-Pugh score was independently associated with MRSA carriage (odds ratio [OR], 1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI95], 1.1-2.3). S aureus nasal carriers (9 [23%] of 39) were significantly more likely to develop S aureus infections than noncarriers (2 [4%] of 45; P=.02). Central venous catheter use was associated independently with S aureus infections in the carriers (OR, 4.1; CI95 2.8-6.1). Mortality was significantly higher in carriers who developed S aureus infections as compared to those who did not (57% vs 13%; P=.022); S aureus infection was an independent predictor of mortality in the carriers (OR, 8.7; CI95, 1.2-63.8). CONCLUSIONS: Colonization of the anterior nares was a significant predictor of S aureus infection in patients with cirrhosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of S. aureus ID, a new chromogenic agar medium for detection of Staphylococcus aureus.

S. aureus ID (bioMérieux, La Balme Les Grottes, France) is a new chromogenic agar medium designed to enable the isolation of staphylococci and the specific identification of Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus produces green colonies on this medium due to production of alpha-glucosidase. To evaluate this medium, a total of 350 wound swabs were cultured onto S. aureus ID, CHROMagar Staph. aureus, and conventional media routinely used in our laboratory. After 18 to 20 h of incubation, 96.8% of strains formed green colonies on S. aureus ID compared with 91.1% of strains forming mauve colonies on CHROMagar Staph. aureus. A total of 94.3% of strains were recovered within 18 to 20 h with conventional media. The sensitivity was increased after 48 h of incubation to 98.7, 96.2, and 95.6% with S. aureus ID, CHROMagar Staph. aureus, and conventional media, respectively. A total of 97.4% of green colonies on S. aureus ID were confirmed as S. aureus compared with 94.4% of mauve colonies on CHROMagar Staph. aureus. We conclude that S. aureus ID is a highly sensitive and specific medium for the isolation and identification of S. aureus from wound swabs.

Abscess↗