Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,027 records · Page 57Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Role of upper respiratory tract infection in the deaths occurring in neonatal ferrets infected with influenza virus.

Passive immunization of ferret neonates by colostrally-derived anti-influenza virus IgG did not entirely prevent infection when mothers were immunized with 1 or 2 doses of formalin inactivated vaccine with adjuvant (alhydrogel). Influenza virus replication was almost completely prevented in the lower respiratory tract but only slightly reduced in the upper respiratory tract leading to deaths in about 50% of the neonates. Such neonates showed at most only minor lesions in the lower respiratory tract but moderate to severe inflammatory changes in the upper respiratory tract of most animals. This supports previous results suggesting that deaths, reminiscent of the human sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), may arise purely as a result of upper respiratory tract infection, possibly following obstruction of the airways.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Cefaclor treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections caused by Moraxella catarrhalis.

A retrospective analysis of data from 18 clinical studies was performed to examine the effectiveness and safety of cefaclor in the treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections caused by Moraxella catarrhalis (previously called Branhamella catarrhalis). Eighty-six percent of 56 evaluable patients had improvement in their symptoms of infections following therapy with cefaclor. There were no serious or life-threatening adverse drug experiences reported by any patient. Cefaclor appears to be an appropriate antibiotic for the safe and effective treatment of respiratory tract infections caused by M. catarrhalis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Efficacy and safety of cefprozil versus other beta-lactam antibiotics in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections.

Cefprozil was evaluated in four multicentre comparative studies in the treatment of acute respiratory tract infections. In two studies, cefprozil 500 mg q. 12 hours was compared to cefaclor 500 mg q. eight hours for ten days of therapy. Randomization was on a 2:1 (cefprozil:cefaclor) basis in the European centres and 1:1 in North America. The clinical efficacy in acute bronchitis was 88% (284 out of 324 patients) for cefprozil and 88% (183 out of 208) for cefaclor, with successful bacteriological eradication of the causative pathogen in 86% and 82% of the patients, respectively. Amongst the patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, the clinical response rate of 80% (59 out of 74) for cefprozil appeared superior to that of cefaclor at 62% (p = 0.067), whilst the bacteriological response rates were 62% (36 out of 58) for cefprozil and 74% (20 out of 27) for cefaclor. In pneumonia, the clinical response rates for cefprozil and cefaclor therapy were similar, 82% vs. 79%, although bacteriological eradication rates were better for cefprozil at 82% than for cefaclor at 71%. In the comparison of cefprozil with cefuroxime axetil, a total of 170 patients were evaluable. The clinical and bacteriological response rates for cefprozil of 95% and 100% were better than those for cefuroxime axetil 500 mg q. 12 hours of 84% and 75%, respectively. In the cefprozil vs. amoxicillin-clavulanate, 500 mg q. eight hours comparative study, the two antibiotics displayed no significant difference in clinical or bacteriological responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Upper respiratory tract infections and general anaesthesia in children. Peri-operative complications and oxygen saturation.

Conflicting reports regarding the hazards of anaesthesia in children presenting for surgery with an upper respiratory tract infection have appeared in the literature. In the present study 130 children undergoing general anaesthesia with face mask for myringotomy and grommet insertion were graded as having either an acute or recent upper respiratory tract infection or were asymptomatic according to predetermined clinical symptoms and signs. The severity of respiratory and related complications were scored during induction, emergence and recovery. The peripheral oxygen saturation was recorded during induction, emergence, transfer to the recovery ward and in the recovery ward itself. There were no significant differences (p greater than 0.05) in the complication scores between the three groups of children. However, the incidence of hypoxaemia (oxygen saturation less than or equal to 93%) was significantly greater during transfer in the acute infection group (p = 0.001) and the recent infection group (p = 0.02), as well as during recovery in the acute group (p = 0.03) compared with asymptomatic children.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed2000

Intravenous followed by oral ofloxacin in the treatment of community acquired lower respiratory tract infections in adults requiring hospitalisation.

Forty patients were treated with ofloxacin for community acquired lower respiratory tract infections. Eighteen pathogens were isolated in sputum; Streptococcus pneumoniae (4) and Haemophilus influenzae (4) were the most common, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (3), Klebsiella spp. (2), Staphylococcus anreus (2), Pseudomonas spp. (2), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1). Ofloxacin 200 mg every 12 hours was administered for an average of 3.7 days intravenously followed by 5.4 days orally. Response to therapy was judged to be cure in 38 (95%; 95% C.I., 85%-95%) patients, failure in one (2.5%) and "indeterminate" in one (2.5%).

