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PubMed1994

[Social security in the future. Some tracks from our welfare' history].

In 1994 the National Insurance Scheme in Norway celebrates its 100 years anniversary. The first element in the present comprehensive system was the Industrial Workers' Compensation Act of 1894. During the next 75 years the system was gradually extended, and now includes sickness benefit, old-age pension, disability pension, unemployment benefit and rehabilitation aid, as well as specific benefits for certain vocations and social conditions. The different chapters are summarized under the National Insurance Act ("Peoples Insurance Act" of 1971). There has been a general political consensus in establishing and further developing the insurance and welfare system, both before and after World War II. The principles of solidarity and equality still predominate in the Norwegian political culture, and the national insurance system may also be the most important political and economic instrument for realizing these principles in practice, also in the future.

Forecasting↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An ethical perspective on caregiving in the family.

The emphasis on intra-family caregiving that prevailed from ancient until relatively recent times, in both philosophy and practice, was substantially displaced under the influence of the Eighteenth Century Enlightenment by an emphasis on individual independence. The ethics of familial relationships ceased to be at the center of philosophical interest. A consequence was growing inattention to the social conditions and practical arrangements needed to support family efforts to take care of the very young, the very old, the physically or mentally ill or disabled, and others in need of care. The myth of the self-sufficient family must be exploded to permit the development of a public policy that will make such support possible.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Female social reproductive roles affect central monoamines.

Central monoamines display a variety of activation patterns in different social groups, and among males and females. We addressed three social conditions for female lizards of the species Anolis carolinensis: Isolated, paired with a mate, and in a group of 5 competing for one mate. Among those in a group, only 1 or 2 females exhibited recrudescing ovaries. Individuals paired with a mate (for one month) exhibited ovarian growth, isolated animals (initial controls) had quiescent ovaries. Reproductively dominant females had significantly greater telencephalic 5-HIAA, and serotonergic activation, as indicated by the ratio of 5-HIAA to 5-HT. Telencephalic HVA as well as the HVA/DA ratio were also significantly greater in dominant females compared to all other groups. In contrast, serotonergic activation in brainstem was elevated in subordinate females only. These results suggest that serotonergic activation in telencephalon, found only in dominant females, not in other reproductively active females, is a function of the unique social role of a dominant female, possibly combining submissive behaviors toward a male with dominance over other females and competition for access to that male. Dopaminergic activation in telencephalon, also found only in dominant females, may be related to aggressive interactions with other females. Activation of serotonin in brainstem, found in this study in subordinate females and previously in males [C.H. Summers and N. Greenberg, Activation of central biogenic amines following aggressive interaction in male lizards, Anolis carolinensis, Brain Behav. Evol., 45 (1995) 339-349], may be associated with subordinate social status. Monoamines, involved in social behaviors, appear to be regionally specialized for dominant and subordinate social roles, in males [C.H. Summers and N. Greenberg, Activation of central biogenic amines following aggressive interaction in male lizards, Anolis carolinensis, Brain Behav. Evol., 45 (1995) 339-349][T.R. Summers, E.T. Larson, A.L. Hunter, K.J. Renner, N. Greenberg and C.H. Summers, Amygdalar serotonin mediates long-term social roles following aggressive interaction, Soc. Neurosci. Abs., 22 (1996) 1147] and females. Dominant females exhibit unique social position, behavior and monoamine profile whereas subordinate females and males have a similar serotonergic response in this species.

Aggression↗
PubMed1993

Effects of prematurity and intrauterine growth on respiratory health and lung function in childhood.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether birth weight and gestational age are associated with respiratory illness and lung function in children aged 5-11 years. DESIGN: Cross sectional analysis of parent reported birth weight, gestational age, and respiratory symptoms; parental smoking and social conditions; forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced expiratory rates between 25% and 75% and 75% and 85% (FEF25-75 and FEF75-85), and height. SETTING: Primary schools in England and Scotland in 1990. SUBJECTS: 5573 children aged 5-11 (63.3% of eligible children) had respiratory symptoms analysed and 2036 children (67.1% of eligible children) had lung function measured. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Symptoms of asthma, bronchitis, occasional and frequent wheeze, cough first thing in the morning, and cough at any other time and lung function. RESULTS: Birth weight adjusted for gestational age was significantly associated with all lung function measurements, except FEF25-75. The association remained for FVC (b = 0.475, 95% confidence interval 0.181 to 0.769) and FEV1 (b = 0.502, 0.204 to 0.800) after adjustment for gestational age, parental smoking, and social factors. FEF75-85 was the only lung function related to gestational age. Respiratory symptoms, especially wheeze most days (adjusted odds ratio 0.9, 0.84 to 0.97) were significantly associated with prematurity. Every extra week of gestation reduced the risk of severe wheeze by about 10%. CONCLUSIONS: Lung function is affected mainly by intrauterine environment while respiratory illness, especially wheezing, in childhood is related to prematurity.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1985

The role of individual differences in lipoprotein, artery wall, gender, and behavioral responses in the development of atherosclerosis.

