Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Rectum”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,027 records · Page 57Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Rectal biopsies: inaccuracy of histological grading in carcinoma of the rectum.

In a consecutive series of 70 patients with carcinoma of the rectum, 42 had operable tumours and in these the histology of the initial biopsy was compared with that of the excised specimen. In 9 of the 42 patients the histological grading of the original biopsy was different from that of the final specimen; in 3 the carcinoma was missed despite repeated preoperative biopsies; and in 5, errors were made in the diagnosis of carcinoma in polyps. In 5 of 7 cases of poorly differentiated carcinoma the initial biopsies indicated moderate differentiation: there was therefore a 70% inaccuracy in the preoperative diagnosis of poorly differentiated carcinoma of the rectum. The implications of this inaccuracy for the surgery of rectal cancer are discussed.

Biopsy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Immediate and long-term results of anterior resection in tumors of the rectum and sigmoid (author's transl)].

127 anterior resections for adenocarcinoma of the rectum and sigmoid were performed at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori from 1950 to 1972. In 48% of cases the site of tumor was upper rectum and recto-sigmoid. The surgical mortality rate was 4,7%. Complications were observed in about 40%, fecal fistula being the most frequent. It seems correlable with the anastomotic technique and is significantly reduced by colostomy. Local failure occurred in 8,3% of patients with maximum rate (28,5%) for tumors located under 12 cm from the anus. The 5-year over-all survival rate was 73,3% with substantial differences according to the extent in initial disease.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impact of distal clearance margin on oncologic outcome after restorative resection of the rectum.

There is considerable controversy about the distal clearance margin that needs to be maintained beyond the extent of a rectal tumor in order to reduce the risk of local recurrence. We investigated the rate of local recurrence, distant metastases and survival in 87 patients who had undergone radical restorative resection of the rectum for cancer and had been followed up for a median period of over 6 years, and we analyzed the statistical relation (log-rank test for trend) with the length of the distal margin. The distal margin length was divided into three categories: 1 cm, 2 cm, and > or = 3 cm. No significant correlation was found between the length of the distal clearance margin and the oncologic outcome. Taken together, our data suggest that if the resection line distally falls on healthy tissue, there is no need to resect additional rectum in order to achieve a better outcome.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Endoscopic treatment of carpet-like adenomas of the rectum.

BACKGROUND: Transanal microsurgery, endoscopic laser photocoagulation and snare resection have all been used to treat large sessile adenomas of the rectum alternatively to a surgical approach. However, such modalities are often defective due to the carpet-like shape and the frequently large extension of the lesions. METHODS: Ten patients with carpet-like adenoma were submitted to transanal endoscopic resection by urological resectoscope. RESULTS: Complete eradication was obtained in all lesions. The mean number of treatment sessions was 3 (range, 1-5). The mean time between the first treatment and the complete eradication was 6 months (range, 1-18). The only complications were an intraoperative and an early postoperative bleeding. There was no early or late mortality related to the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Transanal endoscopic resection by urological resectoscope appears to be a suitable therapeutic approach for sessile and carpet-like adenomas of the rectum or for pTI cancer in patients who refuse major surgery.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1992

Hepatic lesions in rabbits infected with Encephalitozoon cuniculi administered per rectum.

Microsporidia have been recognized recently as opportunistic pathogens in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. In an attempt to develop an animal model of enteric microsporidiosis, adult (5 to 6 months old) male Flemish Giant rabbits from a closed New York colony were administered 5 x 10(3), 5 x 10(5), and 5 x 10(7) Encephalitozoon cuniculi per rectum. Rabbits given 5 x 10(5) and 5 x 10(7) E. cuniculi had moderate granulomatous periportal infiltrates, characterized by the presence of numerous macrophages, epithelioid cells and a few multinucleated giant cells, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. Inflammatory cells also were seen infiltrating the tunica adventitia and tunica media of hepatic portal veins and branches of the hepatic artery. This study demonstrates that administration of E. cuniculi per rectum to rabbits results in infection that is characterized by high frequency and severity of hepatic lesions.

Administration, Rectal↗
PubMed1996

Natural History Studies and the Evolution of Regional Treatment Modalities for Patients With Isolated Liver Metastases From Primary Colon and Rectum Carcinoma.

