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PubMed1987

Parathyroid hormone-like immunoreactivity in fish plasma and tissues.

Although fish lack parathyroid glands, parathyroid hormone (PTH)-like substances, reacting with guinea pig antibodies raised against bovine PTH1(-84), were detected in the circulation of trout (Salmo gairdneri) and goldfish (Carassius auratus). The immunoreactive (IR) PTH concentration in plasma (0.5-1.5 ng/ml) was less than that measured in heat-treated and dialyzed 0.6% NaCl extracts of brain tissue (4.0-5.0 ng/g wet wt brain) and much less than that present in pituitary extracts (20-40 ng/g pituitary gland). Heat-treated saline extracts of hake (Urophycis tenuis) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) pituitary glands also had PTH-like immunoreactivity in radioimmunoassays for C-terminal and N-terminal PTH, in which serial dilutions of the extracts were parallel to the respective standards. The IR PTH material present in the pituitary glands was absorbed on Sep Pak columns and was eluted in the same buffer (90% methanol, 4% acetic acid) and same volume as authentic bovine PTH1(-84). IR PTH was not detected in extracts of muscle, liver, or kidney tissue, but was present in the corpuscles of Stannius (CS), at levels comparable to those in the pituitary glands. While heating the CS extracts had no effect on the IR C-terminal PTH content, it completely destroyed that of the N-terminal PTH. These results suggest that the brain, pituitary, and CS all produce a peptide which shows immunoreactive cross-reactivity with mammalian PTH but that the peptide produced by the CS is not identical to that produced by the brain or pituitary. The brain, pituitary, and CS may be the source of plasma IR PTH in fish.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

A radioimmunoassay for measurement of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine sulfate: studies in thyroidal and nonthyroidal diseases, pregnancy, and neonatal life.

A highly sensitive, specific, and reproducible RIA has been developed to measure T3 sulfate (T3S). Only T4 sulfate cross-reacted significantly (approximately 3%) in the RIA; rT3 sulfate, T4, T3, rT3, and diiodothyronine cross-reacted less than 0.01%. T3S was bound by thyronine-binding globulin and albumin in serum. The free fraction of T3S in four normal sera averaged 0.25% compared to a value of 0.35% for T3. Therefore, T3S was measured in ethanol extracts of serum. Recovery of the nonradioactive T3S added to serum averaged 92%. The dose-response curves of inhibition of binding of [125I]T3S to anti-T3S antibody by serial dilutions of serum extracts were essentially parallel to the standard curve. The detection threshold of the RIA was 20 pmol/L (1.5 ng/dL). The coefficient of variation averaged 7.8% within an assay and 11% between assays. The serum concentration of T3S was (mean +/- SE) 76 +/- 7.2 pmol/L in normal subjects, 268 +/- 29 in hyperthyroid patients with Graves' disease, 92 +/- 28 in hypothyroid patients, 201 +/- 32 in patients with systemic nonthyroidal illnesses, 40 +/- 6.2 in pregnant women (15-31 weeks gestation), and 429 +/- 39 in cord sera of newborns; the values in hyperthyroidism, nonthyroidal illnesses, and newborns were significantly different from normal (P less than 0.01). The mean concentration of T3S in amniotic fluid samples at 15-31 weeks gestation (90 +/- 1.3 pmol/L) was significantly higher than the corresponding value in maternal serum (P less than 0.05) and significantly lower than the corresponding value in newborn cord blood serum (P less than 0.001). Oral administration of sodium ipodate (Oragrafin; 3 g) to two hyperthyroid patients was associated with a 76-190% increase in serum T3S at 8 h, followed by a gradual decrease to a nadir that was 25-60% of the baseline value 2-3 days after ipodate ingestion. We conclude that 1) T3S is a normal component of human serum, and its levels change substantially in several physiological and pathological conditions; 2) sulfation pathway plays an important role in the metabolism of iodothyronines in man; and 3) high serum T3S levels in newborns and low normal levels in pregnancy despite elevated thyronine-binding globulin levels may signify markedly different metabolism of T3S in the mother and fetus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Oncogenes in laryngeal cancer: serial passage of transformed cellular DNA.

