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PubMed2004

Social support and social strain among husbands and wives: a multilevel analysis.

In response to recent calls in the literature for within-person examinations of social support processes over time, this study explores the relationships of spousal support, spousal strain, and well-being among husbands and wives, both within the same day and across days. Eighty-three couples were interviewed and completed a structured diary twice daily for 1 week. The results of multilevel hierarchical modeling suggest that both spousal support and spousal strain made significant, independent contributions to concurrent negative affect, although only spousal support was a significant predictor of next-day negative affect. Spousal strain interacted with spousal support to predict next-day negative affect. Direct and moderating effects of perceived marital adjustment on negative affect were discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Social evolution: kin preference in a social microbe.

Kin recognition helps cooperation to evolve in many animals, but it is uncertain whether microorganisms can also use it to focus altruistic behaviour on relatives. Here we show that the social amoeba Dictyostelium purpureum prefers to form groups with its own kin in situations where some individuals die to assist others. By directing altruism towards kin, D. purpureum should generally avoid the costs of chimaerism experienced by the related D. discoideum.

Altruism↗
PubMed2001

[Reducing income inequity and boosting social capital: new responsibilities in social epidemiological research].

This paper focuses on the fact that there are not only large inequalities in health between but also within countries. The question is raised as to whether these two types of health inequalities are caused by similar processes, and whether understanding these processes could lead to new strategies for reducing such differences. Many studies in Germany have demonstrated that mortality and morbidity are much higher for low-status as compared to high-status population groups. These health inequalities are usually explained by differences in working and living conditions, in health behaviour and in health services utilisation. For some years there has been an extensive discussion in the international Public Health community on health inequalities between countries and on how they can be explained by income inequalities, with the term "social capital" becoming a central issue. This debate has been largely neglected in Germany, but such groundwork now offers an important opportunity for a more comprehensive discussion in this country as well.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Are social workers turning a deaf ear? A study of social services to the deaf.

This study assessed the quality and quantity of social services received by deaf persons residing in Salt Lake County, Utah. It was found that although a majority of human service agencies in the county have had some contact with deaf clients, only those agencies that have made an effort to develop programs especially for the deaf and employ someone who is skilled in sign language could deliver services effectively to this population.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Social games in a social network.

We study an evolutionary version of the Prisoner's Dilemma game, played by agents placed in a small-world network. Agents are able to change their strategy, imitating that of the most successful neighbor. We observe that different topologies, ranging from regular lattices to random graphs, produce a variety of emergent behaviors. This is a contribution towards the study of social phenomena and transitions governed by the topology of the community.

Competitive Behavior↗
PubMed2004

Rural-urban differences in the social climate surrounding environmental tobacco smoke: a report from the 2002 Social Climate Survey of Tobacco Control.

CONTEXT: Although previous research has found smoking rates to be higher among residents of rural areas, few studies have investigated rural-urban differences in exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). OBJECTIVE: This study contrasted the social climate surrounding ETS among Americans who resided in 5 levels of county urbanization. DESIGN: Data were collected via telephone interviews administered to a representative sample of 3,009 civilian, noninstitutionalized adults over age 18 in the United States. Households were selected using random digit dialing procedures. FINDINGS: Compared to residents of urban counties, rural residents reported fewer restrictions on smoking in the presence of children and lower incidences of smoking bans in households, family automobiles, work areas, convenience stores, fast-food restaurants, and restaurants. Interestingly, when rural-urban variations in knowledge and attitudes about ETS were examined, the magnitude of rural-urban differences was smaller or nonexistent for these indicators. Moreover, logistic regression models indicated that none of these rural-urban differences in knowledge and attitudes persisted after statistically controlling for region, smoking status, gender, race, age, and education factors. This suggests that the observed rural-urban differences in ETS bans could not be explained adequately by rural-urban differences in knowledge and attitudes about the dangers of ETS. CONCLUSIONS: The policy implications of this research point to a greater need in rural America for programs focusing on the restriction and elimination of ETS. They also suggest that programs focusing only on influencing the levels of ETS knowledge and attitudes among the general population may not be adequate in producing the desired change.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Social class and sickness absences. A comparative study of four ways to measure social class.

Four different class measures (social groups, a socioeconomic classification, a measure by Erik Olin Wright, and a structural class concept) were applied on a gross material of 3,252 persons registered by sickness insurance authorities. The measures were compared by description of absence days, average durations, sickness rates, and sex. No significant differences were found. By associating measures and absence days, differences were found only for doctor certified days, where the structural class concept diverged. Two conclusions are drawn: When dependent variables are of ideological character, practical considerations may decide choice of class measure. In other cases, caution is advised and further research needed.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1996

From transfer to social service: a new emphasis on social policies for the aged in Japan.

The Gold Plan, the central government's attempt to build a nationwide network of care service provision for the aged, seems partly because of its patchwork character and partly because of its stress on the low-cost strategy to be running into two problems: (1) It is adding new institutional ambiguities and functional confusion to the old fragmentation, instead of producing a well-integrated system; and (2) the response to the central policy varies much across the municipalities (its carriers) so a disparity among them in the level of service provided is emerging. A "public care service insurance" scheme, in the planning stages since April 1994, will offer a solution to the first problem. However, it will leave the second problem unsolved and may introduce a market factor into the field of social service. As it is, the service provision itself is overwhelmingly entrusted to private organizations.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Sadomasochism and the social sciences: a review of the sociological and social psychological literature.

Recent literature about sadomasochism in Sociology and Social Psychology is reviewed. Studies include survey research and questionnaire studies, content analyses, ethnographic research, and critical essays. The current state of our knowledge of sadomasochism, including its defining characteristics, sadomasochistic identities, and sadomasochistic subcultures is briefly summarized.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Scaling in nests of a social wasp: a property of the social group.

