Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “SWITZERLAND”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,027 records · Page 57Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

[Malaria in Switzerland: 1982-1986].

There has been no decrease in the number of cases of malaria brought into Switzerland. 841 cases were reported to the Federal Office of Public Health between 1982 and 1986, a figure probably below the actual number of cases. Reports were received from all cantons and the majority involve Swiss travellers. 54% of the cases were due to P. falciparum and 90% of these could be traced to a stay in tropical or subtropical Africa, particularly Kenya, where it was possible to determine the attack rate and to compare it with the risk in Thailand. An enquiry into prophylaxis disclosed how slowly the latest recommendations on preventive measures against malaria are being adopted, and the importance of keeping a close watch on regions where resistance or multiresistance has developed. Systematic reporting is essential to control and also permits the recommendation of appropriate preventive measures.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

A comparative study of smoking, drinking and dietary habits in population samples in France, Italy, Spain and Switzerland. II. Tobacco smoking.

This paper describes the smoking habits of six populations in France, Switzerland, Italy and Spain. A total of 2,965 men and 2,369 women have been interviewed. The proportion of ever smoking men is almost the same (75 to 80%) everywhere but in Geneva and Calvados a higher proportion of smokers quitted the habit (over 30%). In females, on the contrary, the prevalences of ever smokers is higher in Torino (42%) and Geneva (36%) than in Spain (25%) and Calvados (19%). Young females, however, tend to smoke more and intercountry differences tend to disappear. In both sexes successive generations begin to smoke earlier. Exclusive use of black tobacco is still very high in Calvados (90%) and Navarra (80%) whilst it tends to disappear in Italy (30%). Plain cigarettes decrease everywhere, especially in Spain and Varese, but they are still smoked by the majority of men in Calvados. The results suggest that the tobacco epidemic is still increasing in those areas where it began more recently.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Malaria in Switzerland].

Some 200 cases of malaria are officially reported yearly in Switzerland. It is estimated that 2000-8000 Swiss travellers are infected by the anopheles mosquito annually, with 90% protected by chemoprophylaxis. An attack of malaria appears to have a better prognosis when the symptoms start in Africa, since treatment is initiated immediately, than in industrialized countries where the mortality is 1-4%. Failure to inquire into travel history is often responsible for the delay in initiating treatment. Severe falciparum malaria is treated by repeated slow quinine infusions followed by 1500 mg sulfadoxine, 75 mg pyrimethamine and 750 mg mefloquine (single dose). This adult dose corresponds to 3 tablets of Lariam and 3 of Fansidar (or 3 of Fansimef). The increase in chloroquine resistance among falciparum strains has led to the use of Fansidar for chemoprophylaxis, followed by the use of mefloquine when Fansidar resistance occurs. The dosage of mefloquine is 250 mg weekly (1 tablet Lariam) for 4 weeks, followed by 1 tablet every fortnight. Treatment is continued for 1 month after return. If the risk of transmission is low, chemoprophylaxis may be replaced by prescription of a reserve drug to be taken in case of fever and headache. A sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine-mefloquine combination (i.e. 3 tablets Fansimef) has been tested in this indication. Ineffective chemoprophylaxis may lead to atypical clinical syndromes, e.g. anemia, hepatosplenomegaly and jaundice, without episodes of fever. HIV positive subjects may risk travelling in tropical countries if they have undergone correct chemoprophylaxis.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[1985 dosimetry comparison at 12 radio-oncology centers in Switzerland].

In 1985 a working group of medical radiophysicists from the Swiss Society for Radiobiology and Radiophysics performed for the second time a dosimetric comparison at 13 irradiation units used in twelve radio-oncologic centres of Switzerland. The dose and dose distribution were measured in a specified target volume in an anthropomorphic phantom, also considering the irradiation planning. On the whole, the results show the expected variations. The average error of positioning towards the specified target volume was 4mm. The differences between the doses calculated for the individual points according to the irradiation scheme and the doses measured in these points amount on an average to less than 5%.