DNA originally extracted from squamous cell cancer of the larynx has been serially passaged through transformed populations of NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts. The transformed foci were then harvested, cloned to volume, and incubated with a fresh population of NIH/3T3 cells in a second passage. Transforming efficiencies were enhanced by serial passage. In addition, Southern Blot analysis of the transformed foci revealed hybridization between transformant DNA and human probe DNA from the Alu family of conserved human DNA sequences. In the first passage this hybridization took the form of diffuse homology throughout the entire molecular weight distribution. The second-passage DNA showed "narrow bands" indicating the possibility that an oncogene has been identified in laryngeal cancer and that serial passage has eliminated contaminating human sequences. Repetitive transfection in third- and fourth-passage studies is now being completed.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

A sensitive radioimmunoassay for alpha-interferon: circulating alpha-interferon-like substance in the plasma of healthy individuals and rheumatoid arthritis patients.

A radioimmunoassay for circulating alpha-interferon (IFN alpha) has been developed using lymphoblastoid IFN alpha. The assay was specific for IFN alpha, and did not cross-react with IFN beta, IFN gamma, or ACTH, while it was specifically inhibited by recombinant IFN alpha. The radioimmunoassay (y) correlated linearly with the virus inhibition assay (x), with a regression line of y on x of y = 0.659x + 245 (u) (P less than 0.01). alpha-Interferon-like substance (IFN alpha-LS) was extracted and concentrated from plasma either by silicic acid or by antibody immunoadsorption. Serial dilutions of plasma and extracted samples of plasma showed dilution curves identical to those of standard IFN alpha, suggesting the presence of endogenous IFN alpha in human plasma. The circulating IFN alpha-LS of healthy individuals aged 20 to 45 was 0.207 +/- 0.055 ng/ml in males (n = 48) and 0.172 +/- 0.076 ng/ml in females (n = 34). Gel filtration studies on a Sephadex G-75 column suggested that circulating IFN alpha-LS exists in a fragmented form, inactive in virus inhibition assays, in the plasma of healthy individuals. The finding may help explain why biological IFN alpha is often undetectable in the plasma of healthy donors, yet is detectable by radioimmunoassay. Circulating IFN alpha-LS in the plasma of healthy individuals declined gradually with age. IFN alpha-LS was significantly decreased in the plasma of rheumatoid arthritis patients, when compared with the value found in the age and sex-matched healthy controls and in osteoarthritis patients (P less than 0.0001). The decrease was related neither to treatment nor to disease activity. IFN alpha-LS was, however, not decreased in the plasma of vasculitis patients. Decreased IFN alpha-LS in rheumatoid arthritis may be important from pathogenetic and therapeutic standpoints.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Antidermatophyte activity of ether extract of Nigella sativa and its active principle, thymoquinone.

The antifungal activity of ether extract of Nigella sativa seed and its active principle thymoquinone was tested against eight species of dermatophytes: four species of Trichophyton rubrum and one each of Trichophyton interdigitale, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum and Microsporum canis. Agar diffusion method with serial dilutions of ether extract of Nigella sativa, thymoquinone and griseofulvin was employed. The incubation was carried out at 30 degrees C for 14 days. The diameter of fungal colonies and the percentage inhibition of the fungal growth at each dilution were determined, taking those of the controls as 100%. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was considered as the minimum concentration of the drug, which inhibited 80-100% of the fungal growth. The MICs of the ether extract of Nigella sativa and thymoquinone were between 10 and 40 and 0.125 and 0.25 mg/ml, respectively, while those of griseofulvin ranged from 0.00095 to 0.0155 mg/ml. These results denote the potentiality of Nigella sativa as a source for antidermatophyte drugs and support its use in folk medicine for the treatment of fungal skin infections.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of commercially available and in-house reverse transcription-PCR assays for detection of hepatitis G virus or GB virus C.