Estimates for 1995 indicate that 150,000 cases of colon and rectum adenocarcinoma occurred in North America, 58,000 patients died of colorectal cancer, and 18,000 patients died with liver as the predominant or only site of metastatic disease from recurrent colon and rectum adenocarcinoma. Results from several trials can now better define the therapeutic and survival benefit of surgical resection, cryosurgical ablation, and intrahepatic arterial therapy in the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer in the liver.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Aggressive treatment of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum to the liver: a case report and a brief review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Rectal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare tumor. The incidence of this malignancy has been reported to be 0.25 to 1 per 1000 colorectal carcinomas. From a review of the English literature 55 cases of SCC of the rectum have been published. In this study we report a rectal metastatic SCC to the liver, discussing the efficacy of aggressive adjuvant and neo-adjuvant therapies on survival and prognosis. CASE PRESENTATION: A 39-year-old female patient with a pure SCC of the rectum diagnosed endoscopically is presented. The patient underwent initially neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy and then abdominoperineal resection with concomitant bilateral oophorectomy and hysterectomy, followed by adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy. Five months after the initial operation liver metastasis was demonstrated and a liver resection was carried out, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. Eighteen months after the initial operation the patient is alive. CONCLUSION: Although prognosis of rectal SCC is worse than that of adenocarcinoma, an aggressive therapeutic approach with surgery as the primary treatment, followed by combined neo- and adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy, may be necessary in order to improve survival and prognosis.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation and treatment of patients receiving radiation for cancer of the rectum or sigmoid colon in the United States: results of the 1988-1989 Patterns of Care Study process survey.

PURPOSE: For the first time, a Patterns of Care Study (PCS) was conducted in 1989 to determine the national practice standards of radiation oncologists in evaluating and treating adenocarcinoma of the rectum and sigmoid colon. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A national survey of 73 institutions using two-stage cluster sampling was conducted, and specific information on 408 patients from 69 facilities with adenocarcinoma of the rectum and sigmoid colon who received radiation as part of definitive or adjuvant management was collected. RESULTS: Using the modified Astler-Coller (MAC) pathologic staging system, the stage distribution was as follows: A, 0.5%; B1, 4.4%; B2, 23.5%; B3, 5.1%; C1, 8.9%; C2, 30.2%; and C3, 6.6%. Preoperative radiation was used in 29% of patients, but the total dose was greater than 40 Gy in only 20%. Seventy-three percent of patients received postoperative radiation, with approximately 4% receiving combined preoperative and postoperative radiation. Chemotherapy was administered to 44% of patients overall, representing 55% of patients with disease through the bowel wall and/or involving lymph nodes. Only 37% of all patients received chemotherapy concurrent with radiation. An abdominoperineal resection was used in 43%; a low anterior resection was used in 43% as well, while 5% underwent other types of bowel resection. Approximately 8% of patients were treated with a local curative procedure less than bowel resection (eg, local excision, endoscopic resection, fulguration, or contact radiation). At least one third of patients had interruption in their pelvic irradiation of greater than 3 days. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of treatment interruptions by dose per fraction or whether chemotherapy was given concurrent with radiation. There was no significant difference in total dose delivered to patients staged B2 and higher treated without chemotherapy compared with concurrent chemotherapy and radiation. Also, there was no significant difference in total dose delivered to patients with B1 and B2, or C1 and C2 versus B3 or C3 cancer. CONCLUSION: This study was conducted on patients treated just before the 1990 National Institutes of Health consensus guidelines issued on the management of colon and rectal cancer. This study indicates that the minority of patients treated with radiation in 1988 and 1989 received concurrent chemoradiation, as currently recommended. Additionally, insofar as present studies are investigating important issues such as the use of sphincter-sparing procedures, preoperative radiation and chemotherapy, and the importance of radiation dose and scheduling with chemotherapy, the information provided by this study will serve as a useful baseline to track future changes in rectal cancer evaluation and management.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1982

Circadian stage-dependent effects of insulin and glucagon on incorporation of [3H]thymidine into deoxyribonucleic acid in the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, colon, rectum, and spleen of the adult female mouse.

