Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Rotavirus”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,027 records · Page 57Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Virological and serological aspects of immune resistance to rotavirus gastroenteritis.

Some aspects of immune resistance to rotavirus gastroenteritis were assessed on the basis of clinical and laboratory findings during several outbreaks of gastroenteritis due to rotavirus of serotype 1 or 3 in a welfare nursery. Protection against rotavirus gastroenteritis was serotype specific and seemed to be related to levels of antibody to homotypic virus. The short duration of the protective effect may explain recurrent attacks of gastroenteritis due to the same serotype. Heterotypic antibody responses suggested that immunity to heterotypic virus can be induced by natural rotavirus infection or a rotavirus vaccine. Results of a field trial of a candidate vaccine, rhesus rotavirus strain MMU 18006, were used as a basis for evaluating strategies for vaccine development.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1990

Evaluation of WC3 rotavirus vaccine and correlates of protection in healthy infants.

The safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of WC3 rotavirus vaccine was evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of healthy infants 2-12 months of age; 103 received one dose of vaccine and 103 received placebo. Vaccination appeared to be safe and induced an antibody response (WC3 neutralizing antibody) in 97% of vaccinees. Only 9 (9%) of these, however, produced antibody to human rotavirus serotypes; at least 7 of the 9 were naturally infected before vaccination. Neither the number of symptomatic episodes of rotavirus diarrhea (21 vs 25) nor the number of moderate to severe rotavirus illnesses (9 vs. 15) was significantly different in vaccine or placebo recipients, respectively, during a predominantly serotype 1 rotavirus season. A slight but significant decrease in mean symptom score was detected in vaccine recipients. Despite an overall lack of efficacy, protection could be correlated to previous rotavirus infection, high levels of WC3 neutralizing antibody, and preexisting (maternal) serotype 1 neutralizing antibody with a titer greater than or equal to 30.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1996

The development of multivalent bovine rotavirus (strain WC3) reassortant vaccine for infants.

Laboratory and clinical studies have been directed toward development of a vaccine against rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants. First, bovine rotavirus strain WC3, which did not induce neutralizing antibodies to predominant human rotavirus (HRV) serotypes, was determined to be safe and immunogenic; however, it was not protective in all efficacy trials. HRVs adapted to cell culture retained some virulence for infants, but when further attenuated by cold adaptation, they were poorly immunogenic. Reassortant rotaviruses were designed to express HRV surface proteins VP7 (G) or VP4 (P) while retaining a bovine WC3 genome background. Reassortants containing either HRV surface protein and as few as four bovine rotavirus genes were safe in infants. A monovalent WC3 reassortant of serotype G1 specificity was 64%-100% protective in placebo-controlled trials. A quadrivalent WC3 reassortant vaccine with components of HRV G1, G2, G3, and P[8] specificity induced 67% protection against all rotavirus disease in a multicenter efficacy trial.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Field trial of rhesus rotavirus vaccine in infants.

Orally administered rhesus rotavirus vaccine (RRV) was evaluated in a placebo-controlled study in 176 infants (ages 2 to 4 months). Eighty-eight infants received a dose of 10(4) plaque-forming units of the vaccine, and 88 received the placebo. RRV was well-tolerated but mildly reactogenic in the 10 days after vaccination. There were mild febrile reactions (greater than or equal to 38 degrees C rectally) in 40% of the vaccinees and in 16% of the placebo recipients (P = 0.001). More of the vaccinees had loose stools than did the placebo recipients (P less than 0.05). RRV was immunogenic and induced a 4-fold or greater rise in serum neutralizing antibody responses in 67% of the vaccinees; however, breast-fed infants were less likely to develop a seroresponse than infants who were not breast-fed. Despite the good immunogenicity of RRV the overall incidence of rotavirus-associated illnesses was similar between the vaccine and placebo recipients. The failure of RRV in Rochester may be related to the fact that the circulating rotaviruses were predominantly serotype 1 and RRV is a serotype 3 rotavirus. Because the serotypes of rotavirus that predominate may vary from year to year, a polyvalent preparation may be necessary to provide effective vaccination against rotaviruses.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Rhesus rotavirus vaccine effectiveness and factors associated with receipt of vaccine.

