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PubMed1995

The efficacy of kinesthetic reading treatment for pure alexia.

This paper presents an effective treatment for pure alexia by a type of single-case design, which we termed a "material-control single-case design" [Sugishita et al., Neuropsychologia, Vol. 31, 559-569, 1993]. Two patients with pure alexia were treated using kinesthetic reading (reading by tracing or copying the outline of each letter with the patient's finger). The results clearly demonstrated that both patients significantly improved their reading and copying performances. Their recovery of reading performance arose from improvement in copying. The results of tachistoscopic reading tests suggested that the patient obtained the ability to read without kinesthetic movements.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

A developmental perspective on reading dysfunction: accuracy and rate criteria in the subtyping of dyslexic children.

Children referred with specific reading dysfunction were subtyped as accuracy disabled or rate disabled according to criteria developed from an information processing model of reading skill. Multiple measures of oral and written language development were compared for two subtyped samples matched on age, sex, and IQ. The two samples were comparable in reading fluency, reading comprehension, word knowledge, and word retrieval functions. Accuracy disabled readers demonstrated inferior decoding and spelling skills. The accuracy disabled sample proved deficient in their understanding of oral language structure and in their ability to associate unfamiliar pseudowords and novel symbols in a task designed to simulate some of the learning involved in initial reading acquisition. It was suggested that these two samples of disabled readers may be best described with respect to their relative standing along a theoretical continuum of normal reading development.

Child↗
PubMed1986

The pattern of reading deterioration in dementia of the Alzheimer type: observations and implications.

Thirteen patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) were tested for their ability to read aloud and to read with comprehension. Reading aloud was preserved in all but the most severely impaired cases and was found to be relatively independent of intellectual deterioration. Reading comprehension declined progressively with increasing dementia severity and correlated well with quantitative mental status assessments. The results suggest that the pattern of reading deterioration may aid in the clinical identification of DAT, that the disturbance of reading comprehension is a linguistic deficit rather than a product of visual-perceptual disturbances, and that the alexia is more consistent with an instrumental loss than a de-developmental model of dementia.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Is radiologists' volume of mammography reading related to accuracy? A critical review of the literature.

The current UK quality assurance guidelines for radiologists in the NHS breast screening programme require those reporting screening mammograms to read a minimum of 5000 cases per year. We aimed to review the evidence for this and to assess whether there was justification for lowering the required level. A literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies where accuracy of reporting mammograms was related to reading volume. Three of the five studies reviewed suggested a positive association between reading volume and sensitivity, but there were few data on volumes above 5000 cases per year. The available evidence did not provide any basis for reducing the threshold volume. Further work is needed, in a UK or European setting, to study the relationship between reading volume and accuracy at higher volume levels and also the separate effects of reading volume and reading experience.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2005

The pathological and radiological features of screen-detected breast cancers diagnosed following arbitration of discordant double reading opinions.

AIM: To compare the mammographic background pattern, the mammographic and the pathological features of screen-detected cancers diagnosed following arbitration of discordant double reading opinions with screen-detected cancers diagnosed following concordant double reading. METHODS: Between April 2002 and December 2003, 249 patients were diagnosed with screen-detected malignancies following concordant double reading. In the same period 38 patients were diagnosed with screen-detected malignancies after their mammograms had undergone arbitration prior to recall. Mammograms of both groups of patients were reviewed retrospectively and the mammographic features documented. Histological data for both groups were also compared. RESULTS: Cancers detected following arbitration were more likely to manifest as parenchymal distortions (44 versus 8%, p<0.001) and less likely to manifest as spiculate masses (19 versus 42%, p=0.014). Arbitration cancers were less likely to be detected in fatty breasts (4 versus 29%, p=0.01). Arbitration cancers were smaller (p=0.045). Lobular cancers were commoner in the arbitration group, although this was of borderline significance (19 versus 8%, p=0.057) There was no significant difference in patient age, tumour grade or lymph node stage between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Cancers detected following arbitration are smaller and more likely to manifest as a parenchymal distortion compared with cancers detected by both readers. Arbitration cancers have broadly similar prognostic features to cancers detected by concordant double reading. It is estimated that approximately 11% more cancers are detected as a result of double reading with arbitration compared with single reading alone, after taking into consideration second reader bias.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Inhibition and shifting in children with learning deficits in arithmetic and reading.

