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At least 1,027 records · Page 57Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Evaluation of six screening methods for detecting significant bacteriuria.

Six screening methods for the successful detection of significant bacteriuria--electrical impedance (Malthus), automated acridine-orange staining (Autotrak), particle counting (Ramus), bioluminescence, nitrite and leucocyte test strip (BM Nephur), and microscopy--were evaluated. All had excellent predictive values for a negative result (97%-100%) but were less accurate in predicting a positive result (31%-83%). All methods had high sensitivities (83%-100%) but lower levels of specificity (68%-79%). Bioluminescence was the method with the highest specificity (79%) and the lowest rate of false positive results (15%). It would be inappropriate to decide on treatment and management on the basis of the positive results achieved with any of the methods evaluated, but all methods tested could be used for screening out negative results.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1985

Screening for hematuria, glucosuria and proteinuria in people aged 55-64. Technical, clinical and cost-benefit experience from a pilot study.

A total of 754 persons randomly selected from the age group 55-64 years were invited by letter to take part in a screening for hematuria, proteinuria and glucosuria. Each person was asked to provide one sample of morning urine and immediately mail it to the laboratory. A total of 413 persons (55%) responded. Two dipsticks: BM-Test-5L and a new single strip for hematuria determination preliminary named BM 33075 were used, both manufactured by Boehringer Mannheim GmbH. The test strips gave positive reaction for hematuria in 21 persons (5.1%), for proteinuria in 14 persons (3.4%), and for glucosuria in six persons (1.5%). All persons with positive tests were invited to follow-up investigations. In the hematuria group we found one person with a malignant disease, 13 with benign conditions and in seven persons we found no reason for the hematuria. Among those with proteinuria one person had a nephritis. Four persons with glucosuria knew about their diabetes mellitus. The cost of the screening was NOK 99 per participant.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1990

Evaluation of new rapid office test for microalbuminuria and its comparison to fully quantitative radioimmunoassay.

A novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA [Dialbumin]) for rapid office measurement of microalbuminuria was evaluated and its performance compared with that of a commercially available radioimmunoassay (double-antibody albumin). Urine samples containing between 0.75 and 1800 micrograms/ml of albumin were obtained from 31 diabetic patients and assayed by both methods. A comparison of the paired values obtained from the two methods gave a correlation coefficient of greater than 0.99. The Dialbumin assay, which used detachable eight-well strips (1 strip/sample), 10-min incubation, tap water wash, and a 2-min color development step, was read on both an ELISA reader and a hand-held analytical device (Acc-U-Dial) designed specifically for this test. The findings of this study indicate that the Dialbumin assay, used in conjunction with the Acc-U-Dial device, affords a rapid, convenient, and sensitive method for quantitative determination of a broad range (0.3-1280 micrograms/ml) of urinary albumin levels in the office setting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

A preliminary evaluation of the interaction between urine specific gravity and leukocyte esterase results using Bayer Multistix and the Clinitek 500.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the sensitivity of the leukocyte esterase (LE) pad to predict microscopically quantified white blood cells in urine sediment and to assess the interaction of urine specific gravity (SG) on leukocyte esterase sensitivity. METHODS: Microscopic quantification of white blood cells in urine sediment was performed manually and automated chemical urinalysis was performed using the Bayer Clinitek 500 and Multistix 8 SG strips on 422 random urine specimens. RESULTS: The sensitivity of the leukocyte esterase pad to predict white blood cells in centrifuged urine was 58% (61/106). There was a weak but statistically significant negative correlation between SG and LE pad performance, r = -0.12, p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: The 58% sensitivity of the Multistix leukocyte esterase detection of white blood cells in urine sediment was consistent with previous reports. The negative correlation of specific gravity and leukocyte esterase provides partial explanation for the lack of sensitivity of the leukocyte esterase test.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Estimation of the relative stratum corneum amount removed by tape stripping.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The tape stripping procedure is a suitable minimal invasive tool to study, e.g. the penetration and dermatopharmacokinetics of topically applied substances. In the present study, this procedure was used to remove the stratum corneum (SC) completely and to study the penetration of the UVA filter substance butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane after application in two different vehicles. METHODS: The amount of corneocytes removed by each tape strip from the flexor forearm of human volunteers was determined via their pseudo-absorption. In a second part, the penetration profiles of a UVA filter substance applied in two different vehicles were determined following the developed standard protocol using the tape stripping procedure in combination with UV/VIS spectroscopy. RESULTS: The amount of corneocytes removed by each tape strip was related to the number of tape strips used for removal. Mean values with a deviation of less than 20% concerning the relative amount of SC removed by a constant number of tape strips were obtained. For instance, a relative amount of 66 +/- 12% was removed with the first 20 tape strips, while nearly the complete SC (95 +/- 3%) was removed using 50 tape strips. In addition, these results were used to estimate the relative SC amounts removed, studying the penetration of the UVA filter substance after application in two different vehicles. No significant differences between the distributions of the UV filter substance applied in both emulsions were obtained (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The reported procedure for the estimation of the removed SC amount provides the possibility to avoid the complete removal of the SC and to compare the penetration characteristics obtained for different volunteers and different products in relation to the relative horny layer profile.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Simple combined agar-strip test for detection of enterococcal susceptibility to ampicillin, moderate- or high-level gentamicin resistance and potential additive activity of ampicillin plus gentamicin.