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1990

[Susceptibility of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory tract infections to antibiotics (1987)].

Since 1981, in cooperation with research institutions across the nation, Ikemoto, et al. have been collecting clinical isolates from patients with respiratory tract infections and conducting an annual retrospective survey of patients' background factors and of isolated strains and their sensitivities to various antibacterial agents and antibiotics. In the period from October, 1987 to September, 1988, 17 institutions participated in the survey and a total of 706 strains which were demonstrated to be causative organisms were isolated from 562 patients with respiratory tract infections. Strains were mostly isolated from the sputum. The taxonomic breakdown of these strains was: Staphylococcus aureus (69 strains), Streptococcus pneumoniae (120), Haemophilus influenzae (170), Mucoid-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (42), Non-mucoid-producing P. aeruginosa (87), Escherichia coli (11), Klebsiella pneumoniae (35), Brahamella catarrharis (72), etc. Of these strains, 629 were used to determine MICs of various antibacterial agents and antibiotics for susceptibility analyses. Relationships between patient backgrounds and diagnoses and between infections diseases and causative organisms were also investigated. Most of the major causative organisms, such as H. influenzae and P. aeruginosa, showed no substantial changes from previous years, with regard to their sensitivities to antibiotic agent, but S. aureus, particularly methicillin/cephem-resistant strains of S. aureus (MCRSA) showed somewhat lower sensitivity to beta-lactams, and as in recent years, to ofloxacin, a new quinolone drug, as well. Regarding background factors of patients, the age distribution was heavily concentrated in age brackets of 50 years and older, thus patients in these age group accounted for 75.2% of all the patients, which was comparable to 73.5% in 1985 and 77.9% in 1986. Among infections encountered, bacterial pneumonia was most frequent at 28.3%, followed by chronic bronchitis (27.2%) and bronchiectasis (16.0%). Bacterial pneumonia was actually the most frequent, throughout the entire age groups accounting for 34.3% of patients up to 29 years, 26.6% in the group of 30-69 years and 30.7% in patients aged 70 years and older. Chronic bronchitis was next most frequent and accounted for 20.0%, 26.4% and 30.7% among the three age groups, respectively. Breaking down clinical isolates by diagnosis, H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa were isolated frequently from most of the infectious diseases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The epidemiology of acute respiratory tract infection in young children: comparison of findings from several developing countries. Coordinated Data Group of BOSTID Researchers.

Investigators from 10 countries studied the epidemiology of acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) among children 0-59 months old. Data on incidence rates, by age, gender, and season; on pathogenic agents; on case-fatality rates; and on selected risk factor findings are presented. Incidence rates from six of the community-based studies ranged from 12.7 to 16.8 new episodes of ARI per 100 child-weeks at risk, and rates of lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) ranged from 0.2 to 3.4 new episodes per 100 child-weeks at risk. Children spend from 21.7% to 40.1% of observed weeks with ARI and from 1% to 14.4% of observed weeks with LRI. The incidence rates for ARI are highest in younger children. Viruses, especially respiratory syncytial virus, are isolated more frequently than bacteria from children with episodes of LRI. Risk factors exhibited different patterns of association with ARI in different studies. Interventions could have great impact on high-risk levels common in the study populations. These studies provide interesting and useful data on the epidemiologic dynamics of ARI.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

Antibiotic dosing issues in lower respiratory tract infection: population-derived area under inhibitory curve is predictive of efficacy.

Several lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) trials have documented a correlation between clinical response and area under the inhibitory curve (24 h AUC/MIC; AUIC). The AUIC values in these studies were based on measured MICs and measured serum concentrations. This study evaluates AUIC estimates made using population pharmacokinetic parameters, and MICs from an automated microbiological susceptibility testing system. A computer database review over 2 years yielded 81 patients at Millard Fillmore Hospital with a culture-documented gram-negative LRTI who had been treated with piperacillin and an aminoglycoside, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin or imipenem. Their AUIC values were estimated using renal function, drug dosages and MIC values. Outcome groups (clinical and microbiological cures and failures) were related to the AUIC values using Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA, linear regression and classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. A significant breakpoint for clinical cures was an AUIC value at least 72 SIT(-1) x 24 h (inverse serum inhibitory titre integrated over time). All antibiotics performed significantly better above this value than below it. Clinical cure was well described by a Hill-type equation. Within the piperacillin/aminoglycoside regimen, most of the activity came from the piperacillin, which had a higher overall AUIC value than the aminoglycoside. AUIC estimations based upon MIC values derived from the automated susceptibility testing method differed from NCCLS breakpoint data and from tube dilution derived values in this hospital by as much as three tube dilutions. These automated methods probably overestimated the MIC values of extremely susceptible organisms. The lack of precise MIC estimates in automated clinical microbiology methods impairs the use of AUIC to prospectively optimize microbiological outcome. Even ignoring this limitation and using the values as they are reported, the results of this analysis suggest that AUIC targets between 72 and 275 SIT(-1) x 24 h are useful in predicting clinical outcome.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

