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PubMed1976

A study on the receptor for a mycobacteriophage : phage phlei.

From Mycobacterium phlei, glycolipid fractions have been isolated which inactivate phage Phlei. On the basis of the characteristics of the inactivation (specificity, kinetics, requirement for Ca++) typical of the phage-host cell system, it was concluded that these fractions contain the receptor sites for phage Phlei ; this conclusion was supported by electron microscopic studies. All the active fractions contain four kinds of components : fatty acids, glycerol, sugars (D-lyxose, 6-0-methyl-D-glucose, and low amounts of glucose and mannose), and water-soluble acids. These acids are isolated by degradation of the receptor fractions as oxalic and pyruvic acids. Variations of the ratio oxalic acid/pyruvic acid according to the mode of degradation and the absence of the peak characteristic of the protons of a pyruvic acid residue in the NMR spectrum, suggest that these acids might arise from the splitting of oxaloacetic acid. A tentative structure of the receptor is proposed, in many monoglycerides are linked through keto-acid to a polysaccharide core.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1987

End products of glucose and glutamine metabolism by L929 cells.

Products of glucose and glutamine metabolism by L929 cells were detected and quantitated by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of the oxime-trimethylsilyl derivatives. This method allowed detection and identification of all major carboxylic and amino acids produced in the system. Although lactic acid was expected to be the major product, alanine, citric, glutamic, aspartic, and pyruvic acids were also released into the culture medium at significant rates. Incorporation of labeled carbon from D-[U-13C]glucose showed that the alanine, lactic, and pyruvic acids were derived from glucose as was one-third of the citric acid carbon. The rate of glucose utilization for production of these end products was 29-fold greater than the rate of glucose oxidation to CO2, and calculated ATP production from alanine and pyruvate synthesis exceeded that from lactate synthesis by nearly 2-fold. Utilization of glutamine for synthesis of aspartic, glutamic, and citric acids also exceeded the rate of glutamine oxidation, thereby making end-product synthesis from glucose and glutamine the dominant cellular metabolic activity. In the absence of glucose, synthesis and intracellular levels of aspartic and glutamic acids increased, whereas synthesis and cell content of the other acids decreased markedly. This response is consistent with the metabolic pattern proposed by Moreadith and Lehninger (Moreadith, R.W., and Lehninger, A.L. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 6215-6221) in which much of the glutamine used by these cells is converted to aspartate in the absence of a pyruvate source and to aspartate or citrate in the presence of pyruvate.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The effect of body weight and the fatty acid-oxidation inhibitor 2-tetradecylglycidic acid on pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity in mouse heart.

The proportion of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in the active, dephosphorylated form was decreased (compared with lean controls) in heart muscle in gold thioglucose-treated obese hyperinsulinaemic mice, and the extent of enzyme inactivation was significantly linearly correlated with both body weight and body fat content. A single oral dose (25 mg/kg body wt.) of the beta-oxidation inhibitor 2-tetradecylglycidic acid to obese animals restored pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity to that of lean controls. It is suggested that increased fatty acid oxidation may be a major factor in mediating the phosphorylation and inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in mouse heart muscle in obesity, and this may represent an important mechanism in the development and/or expression of insulin resistance in respect of abnormalities of cellular glucose homoeostasis in these animals.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1982

An extracellular polysaccharide produced by Zoogloea ramigera 115.

A weakly acidic polysaccharide was purified from the extracellular zoogloeal matrix produced by Zoogloeal ramigera 115. The purified polysaccharide was homogeneous as judged by sedimentation analysis, and the average molecular weight was estimated to be about 10(5) by gel permeation chromatography of the fully methylated preparation. The polysaccharide was composed of D-glucose, D-galactose and pyruvic acid in an approximate molar ratio 11:3:1.5. On the basis of methylation, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation and partial hydrolysis, the following highly branched structure was deduced for the polysaccharide: a long chain mainly consisting of beta 1 leads to 4-linked glucose residues branching at the C-3 or C-6 position of galactose residues which are present in beta 1 leads to 4 or beta 1 leads to 3 linkages as the minor component of the long chain; pyruvic acid residues, the sole acidic component, are linked to the nonreducing end and/or 1,3-linked glucose residues through 4,6-ketal linkages. The purified polysaccharide was not readily soluble in water and had a high affinity for several metallic ions (e.g, 0.25 mumol Fe3+/mg, and 0.17 mumol Fe2+ mg). Upon addition of metallic ions (1 mM) to a gelatinous aqueous solution of the polysaccharide (K+ form, 0.125%), more than 80% of it immediately coprecipitated out with them.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1978

[Relationship between the anionic structure of organic acids and the response of cat taste receptors].

