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PubMed1982

Plasma-derived serum as a selective agent to obtain endothelial cultures from swine aorta.

Endothelial cell and smooth muscle cell cultures from artery wall provide a potential model system for studying cellular processes involved in atherogenesis. To prepare serial subcultures of swine arterial endothelial cells that are free of smooth muscle cells without either selecting a small population or subjecting the cells to cytotoxic conditions, we used swine plasma-derived serum (SPDS) to establish conditions in which endothelial cells have a growth advantage. Endothelial cells were collected by collagenase digestion and smooth muscle cell cultures were prepared by outgrowth from explants of arterial medial segments. Growth rates were compared when each cell type was maintained on SPDS, or fetal bovine serum (FBS), or swine whole serum (SWS). When 20% FBS or SWS were used the doubling times were less than 30 h for both endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. On 20% SPDS the doubling time for endothelial cells was 32 h, but for smooth muscle cells it was at least 168 h. Using SPDS, we prepare endothelial subcultures from swine aorta that express principally polygonal morphology at confluence. Endothelial cell cultures grown on SPDS have higher angiotensin-converting enzyme than those grown on FBS.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Cardiopulmonary effects of the volume recruitment manoeuvre in infant swine.

The volume recruitment manoeuvre is a non-invasive technique used to measure respiratory mechanics in infants. Because airway pressure increases during this manoeuvre, lung volume, compliance and cardiac output may change. In order to assess possible changes in cardiopulmonary function caused by the volume recruitment manoeuvre, we applied this technique to seven intubated infant swine breathing spontaneously during anaesthesia with halothane and N2O. Tidal volume (VT), respiratory frequency, arterial blood gases, cardiac output (CO) and total respiratory compliance were measured before and after the manoeuvre. In three swine functional residual capacity (FRC) was measured by helium dilution before the manoeuvre, and in four swine diaphragmatic EMG was recorded continuously. Finally, all swine were paralysed during volume recruitment to assess the contribution of the respiratory muscles to post-manoeuvre respiratory mechanics. VT and f increased immediately after the manoeuvre but there were no significant changes in PaCO2, or alveolar to arterial oxygen gradient. There was a small but statistically significant decrease in CO. Compliance increased by 17.8 +/- 3.6 per cent and FRC increased by a mean of 41.1 ml (or 51.9 per cent increase above the baseline FRC). The increase in FRC could not be explained by active mechanisms since the diaphragmatic EMG showed no post-inspiratory activity and neuromuscular paralysis did not decrease FRC. We conclude that the volume recruitment manoeuvre increases FRC and compliance by recruiting collapsed alveoli, and this effect must be taken into consideration when applying this test to infants.

Anesthesia, Inhalation↗

PubMed2005

Genomic sequence analysis of the 238-kb swine segment with a cluster of TRIM and olfactory receptor genes located, but with no class I genes, at the distal end of the SLA class I region.

Continuous genomic sequence has been previously determined for the swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) class I region from the TNF gene cluster at the border between the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III and class I regions to the UBD gene at the telomeric end of the classical class I gene cluster (SLA-1 to SLA-5, SLA-9, SLA-11). To complete the genomic sequence of the entire SLA class I genomic region, we have analyzed the genomic sequences of two BAC clones carrying a continuous 237,633-bp-long segment spanning from the TRIM15 gene to the UBD gene located on the telomeric side of the classical SLA class I gene cluster. Fifteen non-class I genes, including the zinc finger and the tripartite motif (TRIM) ring-finger-related family genes and olfactory receptor genes, were identified in the 238-kilobase (kb) segment, and their location in the segment was similar to their apparent human homologs. In contrast, a human segment (alpha block) spanning about 375 kb from the gene ETF1P1 and from the HLA-J to HLA-F genes was absent from the 238-kb swine segment. We conclude that the gene organization of the MHC non-class I genes located in the telomeric side of the classical SLA class I gene cluster is remarkably similar between the swine and the human segments, although the swine lacks a 375-kb segment corresponding to the human alpha block.