The executive functions of inhibition and shifting were studied in arithmetic-disabled children, reading-disabled children, reading plus arithmetic-disabled children, and controls (N = 74). Measures involved the rapid naming of objects, digits, letters, or quantities with or without additional task requirements that reflected inhibition or shifting. Also, the Making Trails task, reflecting shifting, was administered. For tasks without executive demands, arithmetic-disabled children were slower in the naming of digits and quantities, whereas reading-disabled children were slower in the naming of digits and letters. For the executive tasks, arithmetic-disabled children as well as reading plus arithmetic-disabled children were impaired on the Making Trails task and on an object naming task that required both inhibition and shifting. Reading-disabled children exhibited no problems in executive functioning. Furthermore, it was shown that reading plus arithmetic-disabled children experienced the combination of problems that characterize children with a single learning deficit.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Calculation and usage of containment monitor radiation readings during PWR accidents.

A computer code named CALCON for calculation of containment monitor radiation readings is introduced. The validity of the code was verified by comparison with data given in IAEA technical documents. The contribution of isotopes to containment readings under conditions of core melt, gap release and normal coolant release were investigated. The conclusions were that the radiation reading in containment is mainly from iodine and noble gases when sprays are off, and the radiation reading is mainly from noble gases when sprays are on, and during the beginning hours when radionuclides are released into containment, the monitor readings will decrease rapidly. Curves of containment radiation readings versus shutdown time for DAYA BAY nuclear power plant were calculated using CALCON.

Radiation Dosage↗
PubMed2006

Scanning for the scanner: FMRI of audition by read-out omissions from echo-planar imaging.

Echo-planar imaging (EPI) generates considerable acoustic noise by rapidly oscillating gradients. In functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), unshielded EPI sounds activate the auditory system inasmuch as it is responsive. Instead of attenuating EPI noise, our goal was to utilize it for auditory FMRI by omitting read-outs from the pulse sequence's gradient train. Read-out gradient pulses are the primary noise determinant of EPI introducing its peak sound level and fundamental frequency peak which inversely relates to twice the echo spacing. Using model-driven analyses, we demonstrate that withholding read-outs from EPI is suited to reliably evoke hemodynamic blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal modulations bilaterally in the auditory cortex of normal hearing subjects (n=60). To investigate the utility of EPI read-out omissions for auditory FMRI at an individual subject's level, we compare traditional Family-Wise-Error-Rate (FWER)-corrected maximum height thresholding to spatial mixture modeling (SMM). With the latter, appropriate bilateral auditory activations were confirmed in 95% of the individuals, whereas FWER-based voxel thresholding detected such activations in up to 72%. We illustrate the applicability of this novel EPI modification for clinical diagnostic purposes and report on a patient with bilateral large vestibular aqueducts (LVAs) and severe binaural sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). In this particular case, read-out omissions from EPI were used to assert residual audition prior to cochlear implantation (CI). Requiring no specific task compliance or sophisticated stimulation equipment other than the scanner on its own, FMRI by read-out omissions lends itself to auditory investigations and to quickly probe audition.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anatomical risk factors that distinguish dyslexia from SLI predict reading skill in normal children.

UNLABELLED: These studies investigated whether anatomical measures could separate phonologically-based reading disability (PD) from nonphonologically-based learning disabilities such as specific language impairment (SLI). In a previous study. four brain measures (cerebral asymmetry. summed planum temporale and parietale asymmetry, anterior cerebellar asymmetry, and a duplicated left Heschl's gyrus) distinguished a group of PD adults from reading disabled adults without specific phonological deficits (URD). Study 1 found that these measures did not distinguish 14 reading disabled children from 21 children with SLI. Instead, differences were found in cerebral volume, planum temporale asymmetry, and the size of a single left Heschl's gyrus. Study 2 demonstrated that including all seven measures in a discriminant analysis separated the adults and children into two groups: one with 100% of the PD adults and 75% of the reading disabled children and the other with 72% of the SLI children and 75% of the URD adults. Study 3 demonstrated that an anatomical risk factor index (ARF7) generated from the discriminant function with seven brain measures predicted reading in normal children. Children with ARF7 near 0 (normal anatomy) had superior verbal ability and phonological decoding scores that improved with age. Normal children with negative ARF7 the relatively s mall symmetrical structures that characterize SLI)had deficits in verbal ability. Children with positive ARF7 (the asymmetrical structures that characterize PD) had phonological decoding scores that decreased with age. These results suggest that PD and SLI are qualitatively different disorders associated with anatomical deviations in opposite directions from the population mean. LEARNING OUTCOMES: As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to: (1) distinguish the neuroanatomical features that characterize PD and SLI; (2) recognize that PD is associated with large asymmetrical brain structures while SLI is associated with smaller symmetrical brain structures; (3) understand that children with moderate sized brains and whose anatomy is intermediate between symmetry and extreme asymmetry have an enhanced probability of developing good verbal ability; (4) understand that reading disabilities depend on the interaction of neurodevelopment and the environment.