Serum samples from 96 Spanish hemodialysis patients, as well as serial dilutions of RNA extracted from a reference strain of hepatitis G virus (HGV), were tested for HGV or GB virus C (GBV-C) RNA. Two different reverse transcription (RT)-PCR-based methods of detection were compared for the ability to detect RNA extracted from the samples: an RT-nested PCR assay with primers derived from the 5' noncoding region (5'NC) or nonstructural region 3 (NS3) sequences and a commercially available RT-PCR assay with primers derived from the 5'NC or NS5A sequences. When RT-nested PCR was performed on 10-fold serial dilutions of RNA from the HGV reference strain, the last positive dilution was 10(-7) to 10(-8). With the commercial RT-PCR assay, the last positive dilution was 10(-6) to 10(-7). When equal amounts of RNA extracted from serum samples from 96 hemodialysis patients were tested for HGV or GBV-C RNA, 25 patients (26%) were positive by the RT-nested PCR. However, only 21 (84%) of these 25 positive patients were positive for HGV or GBV-C by the commercial RT-PCR assay. Analysis of the 5'NC and NS3 sequences amplified by RT-nested PCR demonstrated that all but two positive patients had unique HGV or GBV-C sequences. In summary, RT-nested PCR and a commercially available RT-PCR assay for HGV or GBV-C gave concordant results for 96% of the patients tested.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2004

A radioimmunoassay for measurement of 3,3'-diiodothyronine sulfate: Studies in thyroidal and nonthyroidal diseases, pregnancy, and fetal/neonatal life.

Data suggesting that (1) sulfation of the phenolic hydroxyl of iodothyronines plays an important role in thyroid hormone metabolism and (2) maternal serum 3,3'-diiodothyronone sulfate (3,3'-T(2)S) may reflect on the status of fetal thyroid function stimulated us to develop a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for measurement of T(2)S. Our T(2)S RIA is highly sensitive, practical, and reproducible. T(4)S, T(3)S, and T(1)S crossreacted 3.1%, 0.81%, and 5.3%, respectively; thyroxine (T(4)), triiodothyronine (T(3)), and reverse (r)T(3), 3,3'-T(2) and 3'-T(1) crossreacted <0.1%. Although rT(3) sulfate (rT(3)S) crossreacted 55% in 3,3'-T(2)S RIA, its serum levels are very low and have little influence on serum T(2)S values reported here. T(2)S was measured in ethanol extracts of serum, amniotic fluid, and urine. Recovery of nonradioactive T(2)S added to serum was 96%. The dose-response curves of inhibition of binding of (125)I-T(2)S to anti-T(2)S by serial dilutions of ethanol extracts of serum or urine were essentially parallel to the standard curve. The detection threshold of the RIA varied between 0.17 and 0.50 nmol/L (or 10 and 30 ng/dL). The coefficient of variation (CV) averaged 9% within an assay and 13% between assays. The serum concentration of T(2)S was [mean +/- SE, nmol/L] 0.86 +/- 0.59 in 36 normal subjects, 2.2 +/- 0.06 in 10 hyperthyroid patients (P <.05), 0.73 +/- 0.10 in 11 hypothyroid patients (not significant [NS]), 6.0 +/- 1.5 in 16 patients with systemic nonthyroidal illness (P <.001), 18 +/- 2.5 in 16 newborn cord blood sera (P <.02), 2.7 +/- 0.32 in 25 pregnant women [15 to 40 weeks gestation, P <.001], 0.94 +/- 0.10 in 10 hypothyroid women receiving T(4) replacement therapy (NS), and 2.0 +/- 0.38 in 11 hypothyroid women treated with T(4) replacement and oral contraceptives (P <.02); serum T(2)S levels in the third trimester of pregnancy were similar to those in the second trimester of pregnancy. T(2)S concentration in amniotic fluid was 12.5 +/- 2.7 nmol/L (n = 7) at 15 to 20 weeks gestation, and it decreased markedly to 3.3 +/- 1.3 nmol/L (n = 3) at 35 to 38 weeks gestation. Urinary excretion of T(2)S in random urine samples of 19 normal subjects was 10.9 +/- 1.3 nmol/g creatinine. (1) T(2)S is a normal component of human serum, urine, and amniotic fluid, and serum T(2)S levels change substantially in several physiologic and pathologic conditions; (2) high serum T(2)S in pregnancy may signify increased transfer of T(2)S from fetal to maternal compartment, estrogen-induced increase in T(2)S production, decreased clearance, or a combination of these factors. The data do not support the notion that fetal thyroid function is the only or the predominant factor responsible for high serum T(2)S in pregnant women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Extracts from seaweeds can promote fungal growth.