Amino Acids↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Percutaneous transcatheter one-step mechanical aortic disc valve prosthesis implantation: a preliminary feasibility study in swine.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of one-step implantation of a new type of stent-based mechanical aortic disc valve prosthesis (MADVP) above and across the native aortic valve and its short-term function in swine with both functional and dysfunctional native valves. METHODS: The MADVP consisted of a folding disc valve made of silicone elastomer attached to either a nitinol Z-stent (Z model) or a nitinol cross-braided stent (SX model). Implantation of 10 MADVPs (6 Z and 4 SX models) was attempted in 10 swine: 4 (2 Z and 2 SX models) with a functional native valve and 6 (4 Z and 2 SX models) with aortic regurgitation induced either by intentional valve injury or by MADVP placement across the native valve. MADVP function was observed for up to 3 hr after implantation. RESULTS: MADVP implantation was successful in 9 swine. One animal died of induced massive regurgitation prior to implantation. Four MADVPs implanted above functioning native valves exhibited good function. In 5 swine with regurgitation, MADVP implantation corrected the induced native valve dysfunction and the device's continuous good function was observed in 4 animals. One MADVP (SX model) placed across native valve gradually migrated into the left ventricle. CONCLUSION: The tested MADVP can be implanted above and across the native valve in a one-step procedure and can replace the function of the regurgitating native valve. Further technical development and testing are warranted, preferably with a manufactured MADVP.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Isolation and identification of hyper-ammonia producing bacteria from swine manure storage pits.

Storage of swine manure is associated with the microbiological production of a variety of odorous compounds, including ammonia, organic acids, and alcohols, phenolics, and sulfides. Until recently, little was known about the microorganisms responsible for their production. Results from our laboratory have demonstrated that the predominant microbial populations of stored swine manure are anaerobic, low (G + C), Gram-positive bacteria. However, studies on pure cultures isolated from manure have found few microorganisms that produce appreciable ammonia concentrations. Therefore, selective and enrichment techniques were employed to isolate ammonia-producing bacteria from stored swine manure by using media containing peptone and amino acids as carbon and energy sources. We now report on the isolation of 40 bacterial cultures, a number of which are capable of producing at least 40 mM ammonia in peptone-amino acid medium, concentrations similar to those produced by hyper-ammonia producing (HAP) bacteria isolated from the rumen of cattle. The manure HAP isolates are phylogenetically distinct from the ruminal isolates and may prove to be intimately involved in the production of ammonia during storage of swine manure.

Actinobacteria↗

PubMed1999

Characterization of a swine chromosome-specific centromeric higher-order repeat.

The centromeric region of swine chromosomes is comprised of tandemly repeated, divergent DNA monomer units. Here we report that these divergent DNA monomer sequences are organized into higher-order repeats, analogous to the hierarchical organization of alpha-satellite monomers in human centromeres. In this study, a centromeric cosmid clone was shown to be comprised entirely of a 3.3-kb higher-order repeat, with independent copies of this higher-order repeat more than 99% identical to each other. This higher-order repeat is composed of ten divergent monomer units of approximately 340 bp. The ten monomers are on average 79% identical, and all ten monomers are arranged in the same 5' to 3' orientation. In FISH analysis, a cloned 3.3-kb higher-order repeat hybridized to the centromere of Chromosome (Chr) 9 in metaphase spreads and detected two discrete foci in interphase nuclei, demonstrating that this swine higher-order repeat is chromosome-specific. The Chr 9 centromeric array spanned approximately 2.2 Mb as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Moreover, the swine Chr 9 centromere is highly polymorphic, because an EcoRI restriction site polymorphism was detected. Thus, the assembly of divergent satellite sequences into chromosome-specific higher-order repeats appears to be a common organizational feature of both the human and swine centromere and suggests that the evolutionary mechanism(s) that create and maintain higher-order repeats is conserved between their genomes.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Ocular fluorescein kinetics before and after vitrectomy on swine.