BACKGROUND: The rhesus rotavirus tetravalent vaccine (RotaShield) had an efficacy of 75%-100% in preventing severe rotavirus disease in prelicensure clinical trials. Before RotaShield's withdrawal because of reports of intussusception, there was an opportunity to evaluate the postlicensure effectiveness of the vaccine. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the RotaShield vaccine against rotavirus gastroenteritis requiring hospitalization and to evaluate factors associated with vaccine receipt. METHODS: Rotavirus cases were identified through active hospital-based rotavirus surveillance at 3 children's hospitals in Cincinnati, New Orleans and Providence. Cases were selected if they had been eligible for vaccine during the 10-month period when vaccine was available. Controls were matched to cases by date and county or state of birth. Immunization records were obtained from cases and controls to document receipt of RotaShield. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was calculated for 1, 2, and 3 doses of vaccine with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: For the 10-month period, 136 cases and 440 controls were enrolled. For 3 versus 0 doses of RotaShield, the VE was 100% (CI: 75%, 100%); for 2 versus 0 doses, the VE was 100% (CI: 62%, 100%), and for 1 versus 0 doses the VE was 89% (CI: 49%, 97%). RotaShield receipt was associated with white race, having more than 1 adult in the household, having insurance and having an older, more educated mother. CONCLUSIONS: This postlicensure study of RotaShield effectiveness found the vaccine to be highly effective in preventing rotavirus disease requiring hospitalization.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Predominance of rotavirus genotype G9 during the 1999, 2000, and 2002 seasons among hospitalized children in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: implications for future vaccine strategies.

Two hundred eight of 648 (32%) diarrheal stool samples collected from hospitalized children under 5 years of age during a 3-year period (1999, 2000, and 2002) in the city of Salvador, in the state of Bahia, Brazil, were rotavirus positive. One hundred sixty-four of 208 (78.8%) rotavirus-positive samples had genotype G9 specificity, predominantly in association with P[8]. Other specificities detected were G1 (12.0%) and G4 (1.4%). Viruses with G2, G3, or P[4] specificity were not detected. Rotavirus genotype G9 predominated during each of the three seasons studied; it represented 89.2% of rotavirus strains detected in 1999, 85.3% in 2000, and 74.5% in 2002. G1 viruses (the globally most common G type) have a unique epidemiological characteristic of maintaining predominance during multiple consecutive rotavirus seasons. We have shown in this study for the first time that the G9 viruses also have a similar epidemiological characteristic, albeit for a shorter period of surveillance. The next generation of rotavirus vaccines will need to provide adequate protection against disease caused by G9 viruses.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2006

The rotavirus vaccine saga.

Rotavirus is the single most common cause of acute, dehydrating gastroenteritis worldwide. This is a highly contagious and highly democratic disease. The attack rate in infants and young children is similar regardless of sanitation, socioeconomics or geography. Rotavirus vaccine development began in the early 1980s using a "Jennerian" approach based on rotaviruses that normally infect animals. Although these vaccines were found to be generally safe, protection from disease was inconsistent. The second generation of vaccines was based on the same animal viruses configured to carry the relevant coat proteins of human rotaviruses. An attenuated human rotavirus vaccine has also been developed. After close to 20 years of laboratory and clinical studies, safe and effective rotavirus vaccines are approaching regulatory approval.

Child↗
PubMed1977

Serological relationships between rotaviruses from different species as studied by complement fixation and neutralization.

Human, piglet, mouse, foal, lamb, calf and rabbit rotaviruses all infected, but could not readily be subcultured in LLC MK2 cells. Cells infected with mouse and calf rotaviruses reacted by indirect immunofluorescence (FA) with convalescent serum from children, piglets, mice, foals, lambs, calves or rabbits, taken after rotavirus infection. Human, calf, piglet, mouse and foal rotaviruses reacted with human, calf, mouse, foal and lamb convalescent serum by complement fixation (CF). It was not possible to distinguish between different rotaviruses by CF or FA. Neutralization tests, however, detected species-specific rotavirus antigens. Any virus was neutralized by a much higher dilution of homologous species convalescent serum than by any heterologous serum. With the exception of the mouse virus there was very little cross reaction. However, in sera with a very high neutralizing titre for the homologous virus the titre was proportionately raised against heterologous virus. It is, therefore, now possible to type to species an unknown rotavirus by a neutralization test in LLC MK2 cells using convalescent serum from each species.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Human rotavirus in lambs: infection and passive protection.