Cancer Care Facilities↗
PubMed1988

A comparative study of smoking, drinking and dietary habits in population samples in France, Italy, Spain and Switzerland. I. Study design and dietary habits.

Diet, tobacco and alcohol consumption, and occupational histories have been investigated in stratified random samples of the adult population in 6 areas in France (departement of Calvados), Italy (province of Varese and city of Torino), Spain (provinces of Navarra and Zaragoza) and Switzerland (canton of Geneva), to be used as a reference group in a case-control study on cancer of the larynx and hypopharynx. Out of a total of 8,074 sampled subjects, 5,564 could be interviewed. Sampling procedures are described, and reasons for non-response are analysed. Everywhere the intake of the 4 energy providing nutrients (particularly alcohol) was much greater in men than in women. In both sexes, total caloric intake was higher in Calvados and in Italy than elsewhere. There were wide inter-area variations in the consumption of butter + milk products and oils, resulting in a polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio ranging from 0.27 in Calvados to 0.54-0.65 in Spain. Among nutrients suggested to be involved in cancer aetiology, inter-area differences in daily intake were up to 3-fold for carotene and smaller for vitamin C and fibre. The proportion of lipids, fibres, vitamin C and carotene provided by different foods varied widely between areas, thus suggesting that in etiological cancer studies consideration should be given not only to nutrients but also to foods providing them.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

A comparative study of smoking, drinking and dietary habits in population samples in France, Italy, Spain and Switzerland. III. Consumption of alcohol.

Individual present and life time intake of aethanol has been studied in population samples of six areas of Italy (Torino, Varese), Spain (Navarra, Zaragoza), Switzerland (Geneva) and France (Calvados); 2,965 men and 2,369 women were interviewed. Abstinent men were no more than 4% except in Zaragoza (11.5%); 49 to 61% drank between 20 and 80 g. aethanol a day and 21 to 26% more than 80 g. (36% in Navarra). Women drank much less and were more often abstinent: 50 to 94% of them did not drink or drank less than 20 g. a day. Wine was the most commonly consumed beverage (over 60% of total alcohol intake), except in Calvados where cider was still largely consumed (over 30%). Such differences in drinking habits by sex and region are of major public health importance. They do not appear in national sales statistics which must be complemented by surveys on individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Neonatal vitamin K prophylaxis and vitamin k deficiency hemorrhages in Switzerland 1986-1988].

On the basis of an inquiry held in Switzerland in May 1988, over 99% of all newborn receive vitamin K prophylaxis, 59% orally and 41% intramuscularly. In the previous 2 1/2 years, ten cases of bleeding due to vitamin K deficiency had been observed, of which two were inadequately documented. In two children there was early haemorrhage and late haemorrhage in eight. The latter were all exclusively breast-fed and had received oral vitamin K prophylaxis. Seven presented with vitamin K deficiency due to cholestasis or chronic diarrhea. The only "idiopathic" case is insufficiently documented. The advantages and disadvantages of oral and intramuscular prophylaxis are discussed. A definite stand in favour of the one route or the other is not possible at present. However, the continuation of general prophylaxis is undoubtedly necessary.

Female↗
PubMed1988

Trends in cancer mortality in Switzerland, 1951-1984.