Brain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The influence of vocabulary age and spatial dimension on rapid picture naming in children with reading disorders.

The present study measured naming reaction times of normal and reading disordered (RD) children to a series of centrally presented picture stimuli of varying vocabulary age and spatial dimension. Results of the ANOVA on reaction times indicated significant interactions of Group x Dimension and Group x Vocabulary. Post hoc tests on the former interaction suggested that the feature of dimension differentially affected naming reaction times for the two groups. The control group produced faster naming reaction times to the three-dimensional pictures, while the reading disordered group was faster in naming two-dimensional stimuli. In the later interaction, the normal readers produced faster reaction times to the lower-level vocabulary. Although the same pattern of response was obtained for the reading disordered children, they were found to evidence a generalized slowing in their responses with a greater temporal difference occurring between the two levels of vocabulary. These findings suggest that children with reading disorders exhibit deficits in rapid lexical access of later acquired and more complex vocabulary.(1). As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to identify critical stimulus features of pictorial stimuli that effect rapid retrieval abilities. (2). As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to explain the individual subsystems and interactions of processes (Cascade Model) that characterize picture naming. (3). As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to differentiate between patterns of lexical access as a function of critical stimulus features, for children with reading disorders and normal reading abilities.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Effects of replicating primary-reflex movements on specific reading difficulties in children: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Children with specific reading difficulties have problems that extend beyond the range of underlying language-related deficits (eg, they have difficulties with balance and motor control). We investigated the role of persistent primary reflexes (which are closely linked in the earliest months of life to the balance system) in disrupting the development of reading skills. METHODS: We assessed the efficacy of an intervention programme based on replicating the movements generated by the primary-reflex system during fetal and neonatal life. A randomised, individually matched, double-blind, placebo-controlled design was used and children (aged 8-11 years) with persistent primary reflexes and a poor standard of reading were enrolled into one of three treatment groups: experimental (children were given a specific movement sequence); placebo-control (children were given non-specific movements); and control (no movements). FINDINGS: From an initial sample of 98 children, 60 children, 20 in each group were matched on age, sex, verbal intelligence quotient (IQ), reading ability, and persistent asymmetrical tonic neck reflex. For asymmetrical tonic neck-reflex levels there was a significant (group by time) interaction (p<0.001). The experimental group showed a significant decrease in the level of persistent reflex over the course of the study (mean change -1.8 [95% CI -2.4 to -1.2], p<0.001), whereas the changes in the placebo-control and control groups were not significant (-0.2 [-0.9 to 0.6] and -0.4 [-0.9 to 0.2]). INTERPRETATION: This study provides further evidence of a link between reading difficulties and control of movement in children. In particular, our study highlights how the educational functioning of children may be linked to interference from an early neurodevelopmental system (the primary-reflex system). A new approach to the treatment of children with reading difficulties is proposed involving assessment of underlying neurological functioning, and appropriate remediation.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Monetary versus nonmonetary incentives for TB skin test reading among drug users.