PURPOSE: To study the quantitative effects of vitrectomy on fluorescein transport kinetics across the ocular barriers. METHODS: Thirty-six domestic swine were used in this study. Twenty anesthetized swine were given a standardized fluorescein intravenous injection immediately after unilateral vitrectomy. This was followed by one single central sample aspiration from the vitreous and the anterior chamber of both eyes in individual animals at increasing intervals up to 24 h after the injection. Fluorescein concentrations in the samples were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Eight swine underwent unilateral vitrectomy followed by anterior chamber and vitreous fluorophotometry on both eyes 1 month later. The fluorescein concentrations determined using this method were followed for 24 h. Similar examinations were performed in a control group of eight swine that did not undergo vitrectomy. Anterior chamber, vitreous, and plasma fluorescein concentration/time courses were analyzed kinetically by iterative nonlinear regression analysis. RESULTS: The barrier surrounding the anterior chamber of the eye was immediately impaired after vitrectomy, as evidenced by an increased area under the fluorescein concentration versus time curve, but the transport kinetics were restored within 1 month after surgery. The blood-retinal barrier was, however, persistently altered following vitrectomy. Transport rate and extent of drug penetration into the vitreous were increased, while drug elimination from the vitreous remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: Vitrectomy led to persistent kinetic fluorescein transport changes in the blood-retinal barrier resulting in faster and increased drug penetration to the vitreous, whereas similar alterations in the anterior chamber barrier transport were only transitory.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Milrinone administered before ischemia or just after reperfusion, attenuates myocardial stunning in anesthetized swine.

PURPOSE: We assessed the dose or timing effect of milrinone administered against myocardial stunning in 37 anesthetized open-chest swine. METHODS: All swine were subjected to 12-min ischemia followed by reperfusion to produce myocardial stunning. Group A (n = 12) received saline in place of milrinone both before and after ischemia. Group B (n = 9) and C (n = 9) received intravenous milrinone at a rate of 5 microg/kg/min for 10 min followed by 0.5 microg/kg/min for 10 min and 10 microg/kg/min for 10 min followed by 1 microg/kg/min for 10 min, respectively, until 30 min before coronary occlusion. Group D (n = 7) received the same dose of milrinone as group B starting 1 min after reperfusion. Myocardial contractility was assessed by percentage segment shortening (%SS). RESULTS: Five swine in group A and two swine in groups B and C each had ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia after reperfusion, and were thus excluded from further analysis. The percentage changes of %SS from the baseline 90 min after reperfusion in groups B, C, and D were 78 +/- 9%, 82 +/- 13%, and 79 +/- 7%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in group A (43 +/- 13%). CONCLUSION: We conclude that milrinone administered before ischemia or just after reperfusion attenuates myocardial stunning.

Anesthesia↗

PubMed1984

Quantification of intimal cell masses and atherosclerotic lesions in coronary arteries of control and hyperlipidemic swine.

In the current study of swine coronary arteries, we have attempted to quantify the coronary intimal cell masses (ICM) with regard to two aspects: (1) percentage of total arterial wall cells (intimal plus medial) that are in the intima, and (2) percentage of arterial wall area occupied by intima. We have studied 4 coronary sites: left main stem (LMS), proximal right (RCA), proximal left circumflex (LCX), and proximal left anterial descending (LAD). In mash-fed ('normal') swine we carried out the study at 3 ages: 2, 5 and 12 months. In addition, we have carried out a similar study in swine fed hyperlipidemic (HL) diets for 3 or approximately 10 months starting at 2 months of age. In the control swine we found approximately 6% of the arterial wall occupied by intima at 2 months of age with no significant increases by 12 months. There were no consistent significant differences among the 4 coronary artery sites with regard to percentage of wall occupied by intima. When the HL diet was fed, there were significant increases in the percentage of the arterial wall occupied by intima (now atherosclerotic lesion) by 3 months on diet and much larger increases by 10 months (up to 87% of wall occupied by intimal lesion) with extensive regions of lipid-rich, calcific, necrotic debris. After 3 months on HL diet the RCA lesions occupied significantly greater percentages of areas than the other 3 sites but this difference had disappeared by 10 months on the HL diet.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Endothelial cell denudation, labelling indices and monocyte attachment in advanced swine coronary artery lesions.