Trends in overall age-standardized, truncated (35-64 years) and age-specific (40 to 49) cancer death certification rates in Switzerland from 1951 to 1984 were analysed. There was a substantial rise in lung cancer mortality in males, with an over 100% increase in overall rates. Thus, in the early 1980's, lung cancer alone accounted for 26% of all cancer deaths in Swiss males. However, male lung cancer rates tended to level off in subsequent cohorts starting from younger middle age in the late 1960's. In females, lung cancer mortality was approximately ten times lower than in males, but rates had been consistently rising since the late 1960's in all age groups. Declines were observed for several neoplasms of the digestive tract: besides stomach (overall decline 68% in males, 77% in females), trends were markedly downwards also for oesophageal cancer in males (-57%), and there was some moderate fall for intestinal sites in both sexes and gallbladder in females. Several trends for other common neoplasms were similar to those observed in other developed countries, such as the declines for (cervix) uteri, the general stability for breast cancer, or the increases in pancreatic cancer and (melanoma) of the skin. A peculiar feature of Swiss data, besides the marked decline in oesophageal cancer in males, was the consistent downward trend in thyroid cancer for both sexes. Thus, overall age-standardized total cancer mortality over the last three decades was moderately upwards in Swiss males, but consistently downwards in females. Male trends were more reassuring in middle age, chiefly in consequence of the flattening in lung cancer rises. Possible interpretations of these trends in terms of aetiological hypotheses (i.e., changes in alcohol drinking and improvements in diet for oesophageal cancer, or reduced prevalence of iodine deficiency for thyroid neoplasms) are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Antimicrobial resistance and serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Switzerland].

One hundred and eighty strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae were isolated from various materials at the Institute of Medical Microbiology in Zurich between March and October 1978. Examination of these isolates for resistance to 6 standard antimicrobials revealed that 17 (9.4%) strains were resistant to the tetracyclines, 2 strains to sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim and 1 strain to both tetracycline and chloramphenicol. All strains were highly sensitive to benzylpenicillin, cephalothin and erythromycin. Serotyping of the pneumococci was done by the capsular quellung reaction. The prevalent serotypes in the entire collection of strains were Nos. 6, 23, 19, 3, 9, 14 and 7. The prevalent serotypes of strains isolated from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, pus, and bronchial secretions were Nos. 4, 8, 7, 14, 9, 3, 19 and 6. Vaccination with PneumovaxTM, a vaccine containing 14 capsular antigens, should provide protection against 75% of pneumococci identified as true pathogens in this study. Pneumococci are rather rarely isolated in our laboratories. For this reason, and because the strains isolated are still sensitive to antibiotics in conventional use, mass vaccination of the population in Switzerland is not recommended. Vaccination should be carried out in certain high risk groups of patients.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1986

Man's relation to experimental animals: modern times--the present situation in Switzerland.

The situation in Switzerland is characterized by a particularly violent antivivisectionist movement. A pending public vote on a constitutional amendment threatens to ban animal experiments totally. The scientific community has reacted by establishing binding Ethical Guide-Lines that should help the scientists to deal responsibly with the ethical conflict that follows from the principle of reverence for life: to reduce animal experiments and especially animal suffering as far as possible without denying man the fulfillment of his own claims to security.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗
PubMed1987

Prevalence of Rett syndrome in Switzerland.

In an extensive survey, 35 cases of Rett syndrome born in Switzerland were found. Only 5 probands were older than 20 years; the oldest subject was 37. The prevalence for 1967-1982 was 0.41/10,000 (= 1:24,600) girls. This is considered a minimum prevalence since complete ascertainment was not possible by this investigation. Prevalence figures from southern Sweden and west of Scotland are higher (approximately 1:15,000). Rett syndrome is apparently responsible for a considerable proportion of girls with neurodegenerative disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

[The use of coronary vessel radiography in Switzerland: a population study].

All patients having undergone a coronarography during 1984 have been surveyed in Switzerland. This retrospective study has used existing data in the 13 centers practicing this diagnostic procedure. 4921 coronarographies were carried out in 1984, amongst 4359 patients. In terms of population-based rates, the national figures are 77 procedures/100,000 residents, and 68 patients/100,000 residents. Female rates are one fourth of the male rates (27/100,000 versus 112/100,000). For both sexes, the highest utilization rates are for the age groups 60-64. Swiss figures are relatively low when compared with other developed countries. However, patterns of utilization are very different within the country: according to the Canton of residence of the patient, the utilization rates (standardized for age and sex) vary from 8/100,000 to 160/100,000. There is a distinct gradient from south-west to north-east, which closely corresponds to the distribution of centers practicing the procedure. More intriguing is the fact that cardiovascular mortality shows an inverse geographical gradient, with the highest mortality in Cantons having the lowest rate of coronarography. Various reasons for the observed variations are discussed, in relation with differences in supply of diagnostic and therapeutic equipments, but also in relation with various patterns of demand related to differential morbidity rates and/or differential patterns of clinical decision.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Inbreeding as measured by isonymy, pedigrees, and population size in Törbel, Switzerland.