A simple combined agar-strip test (CAST), involving filter paper strips charged with 20 micrograms of ampicillin or 40 micrograms of gentamicin, accurately detected high-level gentamicin resistance among 43 of 146 isolates of Enterococcus faecalis and additive activity of ampicillin plus gentamicin against 101 of 103 (98%) isolates of E. faecalis with moderate-level gentamicin resistance (MLGR). All 15 MLGR Enterococcus faecium isolates were moderately to highly resistant to ampicillin; 5 isolates with moderate resistance to ampicillin (minimal inhibitory concentrations = 16 micrograms/ml) were additively inhibited by ampicillin plus gentamicin, whereas the highly ampicillin-resistant E. faecium isolates yielded an indifferent effect with the CAST procedure.

Ampicillin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Abnormal color vision and reliable self-monitoring of blood glucose.

Color vision was assessed in 103 insulin-dependent diabetic patients using the Farnsworth-Münsell 100-Hue Test. All showed color vision impairment. Thirty-four had true dyschromatopsia while 22 suffered from tritanopia or other axial defects. We evaluated how accurately diabetic patients could monitor their own blood glucose by asking them to read a series of 30 precalibrated BM Test Glycemic Strips (Chemstrip, Boehringer, Mannheim, West Germany) without a meter. Patients with axial defects performed least well regardless of 100-Hue scores. Reading accuracy of patients with no axial defects was strongly correlated to 100-Hue scores, although patients having dyschromatopsia were consistently hesitant about their readings. Our results suggest that self-monitoring of blood glucose without a meter is indicated only after color vision has been examined by the 100-Hue Test. Self-monitoring should be voided with patients suffering from axial defects or having unsatisfactory 100-Hue scores.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Variation of salivary calcium, phosphate and buffering capacity in adolescents.

Calcium, phosphate and buffering capacity were measured in children's (n=43) unstimulated saliva between September 1990 and June 1991 inclusive. Saliva samples were collected in the afternoon, once a month, on 10 consecutive occasions. Buffering capacity was assessed immediately after sample collection using the Dentobuff strip method. The remainder of the saliva sample was then stored at -18 degrees C and, after thawing, total calcium and inorganic phosphate were measured. The intra-individual variation of buffering capacity over time was statistically significant (Friedman two-way ANOVA, p < 0.001). The intra-individual variability of salivary calcium was also statistically significant (repeated-measures ANOVA, p < 0.001). However, no evidence of a statistically significant variation in phosphate was observed. It is concluded that a combination of flow-rate fluctuation over time and the methods used to assess salivary constituents might have contributed to this variability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Assessment of Micral-Test microalbuminuria test strip in the laboratory and in diabetic outpatients.

