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PubMed1992

[Face recognition in preschool children: effects of familiarity, facial expression and angle of view].

The purpose of this study was to investigate the face recognition processes in preschool children. Two experiments were carried out to examine the effects, on face recognition, of familiarity, facial expression and angle of view of faces as well as changes or no changes in facial expression and/or angle of view occurring between the first presentation and the subsequent recognition test. The subjects were 188 five- and six-year old children. In Experiments 1 and 2, half of the faces were highly familiar to the subjects, and the remaining half unfamiliar to them. In Experiment 1, the facial expressions (e.g., smiling or serious) were either changed or unchanged. In Experiment 2, the facial expressions or angles of view (e.g., full-face views or three-quarter views of faces) were either changed or unchanged. The major findings were that the familiar faces and the smiling faces were recognized more correctly than the unfamiliar faces and the serious faces respectively. The results were discussed in terms of 'identity-specific semantic codes' and 'visually-derived semantic codes'.

Child↗
PubMed1995

[Interrelationship between the facial expression and familiarity: analysis using spatial filtering and inverted presentation].

We investigated interrelationship between the facial expression and familiarity using spatial filtering and inverted presentation. The stimuli were facial images (smiling and neutral faces) band-pass filtered in the spatial domain. If the filtering is carried out at low spatial frequencies, the images convey more global features than the local ones, whereas the local features are emphasized in the images filtered at high frequencies. The task of subjects was to judge the expression (Experiment 1) or familiarity (Experiment 2) of such images, which were presented in the upright or inverted orientation. The following results were obtained. 1) Spatial frequency components in the middle range (12.4 and 24.8 cycles/face-width) were important in recognizing both expression and familiarity, 2) there was close relationship between the facial expression and familiarity, and 3) smiling faces were harder to recognize when they are shown in the inverted orientation. These results suggest that there are the common and different recognition processes between facial expression and familiarity.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[The effects of identity of facial expression and person on face recognition: a study using priming paradigm].

Three experiments investigated the effects of identity of facial expression and person of two successively presented faces on face recognition. In each experiment, a combination of a familiar/unfamiliar person with neutral/smile expression was presented. Four different groups of 8 or 12 undergraduates were asked to judge the facial expression or the familiarity of the second face. The results showed that reaction times in both judgments were shorter when the same person repeatedly appeared than when two different people were presented. This repetition effect was not affected by facial expression of the stimulus for expression judgments, while it depended on the expression and familiarity of the first and second faces for familiarity judgments. In facial expression judgments, reaction times to smile faces were shorter than those to the neutral faces, only when subjects were familiar with those faces. This facial expression effect appeared only when the identical familiar and smile person was repeatedly presented for familiarity judgments. These results suggested the interdependency between analysis of facial expression and that of person information in face recognition processes.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The community and orthodontic care. Part II: Community-perceived importance of correcting various dentofacial anomalies. Part III: Community perception of the importance of orthodontic treatment.

Part II. A professionally-managed telephone survey was undertaken to assess the community-perceived importance of correcting various dentofacial anomalies. The sample included 505 respondents, aged eighteen and over, from metropolitan and non-metropolitan households across the state of Victoria. The sample distribution had a 95 per cent confidence limit with a 5 per cent margin of error and closely matched the known population distributions for age, sex and geographical location. This article forms part two of a series. It was found that the correction of functional problems such as "difficulty chewing or speaking" was considered to be very important, regardless of age, sex or geographical area. The correction of other factors such as "top teeth which stick out in front", "bottom teeth which stick out in front" or "crooked or crowded front teeth" was also considered to be important. "Spaced front teeth" was the factor considered least important for correction within all groups. It is interesting to note that, for all factors, correction seemed to be considered more important by females and non-metropolitan respondents than by males and metropolitan respondents, In contrast to previous studies in which it has been suggested that patients seek treatment mainly for reasons of aesthetics, the results of this study have shown a definite community recognition of the importance of functional problems as well. Part III. A professionally-managed telephone survey was undertaken to assess the community's perceptions of the importance of having "straight teeth and a nice smile", to assess if a Medicare (the Australian government health benefit scheme) rebate should be provided for orthodontic treatment and to assess whether respondents had any private health insurance that would help cover the cost of orthodontic treatment. The sample included 505 respondents, aged eighteen and over,, from metropolitan and non-metropolitan households across the state of Victoria. The sample distribution had a 95 per cent confidence limit with a 5 per cent margin of error and closely matched the known population distributions for age, sex and geographical location. It was found that a very large percentage of respondents considered the need for "straight teeth and a nice smile" to be very important. This finding is supported by the many studies showing the importance of facial attractiveness to the lives of all people, young and old. Only a small percentage of respondents indicated that they had any private dental health insurance that would help cover the cost of orthodontic treatment. Efforts should be made to inform those responsible for the planning of orthodontic services in both the public and private sectors of the importance of the community's perceptions of aesthetics, and the large amount of published work that reinforces the impact of facial attractiveness on people's lives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Aesthetic tooth alignment using etched porcelain restorations.