[Influence of respiratory viruses, cold weather and air pollution in the lower respiratory tract infections in infants children].

BACKGROUND: All winters, there is an increase in the number of pediatric consultations, associated to three factors: cold weather, air pollution and respiratory virus epidemics. AIM: To study the influence of these three factors in the demand for pediatric consultations between March and September, in an area of Metropolitan Santiago. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The number of consultations between March and September 1998 in the emergency room and the number of hospital discharges due to lower respiratory tract infections, were registered in a public pediatric hospital of Santiago. A respiratory virus surveillance (respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, influenza and parainfluenza virus) was done among children admitted for lower respiratory infections. Atmospheric temperature values and air pollution, measured as the number of particles of 10 microns or more per m3 (MP 10), were obtained from local health services. RESULTS: Two elevation waves of outpatient consultations were detected at weeks 19 and 26, that coincided with the periods of maximal detection of influenza and syncytial respiratory virus, respectively. The epidemics of respiratory syncytial virus coincided with the maximal number of hospital admissions for lower respiratory tract infections at week 27. There was no correlation between air pollution and the number of pediatric consultations. The lower ambient temperatures coincided with the higher detection of respiratory syncytial virus at week 28, moment in which the demand for consultations or hospital admissions was descending. CONCLUSIONS: There is a direct relationship between respiratory virus epidemics and the demand for pediatric consultations. There is also a minor influence of ambient temperature.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1987

Penicillins and macrolides in the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections.

The use of penicillins and macrolides in the management of community-acquired respiratory tract infections is evaluated in relation to such factors as antimicrobial activity, stability, pharmacokinetics and adverse reactions. Attention is directed to the side effects of drugs, e.g. to the clear advantages of 16 (e.g. spiramycin) vs. 14 (e.g. erythromycin)-membered ring macrolides, and examples are drawn to illustrate the tactics of antimicrobial therapy in the management of pneumonias.

Erythromycin↗
PubMed1987

[Clinical studies on flomoxef in respiratory tract infections].

Flomoxef (FMOX, 6315-S) is a new oxacephem with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. We used FMOX for treatment of 13 patients with respiratory tract infections including 4 cases of pneumonia, 5 of lung abscess and 4 of exacerbation of the chronic airway diseases. FMOX showed excellent in vitro antimicrobial activities against clinical isolates including 4 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2 strains of Haemophilus influenzae and each one strain of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Clinical responses were excellent in 3 cases, good in 7 and fair or poor in 3. No side effect was observed, but abnormal laboratory findings caused by FMOX administration were found in 2 cases; hypertransaminasemia and eosinophilia. However, neither of them was severe. From the above results, it is considered that FMOX will be useful for treatment of patients with respiratory tract infections.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of spiramycin and clarithromycin for community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections.

This open multicentre study compared the efficacy and tolerability of clarithromycin and spiramycin in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections in Brazil and Colombia. A total of 125 patients with a clinical and radiological diagnosis of pneumonia, acute bronchitis or exacerbation of chronic bronchitis were randomised to receive oral doses of either clarithromycin (500 mg) or spiramycin (3 MIU) every 12 hours for courses of 5-10 days. Patients were assessed before the start of treatment, and at days 3-4 and days 9-17. Twenty-six (26) patients (16 in the spiramycin group and 10 in the clarithromycin group) reported adverse events, seven of whom withdrew from the trial. Statistical analysis detected no significant differences between efficacy (p = 0.768) or tolerability (p = 0.236) for the two treatment groups. Spiramycin therefore has similar efficacy to clarithromycin in the treatment of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

A comparative study of ofloxacin versus cefazolin in lower respiratory tract infections.