This study shows that frank endothelial denudation, as measured by scanning electron microscopy, is associated with coronary artery atherosclerotic lesions in swine fed hyperlipidemic diets for 9 or 18 months. The largest areas of endothelial cell denudation were found to be associated with the most advanced atherosclerotic lesions, and lesser areas of denudation were present in less severely atherosclerotic arteries. Overall, the study suggests that frank endothelial denudation in swine coronaries occurs secondarily to advanced lesion development, and is proportionate to the amount of lesion present. In contrast attachment of monocytes to the endothelial surface was not proportionate to the amount of lesion present. While the number of attached monocytes after 9 or 18 months of a hyperlipidemic diet was much greater than in the mash-fed swine, there was no difference between the two hyperlipidemic groups. In both hyperlipidemic groups, the attached monocytes were concentrated over lesion areas. By scanning electron microscopy, most attached monocytes in these perfused coronary arteries showed a slender foot process extending into a gap between endothelial cells. Endothelial cell turnover, as measured by tritiated thymidine labelling indices, increased with the amount of coronary artery atherosclerosis. However, it did not become significantly greater than in mash-fed swine until advanced lesions developed.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Dietary fish oil added to a hyperlipidemic diet for swine results in reduction in the excessive number of monocytes attached to arterial endothelium.

Modest numbers of blood monocytes become attached at least temporarily to the endothelium of large arteries in normal swine fed low fat, low cholesterol diets. These numbers are increased several fold when the swine are fed a high saturated fat, high cholesterol atherogenic diet (BT). The main objective of this portion of a broader study was to see if the addition of fish oil (30 ml) to a BT diet (BT + FO) could prevent the increase in attached monocytes induced over arterial endothelium in BT fed swine. Six BT, 6 BT + FO and 5 control mash (MA) swine fed the respective diets for 4 months before killing were available for the current study. Other aspects of this experiment have been presented previously which in brief are that BT + FO resulted in retardation of atherosclerotic lesion development and a shift in lipoprotein components from predominantly apolipoprotein B,E containing with the BT diet to predominantly apo B only with BT + FO. There was a significant positive correlation between lesion development and apo B,E lipoproteins. In the current study we determined by scanning electron microscopy on the first portion of the left anterior descending coronary artery after perfusion fixation under pressure the number of monocytes per mm2 attached over or not over visible lesions. We also determined monocyte percentages in the circulating blood and analyzed the correlation of the numbers of attached monocytes and blood monocyte percentages with various lipoprotein components reported previously.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Comparison of effects of fish oil and corn oil supplements on hyperlipidemic diet induced atherogenesis in swine.

The addition of a fish oil supplement rich in n - 3 unsaturated fatty acids to a high cholesterol, high saturated fat (BT) diet for swine has been shown previously to result in modest lowering of plasma cholesterol levels and in marked retardation of atherogenesis. It has been suggested that the effect was due to the change in polyunsaturated (PUFA) to saturated fatty acid ratios (P/S) and that a supplement of PUFA of the n - 6 series might have the same effect as the fish oil. We have tested this hypothesis in swine fed an atherogenic diet by comparing the effect of a fish oil supplement producing a P/S ratio of 0.28 to that of corn oil in the same amount producing a ratio of 0.46. The P/S ratio of the atherogenic diet without supplements was 0.16. Thirteen young male Yorkshire swine were fed either BT alone (n = 4), BT + cod liver oil (n = 4) or BT + corn oil (n = 5) for 6 months and then killed for quantitative studies of atherosclerosis in the aortas and coronary arteries including lesion areas, number of lesion cells, and number of monocytes attached to endothelium. Plasma cholesterol levels were determined periodically and lipoproteins were separated terminally by density gradient ultracentrifugation, Pevikon block electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis. The fish oil supplement resulted in a 30% reduction in time-weighted average plasma cholesterol levels, and a marked shift in terminal lipoprotein patterns from predominantly apo B and E containing ones to predominantly apo B only ones. Atherogenesis was reduced by the fish oil supplement as judged by several morphometric criteria including size of lesions, number of lesion cells, and number of monocytes attached to lesion endothelium. The corn oil supplement produced no significant reductions in any of these variables from those in swine fed the atherogenic BT diet without the supplement. We conclude that the n - 3 fatty acid rich fish oil supplemented diet retarded atherogenesis, but that this effect was not shared by the corn oil supplemented diet which had an even higher P/S ratio.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Pharmacokinetics of the trichothecene mycotoxin, T-2 toxin, in swine and cattle.