Hormesis is the stimulation of a biological response at low concentrations of an inhibitor. Ethanolic extracts were made using Osmundaria serrata (Suhr) R. E. Norris and Stypopodium zonale (Lamouroux) Papenfuss from the East coast of South Africa. Two plant pathogens (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc. and Rhizoctonia solani Kühn) were used as test organisms in bioassays. Serial dilutions of macroalgal extracts were tested by the pour plate technique. Both growth inhibitory and promotory responses were observed. The hormetic response was observed in both the fungi when grown on low dilutions of ethanol and the O. serrata extract, and when R. solani was grown on the S. zonale extract. This study provides more evidence of hormesis in macroalgal products and the phenomenon is discussed in relation to its possible cause and significance in the application of seaweed extracts.

Cell Division↗
PubMed2001

Secondary abscess formation in pituitary adenoma after tooth extraction. Case report.

The presence of an abscess in a pituitary tumor is a very rare finding. The authors report the case of a 69-year-old man with a pituitary adenoma confirmed by neuroimaging results, in whom a high fever, meningismus, and left-sided ophthalmoplegia developed 4 days after tooth extraction. The results of serial cranial magnetic resonance imaging were highly indicative of an abscess formation within the pituitary adenoma. During surgery the tumor was approached transsphenoidally and removed. Histological examination confirmed the presence of an abscess formation within the pituitary adenoma. It is most likely that the tooth extraction caused a bacteremia, which led to an inflammation with abscess formation within the pituitary adenoma. The authors conclude that invasive dental procedures should be avoided before planned resection of a pituitary adenoma.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1986

Angiotensin II-like immunoreactivity in human ovarian follicular fluid.

Human ovarian follicular fluid (hFF) has angiogenic activity, although the causative factors are unknown. We recently found that hFF contains renin activity which converts renin substrate to angiotensin I (AI). Since the enzymatic cleavage product of AI, angiotensin II (AII), is a potent stimulator of new vessel formation, we have examined Sephadex G-25 column fractions of hFF and extracted hFF and plasma from individual patients for AII-like immunoreactivity (AII-IR). Eluent fractions from Sephadex G-25 column chromatography of hFF had significant AII-IR which eluted in the same fractions as synthetic AII. Individual, extracted FF samples contained approximately 10 times higher levels of AII-IR than extracts of plasma from the same patients. Serial dilutions of the Sephadex column fractions and extracted FF and plasma inhibited binding of 125I-AII to rabbit anti-AII serum in a manner parallel to the inhibition caused by synthetic AII, indicating that the detected immunoreactivity was not due to non-specific assay interference. In summary, the results indicate the presence of significant AII-like immunoreactivity in hFF. AII may now be considered as a potential mediator of the angiogenic activity present in hFF and may play an important paracrine and/or autocrine role in physiologic events in the ovary.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1985

Evaluation of the human sperm proacrosin-acrosin system using gelatin-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophesis.

Proteolytic enzymes in extracts of human sperm have been identified and partially characterized using a technique which incorporates gelatin into a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (gelatin-SDS-PAGE) system. Initially, semen characteristics from four donors were evaluated. Following this, washed sperm were acid extracted and proacrosin and acrosin activities determined spectrophotometrically. Proteinase activity in unactivated sperm extracts was then extracts was then demonstrated using the gelatin-SDS-PAGE system. Three major (Mr approximately equal to 47,000-54,000) and four faint (Mr approximately equal to 34,000-38,000) bands of digestion were observed. Upon activation of sperm extracts it was observed that maximum esterase activity occurred within 7 min of activation while maximum proteinase activity required approximately 15 min. When gels were washed and incubated in the presence of 50 mM benzamidine, no digestion bands were observed. This indicates that all of the digestion bands were due to trypsin-like proteinases. Finally, upon serial dilution of sperm extracts it was found that this SDS-PAGE system is sensitive enough to detect proteinase activity from as few as 30,000 sperm.

Acrosin↗
PubMed1983

Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in pancreatic extracts of a sahelian lizard (Varanus exanthematicus) during starvation.