A human stool filtrate containing rotavirus which was administered orally to gnotobiotic lambs caused diarrhea, virus excretion, development of antibodies to rotavirus, and pathological changes in the villi of the small intestine. Thus, lambs may serve as experimental animals for the study of human rotavirus infections. This model system was used to study passive protection. Human immunoglobulin G (IgG) containing antibody to rotavirus was fed to lambs 24 to 78 h after birth, and the lambs were infected with lamb-passaged human rotavirus when 30 h old. The lambs treated with IgG did not develop diarrhea, and virus excretion was delayed in onset and shortened in duration. It may be possible to make similar use of IgG to protect children at risk in a rotavirus outbreak. The treatment did not prevent the lambs developing antibody to rotavirus.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prospective study of rotavirus infections in Belém, Pará, Brazil: clinical and epidemiological features].

A prospective study of acute diarrhoeal diseases was carried out from April 1990 to September 1992 with the purpose of assessing the immunogenicity, safety and efficacy of a Rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus ("RRV-TV") vaccine, involving 540 children living in Belém, Pará, Brazil. As half of the children received placebo, this trial provided the opportunity of broadening the knowledge on both clinical and epidemiological aspects of rotavirus infection in the Amazon region. There were 2,789 diarrhoeal episodes during the above mentioned period, of which 86 (3.1%) associated with rotavirus; serotype 1 was the more prevalent, accounting for 67.9% of serotyped strains. Rates of 5.9 and 0.2 episodes of diarrhoea per child/year were noted for all cases and the rotavirus-related ones, respectively. This agent was the only pathogen found in 70.9% of the 86 rotavirus-related episodes of acute diarrhoea, whereas the most frequent associations involved Giardia intestinalis and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, accounting for 7.0% and 11.6% of mixed infections,respectively. The monthly rates of rotavirus-related episodes of diarrhoea ranged from 0.8% to 9.6%, reaching the highest peaks during the dry months of the year. Means of clinical severity scores of 9.4 and 5.3 were recorded for the rotavirus-related episodes of diarrhoea and those of other aetiology, respectively.

Clinical Trial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Report of a rotavirus outbreak in an adult nursing home population.

UNLABELLED: Rotavirus is a double-stranded RNA enteric virus that is the most important cause of severe, dehydrating diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. Symptoms range from mild diarrhea to a life-threatening illness. Rotavirus occasionally afflicts adult members of the infected infant's family, geriatric patients, and immunocompromised hosts. We report the outbreak of rotavirus infection in a large nursing home facility. REPORT: In September 1996, 19 residents and 15 staff members of a 64-bed nursing home facility began to develop an acute, febrile illness associated with vomiting and diarrhea. The Public Health Service conducted an outbreak investigation. The infection displayed fecal-to-oral transmission with an incubation period of 1 to 2 days. The median duration of illness was 3 days for residents and 1 day for staff members. One resident died as a result of illness complications. Stool antigen tests from five residents and two employees were positive for rotavirus. Infection control policies were reevaluated, and interventions to arrest the outbreak were undertaken. The employee sick leave policy was strictly enforced. Education seminars were held, with employees reinforcing the concepts of enteric isolation and proper handwashing techniques. Surfaces and objects in the dining area were disinfected with a weak chloride solution. Once these measures were implemented, the rotavirus outbreak was contained. CONCLUSION: Rotavirus is a common cause of infectious diarrhea that can afflict the geriatric population. When infection occurs in a nursing home facility, rapid transmission can develop and morbidity can result. Nursing home infection control policies need to be evaluated constantly and new measures need to be implemented should an outbreak of rotavirus occur.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Viral proteins VP2, VP6, and NSP2 are strongly precipitated by serum and fecal antibodies from children with rotavirus symptomatic infection.