The pharmacokinetics of the trichothecene mycotoxin, T-2 toxin, were determined in growing gilts and heifers. Following intra-aortal administration in swine and intravenous administration in calves, the disappearance of the parent T-2 toxin followed a 2-compartment open model. Mean elimination phase half-lives were 13.8 and 17.4 min and mean apparent specific volumes of distribution were 0.366 and 0.376 l/kg in swine and calves, respectively. The fraction of T-2 toxin eliminated as parent compound in the urine was negligible. In spite of administration of a lethal oral dose in swine (2.4 mg/kg) and toxic oral doses (up to 3.6 mg/kg) in calves, no parent T-2 toxin was detected in plasma or urine. After intra-aortal administration in swine, tissue concentrations of T-2 toxin were consistently highest in lymphoid organs. Tissue residues of T-2 toxin were rapidly depleted such that, in spite of administration of a potentially lethal intra-aortal dose, no quantifiable T-2 toxin was present in any of the tissues collected at 4 hr after dosing. No T-2 toxin could be detected in liver, even at 1 hr after dosing.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Some toxic and essential trace metals in swine from northern Poland.

The concentrations of mercury, cadmium, lead, copper, manganese, zinc and iron have been determined in muscle (meat), liver and kidneys of swine slaughtered in the northern part of Poland between 1987 and 1991. The method of measurement was cold vapour flameless AAS for mercury and flame AAS for other trace metals. The concentrations of such toxic metals as mercury, lead and cadmium were relatively low or very low. The arithmetic mean weighted concentrations obtained related to fresh weight for muscle, liver and kidneys of swine were 1.9, 3.7 and 7.0 micrograms kg-1 for mercury, 5, 41 and 240 micrograms kg-1 for cadmium, 20, 94 and 120 micrograms kg-1 for lead, 1.1, 8.5 and 8.4 mg kg-1 for copper, 0.11, 1.3 and 1.3 mg kg-1 for manganese, 26, 50 and 30 mg kg-1 for zinc and 13, 54 and 63 mg kg-1 for iron, respectively. No definite time trends of mercury, cadmium and lead concentrations in swine muscle and edible organ meats during the period studied were observed, while for an essential trace metals analysed the values obtained seem to be typical. The results noted are reviewed and discussed with the data reported for muscle, liver and kidneys of swine in Poland from other studies.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Effect of prostaglandin E1 on low density lipoprotein apo-B-receptor binding in human, rat and swine liver in vitro.

The effect of PGE1 on low density lipoprotein (LDL) apo-B-receptor binding was examined in human, rat and swine liver. Autologous LDL (for humans and swines) and homologous LDL (for rats) were isolated by ultracentrifugation and labelled with 123I using Iodogen followed by purification with dialysis. LDL-concentrations of 0.1-6 micrograms protein/ml were used for direct binding assays investigating the specific binding of labelled LDL in presence of increasing PGE1-concentrations (100 pM to 100 microM). In separate experiments the effect of PGE1 on displacement of specifically bound 123I-LDL by unlabelled ones was studied. The binding capacities estimated by Scatchard analysis were similar for human and rat liver LDL-apo-B-receptor binding, however, swine liver exhibited a significantly (p less than 0.001) lower binding capacity for 123I-LDL. PGE1 significantly (p less than 0.01-0.001) increased the amount of 123I-LDL specifically bound to the liver apo-B-receptors and the binding affinity in all liver preparations of the 3 species in a dose-dependent manner. PGE1 also significantly increased competition of unlabelled LDL for 123I-LDL bound to its specific apo-B-receptors in a dose-dependent manner (p less than 0.01-0.001) with an ED50 of 123 +/- 64 nM for human liver, 901 +/- 102 nM for rat liver obtained during anaesthesia, 74 +/- 23 nM for rat liver obtained after decapitation and 941 +/- 121 nM for swine liver. In human liver iloprost (ED50 = 876 +/- 53 nM) and PGI2 (ED50 = 52 +/- 12 microM) were less effective than PGE1, PGE2 had no effect on LDL-induced competition. It is concluded that PGE1 renders LDL more sensitive for apo-B-receptor binding suggesting a potential hypolipidemic action of PGE1.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Expression of a novel function-associated molecule on cells mediating spontaneous cytolysis in swine.

