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PubMed1992

Screening for psychosocial dysfunction in pediatric practice. A naturalistic study of the Pediatric Symptom Checklist.

This study examined the routine implementation of the Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC), a brief questionnaire which screens for psychosocial dysfunction in school-aged children in an outpatient pediatric practice. Results indicated that the PSC was well-accepted by parents and adequately tolerated by busy clinic staff. When the PSC was included as part of the standard procedure for well-child visits, the referral rate for psychosocial problems due to positive PSC scores rose to 12% from the clinic baseline referral rate of 1.5%, a significant increase (P < .01). Half of the children who screened positive on the PSC had not been previously identified by their pediatricians as having psychosocial problems, and more than half had never received any psychological treatment. When implementation of the PSC was discontinued, the referral rate fell to 2%, a rate similar to baseline. The findings suggest that it is possible to incorporate the PSC into routine pediatric practice and that the PSC can help pediatricians identify and better serve children experiencing psychosocial difficulties. The study also suggests that further work is needed to understand the barriers to ongoing implementation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Variations in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and social problems across Canadian provinces.

OBJECTIVE: To determine provincial 12-month prevalence rates for selected psychiatric disorders and to assess the association between these and the Canadian Social Problem Index (SPI). METHOD: Psychiatric data for depression, mania, panic disorder, social phobia, and agoraphobia were derived from the results of the 2002 Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-Being. The Canadian SPI was updated for 2002, and correlations were calculated between the SPI and the 5 diagnostic prevalence values across provinces. RESULTS: The results showed that the SPI had maintained its tendency to increase from east to west in Canada, a trend reflected by depression and mania. The psychiatric disorders did not show strong correlations with the SPI in 2002, but depression and mania did show relatively strong associations with index values from earlier years. High-to-low ratios across provinces for individual social problems averaged over 5, and the results were essentially of the same magnitude for the ranges of particular psychiatric diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: The differences in need found here suggest that per capita allocation of funding for mental health and social programs may not be appropriate. The mixed findings on the association between mental disorders and social problem behaviour across provinces leads to more research questions than research answers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Morbidity risks in subtypes of unipolar depressive illness: differences between early and late onset forms.

Despite the high prevalence of unipolar depression in the general population, few genetic studies are available on subtypes of unipolar illness. We evaluated morbid risks for depression, alcoholism and/or sociopathy in the relatives of early onset (before age 40) and late onset (after age 40) unipolar patients in a sample of 106 probands consecutively admitted to the New York State Psychiatric Institute. unipolar patients with an early onset disease have a greater familial morbidity for depression, alcoholism and sociopathy than unipolar patients with a late onset disease. There is an excess of unipolar depression in female relatives of early onset unipolars when compared to late onset probands, regardless of the proband's sex. Alcoholism and sociopathy are also more prevalent in the relatives of early onset unipolars versus late onset probands. Our morbidity risk data show familial genetic differences between early and late onset forms of unipolar illness and partially confirm Winokur's concept of two subtypes of unipolar depression.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Does violence have cognitive correlates?

The relationship between cognitive function and violence in 76 remanded prisoners, without formal psychiatric illness, was investigated. The violent group tended to be of slightly lower general ability than the non-violent group, but not abnormally so in relation to the general population; no relationship was found between specific patterns of cognitive functioning and violence. The violent group reported significantly higher levels of neurotic symptoms than the non-violent group, and were more socially deviant. To a small extent, general intelligence (reasoning ability), in interaction with many other factors, may be related to a propensity for violent behaviour, but no particular aspect of cortical functioning seems to be related to violence.

Cognition↗
PubMed2000

Frequency, comorbidity, and psychosocial impairment of specific phobia in adolescents.

Investigated the frequency, comorbidity, and psychosocial impairment of specific phobia and specific fears among 1,035 adolescents 12 to 17 years old. The adolescents were recruited from 36 schools in the province of Bremen, Germany. Specific phobia and other psychiatric disorders were coded based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. [DSM-IV]; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) criteria using the computerized Munich version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (Wittchen & Pfister, 1996). Thirty-six (3.5%) of the adolescents met DSM-IV criteria for specific phobia sometime in their life. Of all the subtypes of specific phobia, animal and natural environment phobia were the most common. More girls than boys received the diagnosis of specific phobia. One third of the adolescents with specific phobia also had depressive and somatoform disorders. Despite the high level of psychosocial impairment experienced by individuals with specific phobia both during the worst episode of their disorder and in the last 4 weeks, only a small portion of them sought professional help.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Drug patterns in the chronic marijuana user.

The study examined the drug patterns and attitudes of a heavy marijuana user sample drawn from the local "counter-culture." The results indicate that the heavier marijuana user has a different subjective attitude and perception of the drug's effect than a light user. Second, multiple drug usage is, in general, the current and accepted mode within the sample. Finally, it appears that age of initial usage of a specific agent, duration, frequency of usage, and perceived drug effects may be dependent variables with reference to heavy marijuana and multiple drug usage. With respect to these variables, the question arises concerning what proportion of lighter drug using samples may, with time, adopt heavier and more varied drug patterns.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Supporting primary and secondary pupils with communication and behaviour problems.

Numerous studies have identified communication skills as being most predictive of long-term school success. A Communication Opportunity Group Scheme (COGS) took place in a primary and secondary school involving 36 students aged 7-15 years. There were 24 subjects in two types of teaching group and 12 controls. One group was taught for an hour a week over ten weeks (weekly) and the other for two hours daily over five days (intensive) by teachers trained in the COGS method. Experimental groups showed significant gains compared with controls. Integrating systematic teaching of communication into the curriculum may significantly increase pupil performance. The project has fostered a learning community of schools, support services, national charities and the university.

Adolescent↗