An open study was conducted in 40 randomized patients to evaluate the efficacy of ofloxacin in comparison with cefazolin in the treatment of acute, chronic and recurrent lower respiratory tract infections. The therapeutic efficacy of the two drugs was evaluated on the basis of bacteriological and clinical examinations. Bacteriological assays revealed that ofloxacin eliminated bacterial flora from sputum in 20/21 cases (14 Gram-negative and 7 Gram-positive), while cefazolin eradicated the pathogens in 12/19 cases (16 Gram-negative and 3 Gram-positive). In clinical terms, 20/21 (95.2%) infections were cured and 1/21 (4.8%) improved in the ofloxacin group as against 12/19 (63.2%) cured, 5/19 (26.3%) improved and 2/19 (10.5%) unchanged in the cefazolin group. The results of this study confirm the efficacy and excellent tolerance of ofloxacin in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Incidence of Legionella pneumophila in acute lower respiratory tract infections.

The etiological role of Legionella pneumophila and other infectious agents in acute lower respiratory tract infections in 112 patients attending an infectious disease clinic was estimated by a serological study of paired sera and bacteriological culture of nasopharynx swabs and culture and immunoelectroosmophoresis of expectorates. Only 2 of the patients had a 4-fold rise in antibody titre to L. pneumophila, suggesting a similar incidence of legionnaires' disease as reported from USA.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Concentrated bovine colostrum protein supplementation reduces the incidence of self-reported symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection in adult males.

BACKGROUND: Anecdotal reports suggest that bovine colostrum may prevent upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). There is scant evidence to support such claims, although salivary IgA protects against URTI, and it was recently shown that bovine colostrum increases salivary IgA. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present invesigation examined whether concentrated bovine colostrum protein (CBC) affected the incidence or duration of self-reported symptoms of URTI in adult males. METHODS: We examined logbooks containing self-reported symptoms of illness from previous studies which examined physiological effects of CBC. In these double-blind, placebo controlled studies, subjects had been randomly allocated to consume 60g. day(-1) of CBC (n = 93) or whey protein (WP) (n = 81) for eight weeks. Symptoms were coded using established criteria to identify those related to URTI. Since the incubation period for an URTI is up to five days, symptoms reported during the first week of supplementation (PRE-EXP) were analysed separately to preclude those arising from infection prior to study commencement. RESULTS: During PRE-EXP, there was no difference in the proportion of subjects taking the different supplements who reported symptoms of URTI (CBC, 11%,WP, 5%; 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) -14% to 2%; P = 0.16). During the subsequent seven weeks (i. e. the experimental period), a significantly lesser proportion of subjects taking CBC reported symptoms of URTI compared with those taking WP (CBC, 32%,WP, 48%, P = 0.03; 95 % CI -30 % to -2 %), but symptom duration did not differ (CBC, 6.8 +/- 4.2 days,WP, 6.0 +/- 4.4 days; P = 0.27). CONCLUSION: This study provides preliminary evidence that CBC may enhance resistance to the development of symptoms of URTI.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bacteriology of bronchial secretions in non-tubercular lower respiratory tract infections.

Fifty samples of bronchial secretions collected from patients of non-tubercular lower respiratory tract infections through fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) were cultured both for aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Thirty-three (66%) samples yielded bacteria. Out of these, thirty were isolated in pure culture and from three, a mixed growth of aerobic and anaerobic micro-organisms was obtained. Aerobic bacteria were the predominant isolates. Stephylococcus aureus (10), pseudomonas (9) and streptococcus pneumoniae (8) were the major aerobic isolates. Ciprofloxacin was found to be the most effective drug against aerobes and metronidazole against anaerobes in vitro susceptibility tests.

Bacteria, Aerobic↗
PubMed1992

Etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children in a rural community in The Gambia.

Approximately 500 children younger than 5 years old resident in 7 villages in a rural area of The Gambia were monitored closely for 1 year for episodes of acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI). Each episode was investigated with antigen detection techniques and antibody assays as well as culture for bacteria and viruses. A pathogen was identified in 76 (34.2%) of 222 cases with clinical signs of ALRI and in 34 (42%) of the 81 cases who, in addition, had radiologic evidence of ALRI. Evidence of infection with a bacterial pathogen, most commonly Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae, was obtained in 32 (14.4%) cases with clinical signs of ALRI (23.5% of those with radiologically proved pneumonia). Viral agents were cultured from 42 (19%) of 221 cases but also from 14 (14.6%) of 96 controls some of whom had minor symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection. In the absence of an outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus the viral agents recovered most often were influenza A and adenoviruses.

Bacterial Infections↗