We have evaluated a semi-quantitative dry immunochemical screening method (Micral-Test) for the detection of low concentrations of albumin in urine. The stability of Micral-Test strips on storage was good, especially with regard to temperature, light and humidity. Changes in urine osmolality (urea and creatinine concentration), pH and sodium and potassium concentration did not have a significant analytical effect on the Micral-Test measurement; extremes of temperature altered the rate of colour development. The depth of dipping the strip into the sample and the timing of reading colour development were critical. We measured the albumin concentration in 184 urine samples from diabetic outpatients by the Micral-Test and by our in-house immunoturbidimetric method; a Micral-Test result of 20 mg/L had a sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 97% to predict a discriminating urine albumin concentration greater than 30 mg/L by the in house method. The Micral-Test is suitable for use by non-laboratory personnel and is capable of producing analytically acceptable results for use in diabetes clinics and by general practitioners.

Albuminuria↗
PubMed1991

Interference of oral hygiene products with an adhesion-based assay of salivary mutans streptococci.

The effect of several oral hygiene products on an adhesion-based assay for salivary mutans streptococci (Dentocult-SM Strip Mutans) was studied in three women. The mutans streptococci levels were recorded for up to 24 h after a 1-min rinse with the product. The chlorhexidine (0.05%) and stanno-amine fluoride solutions (corresponding 0.025% F) interfered selectively with the adhesion-based assay. No such effect was observed for a polyvidoneiodine solution (10 micrograms/ml) or two toothpastes containing either sodium lauryl sulfate or amine fluorides. The results indicate that antimicrobial agents showing retention in the oral cavity may interfere for several hours after their use with adhesion-based assays of salivary mutans streptococci.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Blood testing compared with urine testing in the long term control of diabetes.

A comparison of visually read glucose oxidase strips and urine testing is reported in an unselected group of 19 diabetic children in relation to the degree of control achieved and to its acceptability. The degree of control was at least as good after five months' blood glucose monitoring at home (mean blood glucose 9.3 +/- SEM 2.9 mmol/l, mean 24 hour glucose excretion 113 +/- SEM 168 mmol/l) as after five months' urine testing (mean blood glucose 11.1 +/- SEM 4.1 mmol/l, mean 24 hour glucose excretion 141 +/- SEM 98 mmol/l). Home blood glucose monitoring was preferred either alone or in conjunction with urine testing in most cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of a kit for the rapid detection of group A streptococci.

A rapid immunoassay method using an Event Test Strip Strep A experimental kit (Boehringer Mannheim) was evaluated. Results obtained were compared with culture results to evaluate the accuracy of detection of group A streptococci directly from throat swabs or from artificial swabs containing various bacterial concentrations. A good diagnostic accuracy was obtained with a sensitivity of 96.9% in the assay of throat swabs which provided more than ten group A Streptococcus colonies per plate. Since a low level of micro-organisms may indicate infection, it is recommended that a culture be performed when the rapid test based on antigen detection is negative.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Ultrasound-accelerated immunoassay, as exemplified by enzyme immunoassay of choriogonadotropin.

The rate-limiting step in many solid-phase immunoassays is associated with the slow kinetics of binding of macro-molecular antigen and conjugate to the immobilized phase. We demonstrate that the use of ultrasonic energy to enhance mass transport across liquid/solid interfaces can dramatically accelerate antigen binding to immobilized antibodies. We use an ultrasound-accelerated procedure with an enzyme-channelling test strip containing glucose oxidase and specific antibody to the alpha-subunit of human choriogonadotropin (HCG) co-immobilized onto a cellulose support. A horseradish peroxidase conjugate of monospecific antibody to the beta-subunit of HCG is used in the liquid phase to complete the immune "sandwich." Use of ultrasound to accelerate binding and of enzyme channelling to eliminate wash steps result in a simple two-incubation protocol by which 25 int. units of urinary HCG per liter can be detected visually in less than 20 min of assay time.

Chorionic Gonadotropin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of the DIRAMIC system for detection of urinary tract infections and for Escherichia coli identification.