In the present study, we have analyzed the effects of the anti-FAM mAb 5C6, on endogenous NK cell and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell activity of swine. We report that the anti-FAM mAb 5C6 binds to fresh and cultured lymphocytes with spontaneous cytotoxic activity from swine peripheral blood. In conjunction, the anti-FAM mAb 5C6 inhibits swine cytolysis against K562 target cells. Inhibition was found to be mediated by blocking of conjugate formation. The level of spontaneous killing and mAb inhibition was correlated with the number of swine cells staining positive with the mAb 5C6 as assessed by flow cytometry.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Prevalence of influenza viruses A-H1N1 and A-H3N2 in swine in the Netherlands.

In the period December 1979-May 1980 a respiratory disease spread rapidly through pig herds in The Netherlands. Surveillance of 12 pig farms resulted in isolation of 22 influenza A-Swine-H1N1 (Hsw1N1) strains from 9 pig herds. The morbidity rate was high but the mortality rate was nil. Retardation in growth was observed. Sera collected from affected pig herds showed a fourfold increase in haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titre against A-Swine-H1N1 virus. Sera collected on five farms showed a geometric mean HI titre against the A-H3N2 virus above 100. A significant HI titre increase against this virus was found in sera collected on three farms. These findings indicated a recent infection by this virus. A-H3N2 virus was not isolated. The Dutch Swine-1980 isolates showed in the cross-HI test a distant antigenic relationship with the classical A/Swine/Iowa/30 (H1N1) virus and one-sided close antigenic relationship with A/New Jersey/76 (H1N1) virus. HI antibody to A/Swine/Nederland/80 (H1N1) virus was found in 4, 0, and 44%, to A/New Jersey/76 (H1N1) virus in 0.5, 0.4, and 42%, and to A/Swine/Iowa/30 (H1N1) virus in 0.5, 1, and 30% of pig sera collected in 1976, 1977, and 1980, respectively. HI antibody to A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) virus was detected in 36, 56, and 68%, and to A/Victoria/75 (H3N2) virus in 38, 73, and 68% of these sera, respectively. The results of this study indicate that pigs in The Netherlands, like those in North America, Southeast Asia, Japan, and Western Europe harbour A-Swine-H1N1 and A-H3N2 influenza viruses and are thus potential reservoirs for future human pandemics.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Influenza in swine in Belgium (1969-1986): epizootiologic aspects.

From 1984 until 1986, influenza isolates were obtained from 59 outbreaks of respiratory tract disease in Belgium. In 21 of the outbreaks, H3N2-influenza virus isolates, related to the human A/Port Chalmers/1/73 strain were obtained. All other isolates were H1N1-influenza virus strains. The prevalence of variants of the human H3N2-influenza virus in the Belgium swine population was determined by examining sow sera which had been collected between 1969 and 1984. The results of this serological study showed that, although a Port Chalmers-like strain was associated with outbreaks of respiratory tract disease in swine only since 1984, such strain was already present in the swine population in 1974, when a low percentage of sow sera (7%) reacted with A/Port Chalmers/1/73. Between 1975 and 1984, antibody against this strain were present in 28-61% of the sera. Furthermore, 3-6% of the sera collected between 1971 and 1980 reacted with the A/Hong Kong/1/68 strain. There were no indications that more recent human H3N2-strains (A/Texas/1/77, A/Bangkok/1/79 and A/Belgium/2/81) circulated in the Belgian swine population.

Animals↗