Striking individual differences exist in the response of animals to atherogenic diets. In this communication, we have summarized the accumulated data that relate to a better understanding of this individuality in susceptibility to atherosclerosis. Described herein, are the accumulated data concerning individual differences in the ways in which animals respond to dietary cholesterol. Also contained in this review, are beginning efforts to understand individual differences in susceptibility to coronary artery atherosclerosis at the level of the artery wall ("mesenchymal susceptibility"). We have placed special emphasis on individual differences that exist among cynomolgus macaques in certain psychosocial variables that contribute to individual differences in susceptibility. Among male cynomolgus macaques both status and social condition contribute to these individual differences. Additionally, individual differences in cardiovascular reactivity contribute to varying degrees of atherosclerosis development largely independent of plasma lipid concentrations. Among cynomolgus macaque females, stress-ovarian function relationships have a major influence on the relative degree to which these female animals are protected against diet-induced coronary artery atherosclerosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Mothers matter: crowding leads to stressed mothers and smaller offspring in marine fish.

Most marine populations are sustained by the entry of juveniles that have survived the larval phase, during which time most die. The number of survivors depends strongly on the quality of the eggs produced by spawning females, but it is not known how the social conditions under which breeding occurs influence the quality of larvae produced. Here I show that the density of females interacting with breeding mothers directly influences the size of larvae produced, through a stress-related mechanism. On the Great Barrier Reef of Australia, breeding pairs of a damselfish, Pomacentrus amboinensis, were isolated on habitat patches, and additional females that could not access the spawning site were added at four densities (0, 1, 3, or 6 females). Additional females increased aggressive interactions by mothers and increased the levels of the stress hormone, cortisol, in their ovaries, leading to reduced larval size. Neither egg output nor yolk size of the larvae was influenced by female density. Pairs breeding in isolation produced the largest larvae; current theory suggests that these larvae should contribute most to subsequent population replenishment events. This social mechanism may influence which females effectively contribute to the next generation and may promote resilience in patchy or isolated populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Research-action on medical and social management of uninsured pregnant women].

INTRODUCTION: Perinatal morbidity is increased among women without health insurance and/or receiving poor antenatal care. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of such situations, to analyze underlying social conditions, to identify possible means to secure health insurance and to assess the impact of the absence of health insurance on antenatal care and pregnancy outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All pregnant women without health insurance during one calendar year were included. Those who delivered a live child were compared with a control group of women with health insurance who delivered a live child until the date of the last delivery for uninsured women. Statistical analyses were conducted to describe the characteristics of uninsured women and to identify risk factors for poor antenatal care and pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 259 uninsured women were enrolled, including 201 (78%) foreigners the majority of whom had resided in France for more than one year; 205 were followed-up and delivered in our hospital, including 192 live births. The social context of uninsured French women was worse than that of foreign uninsured women. Health insurance was obtained for 85% (173/205). Overall, the absence of health insurance was associated with increased risks for poor antenatal care. Being uninsured and receiving poor antenatal care was associated with an increase in the incidence of intra-uterine growth failure. Post-term deliveries were more frequent among women with poor antenatal care. CONCLUSIONS: Improving antenatal care and health insurance coverage could help decrease perinatal morbidity, given the current increase in the number of women with social risk factors. It seems essential that all women obtain access to public maternity wards, and that these wards develop effective social services working in concert with ambulatory health and social workers.

Birth Weight↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cultural aspects of mental disorders in Ivory Coast (an ethnopsychiatric approach) (author's transl)].

The authors recall first the presence social conditions in Ivory Coast. Then, they describe the main mental disorders they have observed and they compare and analyse their own diagnosis with reference to european and american patterns and to those given in Dakar by Collomb. Studying the etiologic problems, they consider the question of the ethnic originality of mental diseases, and, as a consequence of it, the value of african indigenous treatments.

Alcoholism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevalence of depression in Krakow population of 17 years old students in years 1984 and 2001].