Rotavirus-specific IgA has been correlated with immune protection against rotavirus reinfection and symptomatic disease. Systemic and mucosal antibody responses were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 11 infants with severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. Geometric mean titers of antirotavirus serum IgG and IgA antibodies were significantly higher during the convalescence of the disease (P < 0.001 vs. acute-phase titers). Rotavirus-specific fecal sIgA antibodies increased 4 times during the convalescence in 9 (81.8%) children (P < 0.001). The serum IgG and IgA antibody and fecal sIgA antibody responses to individual rotavirus polypeptides were characterized by radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) using Staphylococcus aureus protein A and the lectin jacalin to precipitate IgG- and IgA-immune complexes, respectively. The main IgG response was directed toward the structural viral proteins VP2, VP4, and VP6 and toward the nonstructural protein NSP2. Serum IgA reactivity was detected by RIPA in all serum samples, with major responses to VP2, VP6, and NSP2. Interestingly, fecal sIgA in convalescent samples reacted strongly toward NSP2 and VP6. These data reinforce the antigenic importance of rotaviral proteins other than VP4 and VP7, such as VP2, VP6, and NSP2, as main targets in the immune response to rotavirus.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2001

Genetic characterization of the rotaviruses associated with a nursery outbreak.

G1P[6] rotaviruses were demonstrated previously to be associated with the neonatal nursery outbreak of gastroenteritis in Changhua Christian Hospital that is located in the central region of Taiwan, from September 1994 to May 1995. Meanwhile, rotaviruses were detected in children hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis. Our study characterizes the rotaviruses associated with the nursery outbreak by using genetic approaches. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the VP7 genes of the nursery rotaviruses were distinct from those of the strains circulating in the community. The G1P[6] rotaviruses recovered from the nursery were closely related to another neonatal G1P[6] strain from the northern region of Taiwan in both the VP4 and VP7 genes. The VP4 genes of these nursery strains differed from those of the P[6] human reference strains 1076, M37, RV3, and ST3. Apparently, these nursery rotaviruses were distinct from the strains circulating in the community and seemed to be a variant when compared with P[6] strains reported previously.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1983

Studies on human lacteal rotavirus antibodies by immune electron microscopy.

In vitro studies carried out by immune electron microscopy (IEM) indicate that rotavirus aggregation detected in the stools of newborn breast-fed infants with rotavirus infection is antibody-induced. Aggregation of rotavirus particles occurred with the IgA-containing fraction of expressed breast milk (EBM) obtained five days postpartum and with the IgA- and IgG-containing fractions of a pool of EBMs containing samples collected 2-3 days postpartum. Bovine milk fractions also demonstrated this activity in the IgG- and IgA-containing fraction. Studies on unfractionated EBMs from a mother who experienced a rotavirus infection during the 43rd week of lactation showed that following rotavirus infection all three major classes of rotavirus-specific antibodies were present in breast milk, this being confirmed by enzyme immunoassay.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1990

Nosocomial outbreak of neonatal gastroenteritis caused by a new serotype 4, subtype 4B human rotavirus.

A nosocomial outbreak of rotavirus gastroenteritis involving 52 newborns occurred between June and September 1988 at the University Children's Hospital of Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany. Stools from 27 representative patients were examined for rotavirus serotypes, using a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The electropherotype was also examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of genomic RNA. As many as 18 patients were found to be infected by serotype 4, subtype 4B strain, and in all of them the same electropherotype was detected. Although rotavirus from the remaining nine patients could not be typed, the electropherotype in four was identical to that of the serotype 4, subtype 4B strain. Thus, most of the patients in the outbreak were infected by the same rotavirus strain. Retrospective epidemiological studies showed that the 4B strain began to circulate at the hospital in January 1988, whereas only rotavirus serotypes 1, 3, and 4A were detected in 1985-1987. The primary case of the outbreak was presumably a newborn with acute gastroenteritis, admitted to the hospital from a small maternity unit in the same urban area. During the outbreak, 12 of 44 healthy newborns in the nurseries of the Children's Hospital and other maternity hospitals were found to be asymptomatic rotavirus carriers, and in three of the newborns the same 4B strain was detected. This is the first reported outbreak caused by a serotype 4, subtype 4B strain.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed2004

Increased detection of rotavirus using a real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay in stool specimens from children with diarrhea.