The use of the DIRAMIC system for the detection of urinary tract infections (UTI) and the possibility to identify Escherichia coli in the same culture media was evaluated. The results from DIRAMIC detection system were compared to counts of colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml) of urine inoculated in CLED Medium; 884 urine specimens were processed taking > or =10(4) CFU/ml as criteria of positive urine culture counts. For E. coli identification, substrates for the determination of beta-glucuronidase and tryptophanase were incorporated to the culture medium and named DETID-Ec. Outputs were compared to those from API RAPIDEC-ur strips. The DIRAMIC system can detect UTI, with a sensitivity and specificity of 82.25 and 94.49%, respectively. It was possible to identify E. coli during detection with 87.50% of sensitivity and 95.96% of specificity. The small volumes of culture medium used in the DIRAMIC system as well as the short times for the detection make the system a rapid and economical method for screening UTI. Furthermore, by using DETID-Ec culture medium the time and the number of biochemical tests necessary for the E. coli identification are lowered.

Automation↗
PubMed1989

[The thin membrane syndrome. A cause of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria].

The use of urinary diagnostic strips with high sensitivity for hemoglobin has revealed microscopic hematuria in individuals with no symptoms or signs of illness. The thin membrane syndrome may be a frequent cause of such asymptomatic hematuria, and this diagnosis is particularly topical in the case of glomerular hematuria, i.e. with a dysmorphic erythrocyte picture on urinary microscopy. The thin membrane syndrome represents a new entity with an uncertain prognosis. The distinction between thin membrane syndrome and Alport's disease is important but difficult. Modern immunochemical investigations may be helpful in this regard. Until more information is available concerning the thin membrane syndrome, regular control of blood pressure, serum creatinine, urinary sediment and urinary protein is recommended in these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Nonintrusive diagnosis of premature ruptured amniotic membranes using a novel polymer.

This article describes the evaluation of the diagnostic efficacy of AL-SENSE panty-liner in detecting premature rupture of membranes (PROM). One hundred and three women attending the labor and delivery ward were enrolled into three groups: women presenting with a vaginal leak of fluid who had not yet been examined; women with overt PROM, and women with no fluid leak. The result of the AL-SENSE strip test was compared with the clinical diagnosis, which was based on direct visualization of the posterior vaginal fornix and cervix, crystallization, and nitrazine tests. AL-SENSE panty-liner test had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 75% in detecting PROM, with an overall agreement of 82.35% between the AL-SENSE test result and the clinical diagnosis. AL-SENSE may be used as a reliable test to rule out PROM and as an effective device to diagnose PROM and differentiate it from urine leak and vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Interlaboratory evaluation of the Etest for antifungal susceptibility testing of dermatophytes.

A three-site interlaboratory reproducibility evaluation of the Etest concentration gradient strip method for testing antifungal susceptibilities was conducted using 30 strains of dermatophytes exposed to strips loaded with ketoconazole (KTZ), itraconazole (ITZ), amphotericin B (AMB) and fluconazole (FCZ). Etest minimal inhibitory concentrations were compared with those obtained using a broth microdilution method. All isolates produced clearly detectable growth at 28 degrees C within 72-96 h for reading with the Etest method. The highest interlaboratory agreement between Etest and the microdilution method was shown with FCZ (94%), and the lowest was seen with KTZ (60%). Overall, agreement between the Etest and microdilution method was variable. It was excellent for AMB (97%), good for ITZ (80%) and KTZ (77%), and low for fluconazole (27%).

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1985

Self-monitoring of blood glucose in pregnant diabetics. A comparative study of the blood glucose level and course of pregnancy in pregnant diabetics on an out-patient regime before and after the introduction of methods for home analysis of blood glucose.

Sixty-one pregnant patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus completed a self-monitoring program consisting of five daily blood glucose tests at least twice weekly during the ambulatory periods of their pregnancies. Either a reflectometer method, Eyetone, glucometer--reflectometer, or Haemoglucotest 1-44 test strips were used. Of 1 834 glucose profiles, 45% were optimal, with all blood glucose values between 3.9 and 8.3 mmol/l. The 61 pregnancies were compared with 62 pregnancies where the diabetic control and therapy principles were identical, but where self-monitoring blood glucose methods were not employed. The self-monitoring regime resulted in a significant drop in mean blood glucose levels, from 7.8 +/- 1.3 to 6.4 +/- 1.0 mmol/l, compared with the period before the self-monitoring program was introduced. Furthermore, a decline in the number of diabetes-conditioned extra hospitalizations during pregnancy in the self-test group could be registered.

Ambulatory Care↗