In the Varanus exanthematicus, the pancreatic complex comprises the true pancreas as well as an intrasplenic islet comparable to a Brockmann's body. Somatostatin content and concentration were estimated by radioimmunoassay in acetic acid extracts of both organs. Relatively large amounts of somatostatin (SLI) are present in the pancreas (2.17 +/- 0.07 micrograms) without any difference in distribution between the cranial (CP) and mediocaudal (MCP) regions. The intrasplenic islet contains as much SLI material as the whole pancreas (3.38 +/- 0.85 microgram); thus, this primitive organ presents a very high hormonal concentration (109.34 +/- 40.30 ng/mg wt). Serial dilutions of the extracts gave parallel immunoassay displacement curves and gel-filtration revealed two immunoreactive peaks: the most important one was found in the synthetic tetradecapeptide fraction, the other one near the void volume fraction. These results show an immunological similarity between the SLI substance of the pancreatic complex and the synthetic somatostatin; however, a molecular heterogeneity must not be excluded. The results are discussed from a phylogenetic point of view.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Oxygen delivery during retrograde cerebral perfusion in humans.

UNLABELLED: Retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP) potentially delivers metabolic substrate to the brain during surgery using hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA). Serial measurements of O2 extraction ratio (OER), PCO2, and pH from the RCP inflow and outflow were used to determine the time course for O2 delivery in 28 adults undergoing aortic reconstruction using HCA with RCP. HCA was instituted after systemic cooling on cardiopulmonary bypass for 3 min after the electroencephalogram became isoelectric. RCP with oxygenated blood at 10 degrees C was administered at an internal jugular venous pressure of 20-25 mm Hg. Serial analyses of blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH, and hemoglobin concentration were made in samples from the RCP inflow (superior vena cava) and outflow (innominate and left carotid arteries) at different times after institution of RCP. Nineteen patients had no strokes, five patients had preoperative strokes, and four patients had intraoperative strokes. In the group of patients without strokes, HCA with RCP was initiated at a mean nasopharyngeal temperature of 14.3 degrees C with mean RCP flow rate of 220 mL/min, which lasted 19-70 min. OER increased over time to a maximal detected value of 0.66 and increased to 0.5 of its maximal detected value 15 min after initiation of HCA. The RCP inflow-outflow gradient for PCO2 (slope 0.73 mm Hg/min; P < 0.001) and pH (slope 0.007 U/min; P < 0.001) changed linearly over time after initiation of HCA. In the group of patients with preoperative or intraoperative strokes, the OER and the RCP inflow-outflow gradient for PCO2 changed significantly more slowly over time after HCA compared with the group of patients without strokes. During RCP, continued CO2 production and increased O2 extraction over time across the cerebral vascular bed suggest the presence of viable, but possibly ischemic tissue. Reduced cerebral metabolism in infarcted brain regions may explain the decreased rate of O2 extraction during RCP in patients with strokes. IMPLICATIONS: Examining the time course of oxygen extraction, carbon dioxide production, and pH changes from the retrograde cerebral perfusate provided a means to assess metabolic activity during hypothermic circulatory arrest.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Macropodid marsupial luteinizing hormone: validation of assay procedures and changes in concentrations in plasma during the oestrous cycle in the female tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii).

A heterologous double antibody radioimmunoassay employing a rabbit anti-ovine LH antiserum (GDN no. 15) has been developed for the assessment of concentrations of LH in macropodid marsupial pituitary extracts and plasma. In this radioimmunoassay system highly purified ovine, rat human and kangaroo LH preparations demonstrated apparently parallel dose-response curves, as did serial dilutions of crude pituitary extracts from a wide range of Austrlian marsupial species and serial dilutions of plasma from ovariectomized, oestrous and LH releasing hormone (LH-RH)-treated marsupials. The assay has been used to monitor changes in immunoreactive LH in the plasma of the female tammar wallaby. Basal concentrations of LH in non-oestrous female wallabies were in the range < 0.20--1.90 ng/ml with many animals having values at or near the limit of detection of the assay. Concentrations of LH were markedly increased following ovariectomy (1.7--7.0 ng/ml), on the day of oestrus (10.0-- > 50 ng/ml) and following administration of LH-RH (9.5-- > 25.0 ng/ml). Plasma from hypophysectomized animals had no detectable LH immunoactivity, A well-defined LH surge, lasting approximately 12 h, was associated with oestrus. Mating occurred approximately 8 h before, and ovulation approximately 24 h after, the maximal concentrations of LH in plasma.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Serial processing is consistent with the time course of linguistic information extraction from consecutive words during eye fixations in reading: a response to Inhoff, Eiter, and Radach (2005).