In restorative dentistry, aesthetics often depends upon the creation of symmetry at the patient's midline. This concept can be taken further in that an aesthetic smile has symmetry and harmony between horizontal and vertical planes. This article demonstrates a prosthodontic alternative to orthodontic therapy for patients who require an immediate change to their smile rather than submitting to the latter's extended treatment period. While orthodontic treatment remains the standard for the majority of these cases, other modalities are required for patients who refuse it.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Crown lengthening in the esthetic zone.

Crown lengthening in the esthetic zone is a prosthodontically designed and surgically executed procedure that must only be considered after careful restorative and surgical treatment planning, including a detailed smile analysis, clinical and radiographic evaluation of the quality of soft and hard tissues, and selection of the appropriate approach for each individual case. The presented techniques are modifications of the original conventional surgical approach, where longer healing periods may have been required and loss of papilla height or fullness is of concern. Recognition of the advantages and disadvantages of each technique should increase predictability and success in interdisciplinary smile enhancement therapy.

Crown Lengthening↗
PubMed2002

The effects of diffuse and distinct affect.

In a series of suboptimal priming studies, it was shown that both affective and nonaffective reactions to a stimulus may occur without awareness. Moreover, it was demonstrated that affective information is detected earlier than nonaffective information. Therefore, early reactions to an affect-laden stimulus (e.g., a smiling man) are cognitively unappraised and thus diffuse (e.g., "positive"), whereas later affective reactions can be more specific and distinct (e.g., "a smiling man"). Through variations of prime exposure (extremely short, moderately short) the impact of early diffuse and late distinct affect on judgment was investigated. Findings show that distinctness (and prime-target similarity) is an essential determinant of whether the effect of affect is null, assimilation, or contrast. Furthermore, whether affect priming activates diffuse or distinct reactions is a matter of a fraction of seconds.

Affect↗
PubMed2003

Organized dentistry as an agent for helping others: the leadership of Donna J. Rumberger.

Dr Donna Rumberger graduated from New York University College of Dentistry in 1980 and has practiced dentistry in Manhattan ever since. Even before her graduation, she was active in organized dentistry, always viewing it as a conduit for helping other people. Working with the American Association of Women Dentists, she was cofounder of the Smiles for Success Foundation, a program started in New York City that helps women advance from welfare into the workforce with restored, healthy smiles. That program now has expanded to 14 other cities. Working with organized dentistry in New York City, she has been instrumental in initiating and running the Skate Safe program, which provides mouthguards and oral home care education for inner city children in Harlem. In addition, she has worked with the dentistry merit badge program for the Boy Scouts of America Jamborees, helped coalesce women's dental organizations in New York City, and led her dental society to collaborate with Columbia University in a program to improve access to dental care. As further evidence of her ability to get things done, she also has served as president of the American Association of Women Dentists, the Midtown Dental Society, and the New York County Dental Society--one of the largest dental societies in the country.

Dentists, Women↗
PubMed2004

[Use of new computer technologies in surgical education--virtual surgery].

Education is a process of accepting knowledge and skills or manners modification throught training. One of the most important characteristics in surgery education are classical education program through adequate literature and observation in operation room. Lip and palate clefts are relative rare diseases and classical knowledge acquirement of surgery methods in this field is sometimes defficient. Progress in computer technologies have potential and capacity to improve continuate and self-education training. We used this advancement in additional education in field of lip and palate clefts surgery, thanks to our partnership relations with Smile Train International Organisation. Accent of our cooperation was put in straight of new technology of virtual surgery--The Smile Train Virtual Surgery Videos.

CD-ROM↗
PubMed2004

Predictable provisionalization: achieving psychological satisfaction, form, and function.

UNLABELLED: The dentition is the foundation of the human face and is far more than just a masticatory apparatus. The smile, which is the definition of humankind, crosses all gender, age, cultural, and religious boundaries to express emotion. When enhancing or restoring a smile with aesthetic dentistry, the provisionalization phase is critical in conveying information regarding function, occlusion, phonetics, and the patient's expectations among the members of the restorative team. This presentation details a predictable process for rapidly fabricating provisional restorations with optimal fit and performance. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: This article describes the role of provisionalization and a protocol for fabrication of temporary prostheses for optimal results. Upon reading this article, the reader should: Understand the role of provisionalization on the surrounding soft and hard tissue structures. Recognize the role provisionalization plays in patient education and communication.

Dental Restoration, Temporary↗
PubMed2005

Makeovers are ageless.