Insulin and glucagon were injected ip at four different circadian states into separate subgroups of female adult BALB/Cann mice that had been standardized to 12 h of light alternating with 12 h of darkness. Comparable control subgroups were injected with saline. Four, 8, 12, and 18 h after each of the four injections, subgroups of seven mice that had been injected 30 min earlier with tritiated thymidine ([4H]TdR) were killed; a total of 336 mice were used. The incorporation of [3H]TdR into DNA of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, caecum, colon, rectum, and spleen was subsequently determined. The results demonstrate for the first time that both hormones affect the incorporation of [3H]TdR into DNA in all of the examined organs but in different ways and at different circadian stages. The effects of these hormones were complex, but several generalizations emerged. 1) Insulin tended to increase the incorporation of [3H]TdR into DNA in the examined organs, whereas glucagon tended to decrease it. 2) Insulin was more effective in stimulating the incorporation of [3H]TdR into DNA when injected either at the end of the dark span or the beginning of the light span, as opposed to the end of the light span or the beginning of the dark span. 3) Insulin had its greatest effect on [3H]TdR incorporation into DNA in the glandular stomach and rectum, whereas glucagon had its greatest effect on the colon and spleen. 4) The effects of both insulin and glucagon were different from those of epidermal growth factor, as revealed in a similar study done by us. Our results suggest that insulin, glucagon, and epidermal growth factor play important roles in the control of growth of various endodermally derived organs.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[A case report of primary triple cancers in the thyroid, stomach and rectum with evidence of variable oncoprotein expressions].

A case with primary triple cancers including thyroid cancer is reported. A 57-year old woman complaining of laryngeal discomfort was found to have an firm elastic lump on the right anterior neck. On 123I scan, the nodule in the right thyroid lobe accumulated considerable amounts of radioiodine as a warm nodule, while the remainder of the gland showed decreased uptake. Thyroid hormone levels remained within normal ranges. Cytological findings obtained by fine-needle aspiration biopsy showed papillary carcinoma. Right lobectomy was performed. The histological examinations revealed papillary carcinoma embedded within adenomatous thyroid tissue. It is probable that the surrounding adenomatous tissue accumulated radioiodine, since the warm nodule on 123I scan was larger than the size of the carcinoma. Examinations of the gastrointestinal tract revealed the presence of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in the stomach and well differentiated adenocarcinoma (carcinoma in adenoma) in the rectum. Expressions of ras p21 and p53 were examined immunohistochemically in these carcinoma tissues. The ras p21 product was clearly detected in not only the thyroid carcinoma but in a part of the surrounding adenomatous regions as well. Both ras p21 and p53 proteins were observed in the rectal cancer tissue. In contrast, these oncoproteins were not found in the gastric cancer tissue. In this case ras oncogene activation may be an early event in the tumorigenic process of the thyroid and rectum. However, different genetic alterations seem to occur during the development of these three carcinomas.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1981

Primary aldosteronism associated with a primary double cancer of the thyroid and rectum: report of a case.

A variety of complications are encountered in primary aldosteronism. Among them, less well known is the association of functioning adrenocortical adenoma with neoplasia of other organs. Described here is a patient with primary aldosteronism who had undergone a surgical operation for thyroid cancer and died of meningoencephalitis due to Listeria monocytogenes. Moreover, the autopsy revealed that he had an adenocarcinoma of the rectum. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of a patient who had both primary aldosteronism and a primary double cancer of the thyroid and rectum.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2006

Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine cell carcinoma of the rectum: report of a case and literal review.

A 56-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of anal bleeding. Colonoscopy and barium enema revealed type 4 tumor in the rectum. Biopsy revealed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Low anterior resection with total mesorectal excision and lymph node dissection was performed. In immunohistochemical staining, chromogranin A and synaptophysin were positive at major lesion, and CEA were focal positive. The resected tumor was diagnosed pathologically as neuroendocrine cell carcinoma. The Ki-67 labeling index (LI) was 87.8%, so proliferative activity and potential malignancy was very high. Multiple metastatic tumors appeared in pelvis and lung eight months after operation. Treatment for neuroendocrine cell carcinoma of the rectum was controversial. Surgical resection and adjuvant chemotherapy might be one of the methods for gastrointestinal neruroendocrine cell carcinoma.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1993

Mucosal de novo cancer of the rectum following radiation therapy for uterine cancer.