A. W. Inhoff, B. M. Eiter, and R. Radach reported the results of 2 experiments that they claimed were problematic for serial attention models of eye movements in reading (such as the E-Z Reader model). In this reply, the authors demonstrate via argumentation and simulations that their data pose no serious problem for the E-Z Reader model or serial attention models in general.

Attention↗
PubMed2004

Rapid determination of the Delta32 deletion in the human CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) gene without DNA extraction by lightcycler real-time polymerase chain reaction.

CCR5 is a major coreceptor for cellular entry of macrophage-tropic isolates of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A 32-base pair deletion of the CCR5 gene (CCR5Delta32) protects against HIV infection because the frame shift leads to a truncated protein not expressed on the cell surface. CCR5Delta32 also delays progression in heterozygous HIV-infected patients and improves responses to antiretroviral therapy. Available methods for CCR5 genotyping, however, are cost expensive and/or time consuming. To improve CCR5 genotyping we studied four primer sets flanking the CCR5Delta32 deletion site using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on a LightCycler device. Primers amplified fragments of different length depending on the presence or absence of the Delta32 mutation. Next, melting curves of the amplified fragments were analyzed using SYBR green, a conventional double-strand DNA dye. To circumvent initial DNA extraction, we also studied serially diluted "interphase" leukocytes as PCR templates after centrifugation of EDTA blood. Finally, the validity of the new method was checked by analyzing 100 blood samples with known CCR5 genotypes. Amplicons of 82 bp:50 bp and 97 bp:65 bp fragment ratios could easily be discriminated due to the differences in their melting temperatures (3 degrees C and 2 degrees C, respectively). Furthermore, CCR5 genotyping was possible without initial DNA extraction and yielded optimal results at 1:400 to 1:600 dilution of the "interphase" leukocytes. Results of the new LightCycler PCR protocol were identical to conventional CCR5 genotyping but required considerably less time and expenditures. We have established a new real-time PCR protocol, which enables fast, cost-saving, and reliable CCR5 genotyping.

DNA Primers↗
PubMed1985

Regional distribution and characterization of kinin in the CNS of the rat.

The distribution of kinin in the CNS of the rat, which was extracted with n-butanol from an acidified homogenate, was determined using a bradykinin (BK) radioimmunoassay system. The immunoreactive kinin was widely distributed throughout the brain. The highest content was found in the pituitary gland (4,135 fmol BK Eq/g), followed by the medulla oblongata (912 fmol/g), cerebellum (549 fmol/g), and cortex (512 fmol/g). The kinin in the posterior pituitary was concentrated 4.5 times as much as in the anterior lobe. Serial dilution of brain extracts produced binding curves parallel to the standard radioimmunoassay curve. The purified brain kinin comigrated with authentic BK during CM-cellulose chromatography and Sephadex LH-20 gel chromatography. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 1,127 +/- 45 by gel filtration, which coincides well with that of BK. Chymotrypsin degraded the extracted kinin and authentic BK, but trypsin did not. These data demonstrate that a peptide indistinguishable from BK exists in the rat brain. Furthermore, pituitary kinin was separated into BK (87%), Lys-BK (10%), and Met-Lys-BK (3%), using reverse phase HPLC.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Identification of cocarcinogens and promoters in industrial discharges into and in the Illinois River.

Organic compounds were isolated from grab or composite samples of industrial and municipal discharges and of the Illinois River by liquid-liquid extraction or adsorption on activated carbon or XAD-2 resin columns. Of the 213 different compounds identified and semiquantitated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in 16 samples, 74 were long-chain hydrocarbons or their derivatives. Although their toxicological significance in the environment at the levels found is unknown, the widespread presence of these cocarcinogens and promoters (often found in conjunction with known initiators) may make them significant environmental toxicants. Some evidence for this is the fact that serial dilutions of the extracts were highly toxic to Salmonella typhimurium in the Ames assay, while weak mutagenicity was occasionally detected.

Carcinogens↗