UNLABELLED: Results of scarce epidemiological studies on depression in adolescents are diverse and dependent of survey methodology as well as on the theoretical approach of researchers. Those studies where the methods are comparable show that depression prevalence depends on the macrosocial situation and the adolescence stage. AIM: The study aimed to assess changes in depression prevalence in mid-adolescents between 1984 and 2001. A presumption was made that the social situation in Poland had changed in the last 17 years. METHOD: In 2001 a representative sample of school attending 17 y.o. adolescents was screened with KID-IO"C1". The results were compared with those of a similar survey, using the same method, carried out in 1984. RESULTS: Point prevalence indexes appeared to be similar as well as higher for girls in comparison with boys. However, dependence of depression prevalence and the type of the senior school has changed. In 1984 it was higher in senior schools preparing for university studies, while in 2001--in those which train in a skill. CONCLUSIONS: Earlier conceptualisations of adolescent depression as connected with social conditions making ways to adulthood difficult (e.g. unemployment) as well as high indexes of depression prevalence in adolescents living in regions with higher unemployment rates than in Kraków, allow for an interpretation of the findings as result of macrosocial changes. Other hypotheses e.g. influence of the adolescence timing and course require a longitudinal prospective study.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Extended day program: bringing preschool to the hospital.

Children who must grow up in a hospital setting due to complex medical and social conditions present health care professionals with unique challenges that include (a) providing an environment to facilitate growth and development, (b) normalizing life experiences, (c) strengthening children's positive self-concepts, (d) promoting independence and exploration, and (e) introducing opportunities for learning experiences. An Extended Day Program, designed by nurses and other professionals to promote optimal development and psychosocial care for long-term hospitalized children, can offer these benefits.

Child↗
PubMed1976

[Significant differentiation of the social psychiatry movement in capitalistic society. 1].

Rapid differentiations of the sociopsychiatric movement in the capitalist countries in general and in the Federal Republic of Germany in particular are closely related to different political concepts in reforming psychiatric care. One important group of psychiatrists consider the improvement in psychiatric care a major step in the direction of improving the social conditions of a capitalist system, striving to get the government's organizing help. Another group is formed by those experts who consider the abolition of repressive forms of therapy and, hence, the termination of the practice of regarding psychic disorders as medically relevant events to be prerequisite to radically improving the situation of mental patients. Essentially speculaiive interpretation results in an ideology of enlightenment that is without real consequences from a public helath and medical care point of view.

Community Psychiatry↗
PubMed1983

The ontogeny of a natural food aversion in domestic rats (Rattus norvegicus) and house mice (Mus musculus).

During a 1-hr feeding test, hungry domestic rats (Rattus norvegicus) that had been reared individually from weaning with a domestic house mouse (Mus musculus) were less likely (p less than .05) to feed on the intact carcass of a freshly sacrificed mouse than were rats that had been reared individually with another rat. Likewise, hungry mice that had been reared individually with a rat were less likely (p less than .01) to feed on a dead rat than were mice that had been reared individually with another mouse. Regardless of the social conditions during rearing, hungry mice were more likely to feed on a dead mouse than were hungry rats to feed on a dead rat. Taken together, the present and other findings suggest that the tendency by rats to reject conspecific flesh stems, at least in part, from prior experience with conspecifics and with their own bodies. The experiential factors mediating the tendency by mice to reject conspecific flesh remain unclear.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Sessions of a cardiac rehabilitation program in coronary disease--the hospital phase (phase I)].

Cardiac rehabilitation is nowadays an integral part of global treatment of the coronary disease. It has the goals to restore a cardiac patient to the maximum level of physical, mental and social condition, so that to achieve the best possible sociofamilial reintegration, and of secondary prevention. The cardiac rehabilitation programs integrate three major components: physical exercise, risk factor control and psychosocial intervention. They start during the period of hospitalization (Phase I), after medical stabilization. In this initial phase the aims are: risk factor education and motivation for healthier life-styles, psychological support, and physical training for early ambulation and self-care, for preventing the deleterious physiological effects of immobilization and for progressive reconditioning.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed2003

Questioning the construction of maternal age as a fertility problem.

The belief that fertility problems derive from maternal age, increasing markedly at 35, reflects social constructions of biology in developed nations. These constructions perpetuate a negative view of female aging. However, research since 1985 can be interpreted to suggest that there is no, or minimal, association between maternal age and problems associated with fertility. Differences in problems between pre- and postmaternal age 35 fertility can be explained by social conditions occurring with fertility, notably, parenting decisions, physical problems with the male and the potential child, and medical intervention. Once we look at fertility as a relationship among the woman, the man, and the potential child, rather than the woman only, we can see these factors. These components suggest that maternal age may be related only tangentially to successful fertility.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1998

Prevalence of taeniasis and cysticercosis in a population of urban residence in Honduras.

