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PubMed1997

Human zoonotic infections transmitted by dogs and cats.

Dogs and cats are the 2 most common household pets. However, they may be a direct or indirect source of human infections. This article aims to familiarize physicians with some common and uncommon bacterial, rickettsial, parasitic, and fungal zoonotic infections of dogs and cats. Animal bites with or without infection continue to be a common problem. Treatment of infected animal bites must include early debridement and concern for organisms from the mouth flora of the animal. The diagnosis and treatment of cat-scratch disease have become easier since Bartonella henselae has been established as the main causal agent. Less common bacterial and rickettsial zoonotic infections are included to increase the reader's awareness. Parasitic infections, such as creeping eruptions, visceral larva migrans, cryptosporidiosis, and toxoplasmosis, are diseases associated with contact with dogs and cats. Pets can also be the source of dermatophyte infections. An increase in awareness that some of these diseases may be associated with animals could provide a better plan for the prevention and treatment of common and uncommon zoonotic infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1953

Myocarditis and pulmonary arteritis in mice associated with the presence of rickettsia-like bodies in polymorphonuclear leucocytes.

A previously undescribed disease of mice, characterized by acute interstitial myocarditis, and by periarterial pulmonary lesions, is reported. The transmissibility of this disease has been shown, but a large proportion of inoculated mice appears to be resistant. Microorganisms, rickettsial in form but not positively identified as such, are consistently present in the lesions. They are found predominantly in the cytoplasm of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Filtrates of fecal material from normal mice of the Harvard breeding stock may produce lesions in myocardium and pulmonary arteries indistinguishable from those occurring in this disease. Rickettsia-like bodies are also found in these lesions.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Rickettsioses as paradigms of new or emerging infectious diseases.

Rickettsioses are caused by species of Rickettsia, a genus comprising organisms characterized by their strictly intracellular location and their association with arthropods. Rickettsia species are difficult to cultivate in vitro and exhibit strong serological cross-reactions with each other. These technical difficulties long prohibited a detailed study of the rickettsiae, and it is only following the recent introduction of novel laboratory methods that progress in this field has been possible. In this review, we discuss the impact that these practical innovations have had on the study of rickettsiae. Prior to 1986, only eight rickettsioses were clinically recognized; however, in the last 10 years, an additional six have been discovered. We describe the different steps that resulted in the description of each new rickettsiosis and discuss the influence of factors as diverse as physicians' curiosity and the adoption of molecular biology-based identification in helping to recognize these new infections. We also assess the pathogenic potential of rickettsial strains that to date have been associated only with arthropods, and we discuss diseases of unknown etiology that may be rickettsioses.

Africa↗
PubMed1991

Atypical lymphocytes with a multilobated nucleus from a patient with tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) in Japan.

A case of tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) with atypical lymphocytes with a multilobated nucleus is reported. Although this type of atypical lymphocyte has been reported in patients with viral infections such as adult T-cell leukemia, infectious mononucleosis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, this is the first reported case of atypical lymphocyte with a multilobated nucleus in a patient with rickettsial infection. This type of atypical lymphocyte seems to exist in a broad spectrum of infectious diseases.

Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed1999

[The group identification of the causative agents of infectious diseases in environmental objects].

Drop colorimetric reactions were studied for group identification of microorganisms referring to as viral rickettsial bacterial vegetative and bacterial sporal taxonomic groups. For their determination, the authors proposed a number of well-known reactions for preliminary detection of microorganisms if there was protein or protein components in a sample, as well as a series of reactions characteristic of some groups of microorganisms and their vital activity. The list was proposed to include not only tests for dehydrogenase and peroxidase activities and for inorganic phosphates, but also those for the ability of suspension production, etc, which were specific signs of the presence and vital ability of microorganisms. Drop reactions were made with eight indicator papers and a set of reagents used for control of the reactions, and with a set of wetting solutions for liquid-phase reactions. A set of reagents and accessories provided the identification of 40 samples of microorganisms, the analysis of one unknown sample took less than an hour. The authors developed an algorithm for the sequence of tests depending on the combination of positive and negative effects of indicator means, namely an algorithm for relating microorganisms to the above taxonomic groups.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Lymph node aspirate from a California wine-country dog.

A 4-year-old, male Golden Retriever was presented to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the University of California-Davis with a history of lethargy, inappetance, and vomiting. The patient had generalized lymphadenomegaly, marked thrombocytopenia, mild anemia, and moderate hypoalbuminemia. Moderate to marked histiocytic inflammation and lymphocytic-plasmacytic reactivity of the mesenteric, left popliteal, and right mandibular lymph nodes were diagnosed cytologically. Many macrophages contained granular to amorphous material of a uniform blue color, occasionally in morula formation, suggestive of rickettsial organisms. Exposure to raw trout was subsequently documented, leading to a presumptive diagnosis of salmon poisoning disease (SPD). The patient responded quickly to doxycycline therapy for the causative agent of SPD (Neorickettsia helminthoeca). SPD should be considered as a differential diagnosis for a canine patient with clinical signs of vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, and lymphadenomegaly; laboratory findings of thrombocytopenia and hypoalbuminemia; and potential exposure to raw fish from an endemic area. The cytologic finding of rickettsial inclusions within lymph node macrophages is reportedly seen within a majority of SPD cases and can be valuable in supporting a clinical suspicion of SPD, as it was in this case.