"Older patients" are often treated with indifference when it comes to how they look. The result may often be a patient not receiving the care that his or her goals would dictate. In the featured case, the patient had received dental hygiene care in a dental office for years. The fact that the patient's daughter had to take the initiative to seek care for a very motivated patient indicates a lack of understanding and communication in the patient's original dental office. The treatment plan that met the patient's goals was presented and accepted. It involved a full-mouth reconstruction, eliminating partial dentures, opening a deep bite, treating a diastema with orthodontics, and constructing a new smile. This makeover lent itself to the current trend of improving a smile, but it accomplished much more. The patient now has a firm foundation for better chewing, but perhaps more importantly, the patient, through CAMBRA, has the knowledge to control the disease process that caused the breakdown of her original dentition.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Treatment planning: implant-supported partial overdentures.

When multiple anterior teeth are missing, many options of replacement are available. Traditionally, the choice was between a fixed or removable prostheses. Today, with the predictability of dental implants, the options of tooth replacement range from removable partial dentures to implant-supported fixed prostheses. The choice of which restoration that will best provide occlusion and esthetics depends on multiple factors including the number and location of missing teeth, the residual ridge form in relation to the replacement teeth, the relationship of the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth, the condition of teeth adjacent to the edentulous span, the amount of bone available for implant placement, the patients "smile line" and display of teeth, lip support, and financial constraints. When there is minimal loss of the ridge contour, restorations that emerge from the ridge are the most functional and esthetic restorations, adhesive-type fixed partial dentures, conventional fixed partial dentures, and implant-supported restorations can be indicated with the choice of restoration dependent on a risk benefit and cost benefit analysis. When there is a loss of ridge contour due to residual ridge resorption or trauma, the decision becomes more complex as not only does the tooth structure need to be replaced, the ridge form also has to be replaced. (Figures 1 and 2). This can be assessed clinically as illustrated by Figures 1 and 2 where a dis crepancy in arch form and ridge form in relation to the adjacent teeth and/or opposing arch can be observed. Other considerations are lip support and display of the teeth when smiling. This article presents a case and rationale for implant-supported par tial overdentures. Many authors have written on the merits of com plete overdentures. The complete overdenture has proven to be an improvement over conventional complete prostheses with respect to chewing efficiency, patient comfort and satisfaction. In partial edentulism, the implant-supported overdenture has several advantages, some in common with a removable partial denture.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMed2005

Fetal behavior assessed in all three trimesters of normal pregnancy by four-dimensional ultrasonography.

AIM: To assess fetal behavior in all three trimesters of normal pregnancy and to investigate the continuation of behavior from fetal to neonatal period. METHODS: One hundred out of 130 pregnant women in all trimesters with singleton pregnancy were assigned for the investigation. All recordings were performed in the morning, after two hours of fasting. Video recordings of newborns were made while the newborns were in bed, separated from other infants in the nursery, dressed, and lying on their backs in a supine position with unrestrained hands. Recording was not performed during prolonged episodes of fussing and crying, during drowsiness, and episodes of hiccupping. All observed facial expressions and movement patterns were presented collectively with maximum, minimum, and median frequencies during 30-minute observation period. RESULTS: We noted a tendency towards decreased frequency of facial expressions and movement patterns with increasing gestational age. In the first trimester, we observed the highest incidence of general movements ranging between 5 and 147, and with a median value of 47. In the second trimester, the number of head and hand movements decreased gradually, compared with the first trimester. The highest range was registered for head retroflexion pattern, ranging from 15 to 42 with a median of 25. The most frequent facial pattern in the second trimester was sucking (3 and 30 movements per infant with a median value of 9). Wilcoxon rank-sum test showed statistically significant differences between the fetuses in the third trimester and the newborns (P<0.05) in hand to head, hand to mouth, hand to eye, hand to ear movement), tongue expulsion, and smiling, whereas the differences between the rest of the movements were not statistically significant. Spearman rank order correlation reached statistical significance (P<0.05) in isolated eye blinking, smiling, grimacing, hand to head, hand to mouth, hand to eye, hand to face, and in hand to ear movement, whereas the differences between the rest of the facial expressions were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Fetal behavioral patterns directly reflect the developmental and maturational processes of the central nervous system. 4D observation of fetal and early neonatal period may add to better understanding of the neurological development of the fetus.

Echocardiography, Four-Dimensional↗
PubMed1992

The ptotic (witch's) chin deformity: an excisional approach.

Ptosis of the chin pad is common and can be seen in patients of all ages. It may be associated with too little or (at times) too much anterior chin projection. Often there is an associated deep submental skin crease present. Frequently, the primary concern of the patient is the appearance or exaggeration of chin ptosis in smiling ("dynamic" ptosis). This report describes a flexible approach to the correction of developmental (and some iatrogenic) ptotic chin deformities. The key element in the approach is the direct excision of sagging or excess chin fat, muscle, and skin. No attempt is made to reposition or lift ptosis-prone soft tissues. If a deep submental skin crease is present, it too is excised. If the chin needs added anterior projection, it is accomplished with a stable alloplastic chin implant. The approach is uniquely suited to correct anterior overprojection caused by an excess of soft tissue at the front of the chin and has been successful in correcting the "dynamic" ptosis that appears with smiling.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Orbicular myorraphy for correction of bags and wrinkles of the lower eyelids].