To determine the prevalence of antibodies to Taenia solium and taeniasis in a population of urban residence, an epidemiological study was carried out in a military institution located in Tegucigalpa, the capital city of Honduras. A total of 404 persons were interviewed to collect epidemiological data, investigate antibodies to T. solium cysticercus by the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) assay and taeniasis by Ritchie's concentration technique. A total of 41 persons that were living at the headquarters and were traveling frequently to their rural hometowns were regarded as rural residents, the remaining 363 persons were considered urban residents. The seroprevalence of antibodies was 22% (9/41) in the rural residents and 15% (54/363) in the urban residents. The overall seroprevalence was 15.6% (63/404). Analyses of risk factors for seropositivity in the urban residents showed that seropositivity was statistically associated with poor household conditions such as raising pigs (odds ratio (OR), 5.39; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.42-19.50), lack of potable water (OR, 3.66; CI, 1.25-9.94), lack of sanitary toilet (OR, 2.92; CI, 1.35-6.05) and earthen floor (OR, 2.48; CI, 1.28-4.73). Also seropositivity was associated with low academic education (OR, 2.5O; CI, 1.33-4.69) and lack of knowledge about the parasite (OR, 2.39; CI, 1.26-4.49). Out of 328 persons examined for intestinal parasites, two soldiers (0.6%) coming from rural areas were identified as Taenia sp. carriers. T. solium was identified in one case. Although T. solium infections originate and are more prevalent in rural villages, the high seroprevalence found in this study indicates that they can also be found at important levels in urban communities. Migration of tapeworm carriers from rural areas to the city grants the transmission of cysticercosis when poor environmental and social conditions are present.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Research misconduct and crime lessons from criminal science on preventing misconduct and promoting integrity.

For 200 years, criminologists theorized that delinquent and criminal acts arise from deviant psychological states (such as irrationality or immorality) and/or social conditions that produce these psychological states. This theoretical perspective, which is being duplicated in most efforts to understand and control research misconduct, has not been productive. More recently, criminological perspectives have emerged, emphasizing situational factors that enhance or restrict the opportunity for illegal or imprudent behavior. These so-called "opportunity" theories have been shown to have practical value in reducing crime rates. We explore the promise of these newer theories for the responsible conduct of research (RCR).

Crime↗
PubMed2004

Revitalising the Metropolit 1953 Danish male birth cohort: background, aims and design.

Recent research indicates that factors operating during childhood are related to adult health. Thus, longitudinal studies with information on subsequent phases may be key to understanding later health outcomes. The main objective of this paper is to describe the history and design of a Danish birth cohort, and its revitalisation. In 1965, information from birth certificates for 11 591 of a total of 12 270 males born in 1953 in the Metropolitan area of Copenhagen, Denmark were traced. These boys were the study population of a sociological investigation conducted with the aim of describing social mobility. At age 12 years, 9537 of these cohort members completed a questionnaire in school, which included cognitive measures and information on social aspirations and leisure time activities. In 1966 educational performance tests were administered for these boys and, in 1968, mothers of 2890 cohort members were interviewed regarding family social backgrounds. With the establishment of the Civil Registration System (CRS) in 1968, it was possible to identify 11 532 cohort members. In 2002 we began the process of revitalising this study with the aim of investigating the influence of early life factors on later health. We succeeded in ascertaining the vital status of all subjects in the CRS. This showed that 863 subjects had died between 1968 and 2002. Linkages to the Register of Causes of Death, the National Hospital Register, Psychiatric Central Register and Danish Cancer Registry have been completed. In total, 7969 cohort members had been hospitalised for any somatic illness and, according to the Psychiatric Central Register, 1382 men had been admitted to a psychiatric hospital or ward. In the Cancer Registry we found 363 of our study participants. Analyses exploring the influence of social conditions in early life, birth dimensions, and childhood cognition on adult health experience are at various stages of completion. A questionnaire-based postal follow-up survey is planned. Thus, the Metropolit study provides an important opportunity to examine the processes by which factors that operate over the life course influence adult health.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed2003

The education and medical practice of Dr. James McCune Smith (1813-1865), first black American to hold a medical degree.

James McCune Smith (1813-1865)--first black American to obtain a medical degree, prominent abolitionist and suffragist, compassionate physician, prolific writer, and public intellectual--has been relatively neglected by historians of medicine. No biography of Smith exists to this day, though he has been the subject of several essays. Born, in his own words, "the son of a self-emancipated bond-woman," and denied admission to colleges in the United States, his native land, Smith earned medical, master's, and baccalaureate degrees at Glasgow University in Scotland. On his return to New York City in 1837, Smith became the first black physician to publish articles in US medical journals. Smith was broadly involved in the anti-slavery and suffrage movements, contributing to and editing abolitionist newspapers and serving as an officer of many organizations for the improvement of social conditions in the black community. In his scientific writings Smith debunked the racial theories in Thomas Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia, refuted phrenology and homeopathy, and responded with a forceful statistical critique to the racially biased US Census of 1840. Frederick Douglass, Gerrit Smith, and John Brown personally collaborated with James McCune Smith in the fight for black freedom. As the learned physician-scholar of the abolition movement, Smith was instrumental in making the overthrow of slavery credible and successful.

Black or African American↗