Anaplasmataceae Infections↗
PubMed1988

Serodiagnosis of early Lyme disease: analysis of IgM and IgG antibody responses by using an antibody-capture enzyme immunoassay.

We used an antibody-capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to evaluate the early antibody responses to Borrelia burgdorferi in paired sera from 30 patients with erythema chronicum migrans. During acute disease, 20 (67%) patients had elevated specific IgM responses, and by convalescence (one to four weeks after treatment), 28 (93%) patients had increased IgM or IgG responses. In acute specimens, elevated IgM responses correlated with disseminated infection; however, by convalescence, most patients with either localized or disseminated disease had positive tests. Among 133 control subjects, IgM cross-reactivity was observed in 4 of 37 patients with either Epstein-Barr virus or rickettsial infections, and false-positive IgG tests were seen in 8 of 28 patients with syphilis. With antibody-capture EIA, the diagnosis of Lyme disease can be confirmed in the majority of acutely ill patients and in almost all patients by convalescence.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of surface proteins of Anaplasma marginale grown in tick cell culture, tick salivary glands, and cattle.

Anaplasma marginale, a tick-borne rickettsial pathogen of cattle, infects bovine erythrocytes, resulting in mild to severe hemolytic disease that causes economic losses in domestic livestock worldwide. Recently, the Virginia isolate of A. marginale was propagated in a continuous tick cell line, IDE8, derived from embryonic Ixodes scapularis. Development of A. marginale in cell culture was morphologically similar to that described previously in ticks. In order to evaluate the potential of the cell culture-derived organisms for use in future research or as an antigen for serologic tests and vaccines, the extent of structural conservation of the major surface proteins (MSPs) between the cell culture-derived A. marginale and the bovine erythrocytic stage, currently the source of A. marginale antigen, was determined. Structural conservation on the tick salivary-gland stage was also examined. Monoclonal and monospecific antisera against MSPs 1 through 5, initially characterized against erythrocyte stages, also reacted with A. marginale from cell culture and tick salivary glands. MSP1a among geographic A. marginale isolates is variable in size because of different numbers of a tandemly repeated 28- or 29-amino-acid peptide. The cell culture-derived A. marginale maintained the same-size MSP1a as that found on the Virginia isolate of A. marginale in bovine erythrocytes and tick salivary glands. Although differences were observed in the polymorphic MSP2 antigen between culture and salivary-gland stages, MSP2 did not appear to vary, by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, during continuous passage in culture. These data show that MSPs of erythrocyte-stage A. marginale are present on culture stages and may be structurally conserved during continuous culture. The presence of all current candidate diagnostic and vaccine antigens suggests that in vitro cultures are a valuable source of rickettsiae for basic research and for the development of improved diagnostic reagents and vaccines against anaplasmosis.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed2006

Occurrence of hard ticks in dogs from Warsaw area.

Ticks are known as a vector of many viral, bacterial, rickettsial and protozoan infections of dogs. The threat with particular tick-transmitted disease depends very much on the tick species which feeds on the dog. In this paper we present results of research designed to identify tick species which attack dogs in the Warsaw area. Ticks were collected from dogs presented for medical examination in veterinary clinics in different parts of Warsaw. All of 590 tick specimens found on dogs belonged to the family Ixodidae (hard ticks). The majority (64.6 %) of the collected ticks were identified as Dermacentor reticulatus--vector of Babesia canis. The other tick species found on examined dogs was Ixodes ricinus. The male to female ratio was more than 3 times higher in D. reticulatus than in I. ricinus.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rapidly fatal Q-fever pneumonia in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease.

Acute Q-fever is a systemic illness which rarely has a fatal outcome. Fatal cases do occur with the chronic form of the disease and associated with endocarditis. This report presents the case of a fatal, acute Q-fever pneumonia in an 11-year-old patient with chronic granulomatous disease. Complement fixation antibody titer rose to 1:1,024 with positive IgM in immunofluorescence. Giemsa stained lung sections and indirect immunofluorescence demonstrated the microorganisms in the tissues. The Coxiella burnetii infection was probably contracted during a holiday trip to rural France. Despite the fact that the patient received a variety of antimicrobial agents with broad spectrum activity against bacteria and fungi, coverage for Q-fever, i.e. chloramphenicol or tetracyclines, was not included.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2000

Pediatric exanthems.

Many childhood diseases have cutaneous manifestations such as exanthems. More than 50 agents (viral, bacterial, or rickettsial) that cause exanthems in children have been identified. This article describes a systematic approach for evaluating 12 common exanthems. Diagnosis is made by correlating the location, morphology, and timing of the eruption with associated constitutional signs and symptoms.

Child↗