The lower eyelid consists of four planes. The deepest plane is the orbital fat, followed by the septum, orbicularis muscle and the skin. Pouches are classically treated by resection of the fat, i.e. reduction of the orbital contents De La Plazza proposed a new method by tightening the septum which retains the orbital fat posteriorly. This idea of preservation of the orbital fat led me to consider the third plane: the orbicularis muscle. By comparing orbicularis myorraphy with median myorraphy of abdominal plasties. I propose reinforcement of the orbicularis muscle to retain the orbital fat and to reduce the pouches without resection of the fat. The fourth plane, the skin, is classically draped over the muscular layer, but as the height of the muscle plane is reduced by this myorraphy, this skin will be less involved in smiling, which improves the wrinkles. As the skin is traditionally detached from the muscle, autoplication of the orbicularis muscle is performed, taking care not to modify the position of the free edge in order not to create muscular ectropion. This suture is composed of inverted 6/0 Dexon sutures. The advantages are preservation of the orbicularis fat which prevents loss of this fat and the risk of senile enophthalmia in the long-term. The indications are of three orders: a) pouches when they are not excessive; b) static wrinkles; c) dynamic wrinkles of smiling. A muscular roll must be avoided by a very careful suture technique. Orbicularis myorraphy appears to be a new contribution to the various therapeutic procedures proposed for aesthetic blepharoplasty and may improve some of the results.

Eyelids↗
PubMed1990

[Discolorations: a new method of bleaching discolored vital teeth. (Preliminary study)].

The demand for an acceptable appearance, including a natural and attractive smile, has nowadays a great effect on clinical practice. More patients than ever are requesting various types of cosmetic dentistry in order to improve their smile. The clinical practitioner has to deal with discolorations, particularly in the anterior region of the mouth. The most severe of these problems are caused by administration of tetracycline or other medicine during the period of mineralization. The usual treatment of these cases includes full crown restorations and more recently, direct or indirect veneers (porcelain or composite-resin veneers). As an alternative, the various techniques of bleaching consist the most conservative of all above treatments. For many year, their application gives effective solutions in many cases. This article describes both clinical and laboratory procedures of a new technique for bleaching discolored vital teeth. This technique uses a warming device to apply controlled heat to the bleaching solution which is placed on both labial and lingual surfaces of the teeth to be bleached. Special thermotrays are used for the placement of the solution according to the specifications of the manufacturer. This paper presents a preliminary study of the advantages and disadvantages of this bleaching method and gives an evaluation of the results from several clinical cases.

Carbamide Peroxide↗
PubMed1990

[Porcelain laminate veneers (HI-CERAM)].

A cosmetic dentist designs a smile not solely for form and function but also for the personality, status, life-style, sex or occupation of the recipient. The smile is seen as an integral part of the face or, in a larger sense, of the whole person. The advent of bonding provided the concerned dentist with the means to attach composite resins, in their various shades, to the tooth surface in order to create esthetic illusions or to cover up unsightly teeth. A recent major break through that facilitated predictable retention of porcelain to the tooth surface has added a new dimension to esthetic dentistry. Porcelain veneers can be considered to be very much the "State-of-the-art" in cosmetic dentistry because they offer innumerable advantages over any previous form of veneering systems.

Aluminum Oxide↗
PubMed1989

Pectoralis minor: a unique muscle for correction of facial palsy.

The author introduced this muscle for the first time almost a decade ago, and this is the first extensive description of the intricate microanatomy of this complex but unique microneurovascular muscle unit. Advantages and disadvantages and indications and contraindications for its use in facial paralysis are presented in detail from an extensive clinical experience of almost 50 such microneurovascular transfers. Pitfalls that the reconstructive microsurgeon should beware and strengths in using this muscle for facial palsy are highlighted. The detailed operative approach is presented, with promise of undetectable scars and minimal functional loss. The strategies for how to inset this muscle unit in the new recipient site are given, along with the thought processes involved in selecting the actual sites of anchoring the muscle to reproduce a mirror image of the contralateral normal face. Finally, an exemplary clinical case demonstrating the use of the pectoralis minor muscle for both eye and lower face reanimation is presented in detail, demonstrating the dual nerve supply and the resulting independent eye and smile movements with total lack of mass action and/or synkinesis. Restorations of eye blink and of a symmetrical and coordinated smile are the frequent rewards of using this unique muscle for the correction of facial palsy.

Child↗