The numbers of brood cells in nests built by founding swarms of the Neotropical social wasp Polybia occidentalis closely correlate with the numbers of wasps in the swarms. We analyzed nests of different sizes to determine how they scale with respect to the allocation of brood cells among combs. Three patterns were evident: compared to smaller nests, larger nests have (1) more combs and (2) larger combs; and (3) among nests containing the same number of combs, the last two combs diverge in relative size as nest size increases. Taken together, these results suggest that members of a swarm somehow "know" the size of the swarm they are in. This information feeds back to individual builders, which quantitatively modulate their responses to stigmergic cues in ways that result in the nest-size-scaled allocation of brood cells among combs. The patterns also suggest that swarms fine-tune the final size of their nests by making corrections as they build.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Medical ramifications of the federal regulation of the Social Security Disability Insurance program: Social Security and medicine.

Social Security Disability Insurance is a federally created and regulated insurance plan. The definition of disability as it relates to work capacity is exclusively the purview of government administrators. The primary physician's opinion has little, it any, impact on decision. Administering this insurance scheme requires the quantification of illness as it relates to work capacity (disability). What has evolved is a program that insures for the amount of "disease." The assumption is that with more disease, there is a greater likelihood of illness, even illness manifest as work incapacity. Leaving this underlying assumption tacit is responsible for the adversary climate that envelops the physician, the patient-claimant, and the administrators. It is also responsible for the paucity of clinical investigations into the critical issue of the amount and form of illness a diseased person will have.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1982

Federal allotments to states for social services expenditures pursuant to the Title XX-Social Services Block Grant Act; promulgation for fiscal year 1984-HHS. Notification of allocation of Title XX.

This issuance sets forth the individual allotments to States for Fiscal Year 1984 pursuant to Title XX of the Social Security Act, as amended. The allotments to the States published herein are based upon the authorization set forth in Section 2003 of the Act and are contingent upon congressional appropriations actions for the fiscal year. If the Congress enacts and the President approves an amount different from the authorization, the allotments would be adjusted proportionately.

Public Assistance↗
PubMed1998

Increasing consumer satisfaction. One social service and public health initiative shows how social marketing can increase consumer satisfaction.

The key to a successful social marketing approach to health care is continually listening to consumers' feedback and being willing to change the health product or service according to their needs and preferences. This approach can increase the likelihood of consumers being satisfied with, and continuing to utilize or provide the particular health service.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed1975

[Epidemiological study of psychiatric disorders under a social security system (Institute of Social Security and Services for Government Workers)].

The present study, fourth in the national literature about general psychiatric epidemiology, refers the experience of a social security system through the study of a sample obtained in a year of work of an important neurologic and psychiatric clinic of this system, studying relevant characteristics of 1 054 subjects in a total 7 102 acute and chronic psychiatric patients, showing a prevalence of 180 per 100 000 habitants. We found 36 different psychiatric disorders, most of them psychoneurotic in ambulatory patients and psychotic forms in hospitalized. The last ones made the 0.022% of the total sample. The biggest frecuency is made by young adults with moderate predominance of females than males. The sample is formed near the 10% by patients of 26 states of Mexican Republic. The period of major frecuency are the months of vacations of government workers, most of them of Public Education Secretary (Secretaría de Educación Pública). We comment some epidemiological articles of Mexican medical literature concerning psychiatric disorders and some socioeconomic and cultural characteristics of mental pathology in our country.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Social Security disability insurance benefits-eligibility. Barnhart, Commissioner of Social Security v. Walton.

SSA's interpretation of the Social Security Act and its regulation requiring that eligibility for benefits requires that an applicant be both impaired and unable to engage in substantial gainful activity (work) for at least 12 months was permitted by the act and the regulation was lawful. SSA was entitled to the benefit of hindsight, and even though an individual might have been awarded benefits under the act if the decision were made before the end of 12 months because the impairment and inability to work could be expected to last at least 12 months, it could deny benefits when it makes its decision after 12 months from the onset of the impairment and knows the applicant was able to work after 11 months.

Eligibility Determination↗
PubMed1989

[Ambulatory and inpatient costs for diagnosis and therapy of one AIDS patient at the Frankfurt University Clinic, with special reference to the increasing social problem, including social welfare from the time of diagnosis to death].

Exact cost analysis related to an exemplary case of AIDS disease at the university hospital of Frankfurt. There have been calculated the hospital and out patient care costs according to a completely documented case study. The calculation of the indirect costs does concern the payment of sickness benefit as well as social security costs.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1978

Financial status of social security program after the Social Security Amendments of 1977.

The Social Security Amendments of 1977 resulted in substantial improvement in the current and projected financial condition of the OASDI program. This article reviews the causes of the recent operating deficits, describes the effects of the amendments that most influence the program's financial status, and gives projections of income and expenditures under the new law. The revised benefit formula eliminates the "over-indexing" expected to occur under the old provisions and results in stable earnings-replacement ratios under practically all future economic conditions. About one-half of the long-range actuarial deficit was resolved by this step alone. Increases in the contribution and benefit base, along with tax-rate reallocations and increases, prevent the imminent depletion of the OASI and DI trust funds. Increased income due to the higher wage bases is partially offset in later years, however, by greater benefit payments based on the increases in the coverage of total earnings. Overall, under the new law the OASDI program is projected to be financed adequately for about 50 years but significant operating deficits are expected after that. The financial condition of the hospital insurance program was substantially unchanged by the amendments, however, and the HI trust fund is expected to be exhausted in 1988.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