BACKGROUND: In a prior study, we reported that monetary incentives were effective in increasing return for tuberculosis (TB) skin test reading. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of monetary versus nonmonetary incentives and a theory-based educational intervention on return for TB skin test reading in a sample of newly recruited active injection and crack cocaine users, and to determine the prevalence of TB infection in this sample. METHODS: Active injection drug and/or crack cocaine users (n = 1,078), recruited using street outreach techniques, were skin tested for TB. They were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 experimental treatment conditions: $10 cash, grocery store coupons, bus tokens/fast-food coupons, motivational education, or usual encouragement to return. Nonmonetary incentives had a $10 value, and all incentives were provided at return for skin test reading. RESULTS: Ninety-five percent of those who received $10 returned for skin test reading compared to 86% of those who received grocery store coupons and 83% of those who received either bus tokens or fast-food coupons. In contrast, only 47% of those who received the educational session and only 49% of those who received usual encouragement returned for skin test reading. The prevalence of a positive tuberculin test was 21%, and was similar for crack cocaine and injection drug users. CONCLUSIONS: Nonmonetary and monetary incentives dramatically increased the return rate for TB skin test reading among drug users who are at high risk of TB infection. Nonmonetary incentives were somewhat less effective than monetary incentives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Design of a study to improve accuracy in reading mammograms.

This paper is concerned with the design and analysis of mammography reading studies. In particular we consider studies aimed at evaluating interventions to improve the accuracy with which mammograms are read. A simple randomized design is suggested in which a relatively large group of readers read sets of mammograms before and after an intervention phase. We propose solutions to three difficult statistical issues that arise in the context of such studies: (i) the choice of primary outcome measure; (ii) the data analysis technique to be employed; and (iii) the methodology for calculating sample sizes for readers and images to be read. First, we argue in favor of using sensitivity and specificity as the primary outcome measures rather than receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves in mammography studies, although the latter are considered state of the art for many types of radiology reading studies. We argue that sensitivity and specificity are more clinically relevant and conceptually more straightforward than ROC curves. Second, we suggest a bivariate approach to data analysis for evaluating intervention effects on sensitivity and specificity. This accommodates the correlations inherent between these measures and allows for estimation of joint effects on them. Finally we propose a method for power calculations that uses computer simulation techniques. Simple formulas for sample size calculations are not available in part because variability in accuracy amongst readers and variation in difficulty among images introduce complexity into power calculations. The simulation method that we propose accommodates such complexity and is easy to implement. The methodology was motivated by a study funded by the Department of Defense to evaluate the potential efficacy of an educational intervention. In the context of this study we illustrate the steps involved in power calculations and apply the data analytic techniques to the sort of data expected to result from this study. Though the proposed methods were motivated by this particular study, the statistical considerations are relevant more broadly in mammography and indeed in other types of radiologic imaging studies. Standards for the conduct of radiologic reading studies are not yet well developed, as they are for randomized clinical trials and for case-control studies. We hope that the discussion in this paper will add to the dialogue necessary for development of such standards.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2001

Investigation of quantitative measures related to reading disability in a large sample of sib-pairs from the UK.

We describe a family-based sample of individuals with reading disability collected as part of a quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping study. Eighty-nine nuclear families (135 independent sib-pairs) were identified through a single proband using a traditional discrepancy score of predicted/actual reading ability and a known family history. Eight correlated psychometric measures were administered to each sibling, including single word reading, spelling, similarities, matrices, spoonerisms, nonword and irregular word reading, and a pseudohomophone test. Summary statistics for each measure showed a reduced mean for the probands compared to the co-sibs, which in turn was lower than that of the population. This partial co-sib regression back to the mean indicates that the measures are influenced by familial factors and therefore, may be suitable for a mapping study. The variance of each of the measures remained largely unaffected, which is reassuring for the application of a QTL approach. Multivariate genetic analysis carried out to explore the relationship between the measures identified a common factor between the reading measures that accounted for 54% of the variance. Finally the familiality estimates (range 0.32-0.73) obtained for the reading measures including the common factor (0.68) supported their heritability. These findings demonstrate the viability of this sample for QTL mapping, and will assist in the interpretation of any subsequent linkage findings in an ongoing genome scan.

Child↗
PubMed2000

The outcome of an additional patch-test reading on days 6 or 7.