Törbel provides an interesting test case for the study of the relationship between inbreeding measured by pedigrees and inbreeding measured by isonymy. At the start of this investigation, we were aware that isonymy could introduce biases into the calculation of the inbreeding coefficient in either direction. However, it was expected that in Switzerland, inbreeding from isonymy would be an overestimate due to patrilocal residence and polyphyletic names. One way of dealing with this problem [13] was not to be concerned with the absolute value of inbreeding but only in the difference between estimates. Any bias introduced in the estimate itself disappears in such comparisons, so that a trend of inbreeding can be ascertained correctly. However, it was considered equally important to subject several populations to both a complete pedigree analysis and an isonymic analysis to determine the relationship between estimates of inbreeding. Despite the fact that several authors (Swedlund [18], for example) warned users of isonymy to exercise caution, the careless application of isonymy still persists. In the present study, estimates of inbreeding from isonymy were brought into line with other methods based on pedigree analysis and population size. However, it was possible to do this only in Törbel where pedigree depth was extensive and relatively complete. Similar corrections are possible only when the distribution of mono- and polyphyletic names is known and when migration data are reliable. If the trouble is taken to make these corrections, the same time and effort might as well be spent in pedigree analysis (when fairly complete ascertainment is possible) to achieve the same end result.

Consanguinity↗
PubMed1986

[Epidemiological aspects of toxocariasis in Switzerland].

In the regions of Basel, Jura and Zürich (Switzerland) 765 blood donors completed a questionnaire with respect to symptoms, animal contacts and occupation, and their sera were tested for antibodies to tissue helminths in ELISA. 5.1%, 3.3% and 6.5% exhibited antibodies solely to the respective antigens of Toxocara canis, Fasciola hepatica, and Echinococcus granulosus. Combined seroreactions were mainly observed between F. hepatica and E. granulosus antigens. Reactivity to T. canis antigen was associated with animal contacts at work, as well as contacts with cattle and sheep but not dogs or cats. Toxocara antibodies were found in all age groups. Their prevalence varied markedly by region.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Evolution of tobacco consumption in 2 towns with intervention programs and 2 control towns in Switzerland].

The National Research Program 1 A on "Primary Prevention of cardiovascular disease in Switzerland' was designed to determine whether community health education can reduce cardiovascular risk factors in the population. Two communities (12,000 inhabitants each) in the French speaking and two (16,000 inhabitants each) in the German speaking part of the country were selected either for intervention or comparison. Following baseline screening in 1977 (stratified random samples) and the community intervention program (1978-1980), a final assessment on the initial participants was performed at the end of 1980. Amongst the regular smokers, 26,2% stopped during this period in the intervention communities whereas 18,1% did so in the reference cities. 4,7% of non-smokers began to smoke during the same period in the intervention communities whereas 7,8% did so in the reference cities. Plasma thiocyanate measurement suggested reliable answers on smoking status. These results suggest that community health education may be effective in preventing harmful health consequence of smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[The influence of family environment on the evolution of tobacco consumption in 2 trial towns and 2 control towns in Switzerland].

As part of a study on cardiovascular risk factor modification in four Swiss cities (National Research Program 1A, "Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Switzerland") between 1977 and 1981, the influence of family members on changes in tobacco consumption was investigated. In this study there were two intervention cities, with a community health education program, and two reference cities. The net decrease of regular smokers was significantly more important in the intervention cities (-3.6%, p less than 0.05), however there was no significantly different pattern for family members. In contrast, there was a significant influence among adult family members both for the decrease (p = 0.0001) and the increase (p less than 0.005) in tobacco consumption.

Adolescent↗