Six-hundred and twenty-six stool specimens collected from children with diarrhea over a 12-month period were tested for rotavirus using a real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, a conventional nested PCR assay and by electron microscopy (EM). A fragment of 87 bp in a highly-conserved region of non-structural protein 3 (NSP3) in rotavirus genome was amplified by a single-step RT-PCR protocol in a closed-tube system. Rotavirus was detected in 123 samples (20%) with the real time RT-PCR assay, 113 samples (18%) with the nested-PCR assay, and 79 samples (13%) with EM. Using serial diluted nucleic acid extract, we compared the sensitivity of real time RT-PCR with conventional RT-PCR and conventional nested PCR assays. Real time RT-PCR was two to four logs more sensitive than the conventional assays. The reaction time required for the RT-PCR assay is about half the time required for the conventional nested-PCR. The real time RT-PCR assay is both simple and rapid with advantages including enhanced sensitivity and a lower risk for cross-contamination making it a useful tool for the detection of rotavirus in various situations including sporadic gastroenteritis, outbreaks, and environmental investigations. G(1) was the predominant type (89%), followed by G(2) (10%), and G(4) (1%). No rotavirus of G(3), G(8), and G(9) types were found. The peak season for rotavirus infection was January to May in northern Alberta.

Canada↗
PubMed2004

Phylogenetic analysis of a human group B rotavirus WH-1 detected in China in 2002.

A human group B rotavirus strain WH-1 was detected in an adult sporadic case of diarrhea in Wuhan, China in 2002. In this study, the gene sequences of WH-1 were determined in order to examine the phylogenetic relatedness to other human group B rotaviruses found previously in China (ADRV, in 1982), India (CAL-1, in 1998), and Bangladesh (Bang373, in 2000), as well as animal viruses, and to estimate the mutation rate of group B rotavirus. VP7 (major outer capsid protein) gene of WH-1 showed extremely high sequence identity (98.6%) to ADRV and showed relatively high sequence identities to CAL-1 (92.5%) and Bang373 (92.4%). In contrast, identities to animal (bovine and murine) group B rotaviruses were considerably lower (61-64%). Other gene segments of WH-1 encoding VP2, VP4, VP6, NSP1-NSP3, and NSP5 also showed high sequence identities to ADRV genes (98-99%), which were generally higher than those to CAL-1 genes and Bang373 genes (90-95%). However, amino acid sequence identities between WH-1 and ADRV were almost the same (VP2, VP6, and NSP3), or lower (NSP2) than those between WH-1 and CAL-1 (or Bang373). Since rates of synonymous substitution and transition between WH-1 and ADRV were similar for all the segments analyzed, genetic evolution was considered to have occurred neutrally and at a similar speed in most of the RNA segments. Based on the sequence divergence between WH-1 and ADRV, the mutation rate in natural condition of human group B rotavirus was estimated as 7.9 x 10(-4) substitution/site per year. The frequency of synonymous substitution between ADRV and Bang373 was 5.7 times higher than that between ADRV and WH-1, suggesting that the group B rotaviruses of Indian-Bangladeshi lineage diverged from that of Chinese lineage several decades ago.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Outbreak of acute gastroenteritis associated with group A rotavirus and genogroup I sapovirus among adults in a mental health care facility in Japan.

An outbreak of acute gastroenteritis consisting of 57 cases occurred in a mental health care facility in Takasaki city, Japan during 6th February and 27th March 2002. A total of 18 fecal specimens collected from 17 residents and one member of the medical staff during this outbreak were tested for the presence of viral enteropathogens by RT-PCR and latex agglutination. Group A rotavirus and sapovirus were detected in 5 out of 18 fecal specimens (55.6%). To our knowledge, this is the first finding of an outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with co-circulation of different kinds of viruses such as group A rotavirus and sapovirus. All of group A rotaviruses were typed further as P[4]G2 strains. Both rotavirus and sapovirus were subjected to molecular analysis by sequencing. It was noteworthy that all rotaviruses and sapoviruses had high homologies, respectively, to each other and sapoviruses presented a potential novel sapovirus genogroup I (GI) genotype, which was obviously different from any GI genotypes (GI-a, b, c, and d). The outbreak associated with these viruses spread gradually from dormitory to dormitory, suggesting a spread by person-to-person contact, although investigation on the route of transmission of the outbreak is lacking. The findings confirm the presence of group A rotavirus and sapovirus are important in acute gastroenteritis among adults in Japan.

Adult↗