A 54-year-old woman who underwent a hysterectomy and radiation therapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix developed mucosal de novo cancer of the rectum 12 years later. The rectal lesion was elevated, measuring 0.8 x 0.7 x 0.3 cm, and its surface was relatively smooth. Microscopically, this tumor consisted of a well-differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma which had invaded the depth of the mucosa. Late radiation injuries were observed around the tumor. We diagnosed this lesion as a radiation-induced mucosal de novo adenocarcinoma of the rectum on the basis of the criteria of Black and Ackerman (Clin Radiol 16:278, 1965). This case underscores the need for careful long-term follow-up studies of the large intestines of patients who underwent therapeutic irradiation for uterine cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2000

CT features of metastatic linitis plastica to the rectum in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis.

OBJECTIVE: We examined the CT features of 22 patients with metastatic linitis plastica to the rectum. CONCLUSION: Metastatic linitis plastica to the rectum should be considered when CT shows a long segment of circumferential rectal wall thickening, especially in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastric cancer. In such patients, CT helps avoid unnecessary extensive surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Circular stapling procedure for mucosal prolapse of the rectum associated with outlet obstruction.

The aim of this study was designed to investigate the outcome from using the new circular stapling device in the surgical treatment for mucosal prolapse of the rectum associated with outlet obstruction. The treatment consisted of resection of the mucosal prolapse through a transverse incision and resecting a suitable part of the mucosa between the rectum and the anal canal, using an HCS33 circular stapler. Eleven patients successfully underwent this operation without morbidity or mortality, and were assessed clinically and by rectoanal manometry and defecography pre- and post-operation. The mean operating time was 39 (range 22-49) min. The postoperative proctalgia and complications were mild, and the patients were discharged at 4 days after the operation. The pre-operative constipation was improved, and the patient's satisfaction was increased at one month after operation in comparison with the preoperative level. Rectoanal function test at 6 months after the operation demonstrated normalization of the maximum resting and squeezing pressures of the anal canal and rectal compliance to the normal levels. No patient has had recurrence of symptoms during the follow-up period. Our data suggest that this procedure may be a useful surgical treatment, as it causes little postoperative complication and enables early discharge of the patients. However, long-term outcomes of recurrence, continence, and constipation need to be evaluated in a more extended follow-up.

Female↗
PubMed1990

Sialomucin at the resection margins and likelihood of local recurrence of carcinoma of the rectum after anterior resection.

The histochemical changes in mucin at the postoperative resection margins in carcinoma of the upper and middle third of the rectum after anterior resection were studied retrospectively in 52 patients. The sialomucinous change was most likely to occur at the intestinal margins of those patients who had tumour recurrence (P less than 0.001). The histological types of tumour, degree of differentiation, Dukes' stages and their distance from the anal verge were virtually the same in patients with and without tumour recurrence. By using high iron diamine-alcian blue staining technique we identified patients with higher risk conditions of tumour recurrence after anterior resection. This technique should increase the likelihood of a cure for patients with recurrent carcinoma of the rectum after anterior resection.

Carcinoma↗
PubMed2000

Spuriously high CK-MB isoenzyme activity mimicking acute myocardial infarction in a patient with adenocarcinoma of the rectum.

A 58-year-old Chinese male presented with precordial distress and was found to have elevated creatine kinase (CK)-myocardial bound (MB) (determined by the Kodak Ektachem Clinical Chemistry Slide method) activity and an abnormal electrocardiogram. Eventually, the patient was diagnosed with an annular ulcerative tumor 10 cm above the anal orifice. The tumor was an adenocarcinoma of the rectum and was immunoreactive for CK-BB (brain type). CK isoenzyme electrophoresis disclosed both BB and MM (muscle type) bands. We concluded that the level of CK-MB determined using the Kodak Ektachem Clinical Chemistry Slide method was spuriously elevated in our patient with adenocarcinoma of the rectum, without evidence of myocardial injury. Institutions using the Kodak Ektachem Clinical Chemistry Slide system for CK should be aware of this possibility.

Adenocarcinoma↗