In a retrospective study (period 1997-1998), the usefulness of an additional patch-test reading on day (D) 6 or 7 was investigated. In 62 out of 760 patients (8.2%), 77 late-positive reactions, those manifest after D3, were seen. 4 late reactions of allergens of which a related allergen reacted earlier (at D2 or D3) in the same patient were not incorporated in the study as late-positive. Allergens most involved in producing late-positive reactions were nickel sulfate (20 reactions), neomycin sulfate (7), tixocortol-21-pivalate (5), p.t. butylphenol formaldehyde resin (5) and Cl+ Me isothiazolinone (5). Special attention is paid to ?+ reactions at D6 or D7, because these reactions could add extra information to the outcome of patch-test readings, considering that this might be a group of allergens that has been positive between D3 and D6/7 or become positive later on. When this group is included, the total number of late-positive reactions is 105 in 88 out of 760 patients (11.6%). By doing D3 readings in combination with D6 or D7 readings only, one would miss 24 positive reactions. However, we concluded that it was preferable to have a reading on D2 and D3. An extra reading on D6 or D7 is very useful as it gives additional information in 8.2% of patch-tested patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

A longitudinal investigation of reading outcomes in children with language impairments.

This investigation examined the reading outcomes of children with language impairments (LI). A large subsample of children who participated in an epidemiologic study of language impairments in kindergarten (J. B. Tomblin, N. Records, P. Buckwalter, X. Zhang, E. Smith, & M. O'Brien, 1997) was followed into second and fourth grades. Participants' language, reading, and nonverbal cognitive abilities were assessed. Results indicated that children with LI in kindergarten were at a high risk for reading disabilities in second and fourth grades. This risk was higher for children with a nonspecific language impairment (nonverbal and language deficits) than for those with a specific language impairment (deficits in language alone). Children with LI in kindergarten who had improved in spoken language abilities by second and fourth grades had better reading outcomes than those with persistent language impairments. Also, children's literacy knowledge/ experience in kindergarten and their initial reading achievement in second grade were good predictors of subsequent reading outcomes.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Cost-effective prediction of reading difficulties.

This study addressed 2 questions: (a) Can preschoolers who will fail at reading be more efficiently identified by targeting those at highest risk for reading problems? and (b) will auditory temporal processing (ATP) improve the accuracy of identification derived from phonological processing and oral language ability? A sample of 227 preschoolers was screened for Performance IQ and was tested on phonological awareness (PA). The upper and lower quartiles of the PA distribution were selected as being at lowest and highest risk, respectively, for reading failure. Children with good and poor PA were tested on ATP, phonological short-term memory, rapid automatized naming, oral language, receptive vocabulary, and 2 measures of listening comprehension. Reading outcomes were measured at the end of Year 2. Only 1 child in the good-PA group became a poor reader by the end of Year 2, confirming that being in the top quartile for PA predicts positive reading outcomes. Discriminant analysis using the authors' test battery within the poor-PA group identified poor readers with sensitivity of.91 and specificity of.84, but ATP did not improve classification accuracy afforded by phonological and oral language. A brief screening procedure was formulated using only PA, phonological short-term memory, and demographic variables, with which 80% of children with poor PA who are at risk of reading problems can be identified. Further refinements of this screening procedure would increase accuracy of identification at the cost of only a small increment in required testing time.

Awareness↗
PubMed2006

Temporal processing deficits in Hebrew speaking children with reading disabilities.

The purpose of this study was to assess to what extent specific reading disabilities and poor phonologic processing in children who read Hebrew, a primarily consonant orthography, are related to central auditory temporal processing deficits (TPDs).Twenty-four Hebrew-speaking children (ages 10-13) with and without reading disabilities were asked to discriminate auditorily pairs of syllables (/ba/ vs. /pa/) that differ by voice onset time (VOT) only. Two paradigms were used, 1 with a short interstimulus interval (ISI) (50 ms) and 1 with a long ISI (500 ms). Event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured in response to the two syllables in an auditory oddball task. Results showed significantly lowered accuracy, longer reaction times, and prolonged P3 latency among the group with reading disabilities compared with the control group. No significant differences were found between the short ISI task and the long ISI task. However, significant correlations were found between the phonologic processing tasks and the short ISI task. These findings in the Hebrew language are consistent with findings from other languages and add support to the central TPD hypothesis of reading disabilities. The discussion highlights how investigating different orthographic systems can deepen our understanding of the role TPD plays in reading.

Adolescent↗