With the aid of analysis of afferent impulse activity in the cat chorda tympani, it was shown that the effect of application of organic acids solutions of the same pH to the tongue could be represented as follows: propionic acid greater than lactic acid greater than pyruvic acid. These data confirm the suggestion that carboxylic acids without polar groups are the most effective, and an anion which has OH-group in alpha-position is more effective than an anion with keto-group.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Rates of utilization and fates of glucose, glutamine, pyruvate, fatty acids and ketone bodies by mouse macrophages.

The concentrations of ATP and the ATP/AMP concentration ratios were maintained in thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages incubated in vitro for 90 min in the presence or absence of added substrate: rates of glycolysis, lactate formation and glutamine utilization were approximately linear with time for at least 60 min of incubation. The rate of oxygen consumption by macrophages was only increased above the basal rate (i.e. that in the absence of added substrate) by addition of succinate or pyruvate, or by addition of the uncoupling agent carboxyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone ('CCCP'); it was decreased by 75% by the addition of KCN. These findings suggest that metabolism of endogenous substrate can provide most, if not all, of the energy requirement of these cells, at least for a short period. The rates of glucose and glutamine utilization by incubated macrophages were approx. 300 and 100 nmol/min per mg of protein respectively. A large proportion of the glutamine that is utilized is converted into glutamate and aspartate, and very little (perhaps less than 10%) is oxidized. Similarly almost all of the glucose that is utilized is converted into lactate and very little is oxidized. This characteristic is similar to that of resting lymphocytes and rapidly dividing cells; in non-proliferating macrophages it may be a mechanism to provide precision in control of the rate of biosynthetic processes that utilize intermediates of these pathways, e.g. purines and pyrimidines for mRNA for the synthesis of secretory proteins and glycerol 3-phosphate for phospholipid synthesis for membrane recycling. No utilization of acetoacetate or 3-hydroxybutyrate by macrophages was detected. In contrast, both butyrate and oleate were oxidized. The rate of [14C]oleate conversion into 14CO2 (1.3 nmol/h per mg of protein) could account for most of the oxygen consumption by incubated macrophages, suggesting that long-chain fatty acids might provide an important fuel in situ. This may be one explanation for the secretion of lipoprotein lipase by these cells, to provide fatty acids for oxidation from the degradation of local triacylglycerol.

Adenine Nucleotides↗
PubMed1978

Mechanism of S-(carboxymethylthio)cysteine cleavage by rat liver cystathionine-gamma-lyase.

Rat liver cystathionine-gamma-lyase [L-cystathionine cysteinelyase (deaminating), EC 4.4.1.1] catalyzes the formation of pyruvic acid, ammonia, and carboxymethylhydrodisulfide from S-(carboxymethylthio)cysteine (CMTC). As judged by pyruvic acid production, the optimal pH is 8.3 in tris-HCl buffer and the Km is 2.9 mM. A possible mechanism of CMTC cleavage by cystathionase is proposed.

Animals↗
PubMed1973

Tryptophol formation by Zygosaccharomyces priorianus.

Zygosaccharomyces priorianus converted L-tryptophan to tryptophol and to small quantities of indole-3-acetic acid. Neither tryptophol nor indole-3-acetic acid was metabolized when added separately to growing cultures. The possible intermediacy of indole-3-pyruvic acid, indole-3-acetaldehyde, and tryptamine in the degradation of L-tryptophan was tested by feeding these compounds to Z. priorianus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Indole-3-pyruvic acid and indole-3-acetaldehyde were converted to tryptophol and indole-3-acetic acid, with the latter accumulating only in small amounts. Tryptamine was converted to its N-acetyl derivative by these organisms. A qualitative study was made on the metabolism of L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-5-hydroxytryptophan by these organisms. Like L-tryptophan, these amino acids were metabolized to their respective alcohol and acid derivatives. Of a large number of organisms tested, the yeasts possessed the highest capacity for degrading L-tryptophan to tryptophol.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
PubMed1976

Effects of fructose infusions in patients suffering from acute viral hepatitis.

Two groups of patients suffering from uncomplicated viral hepatitis were treated for seven consecutive days with intravenous infusions of fructose and glucose, respectively (1 gram per kilogram body weight per diem). Serum transaminases were determined daily as were total bilirubin and uric acid levels. No statistically significant variations in the values of these tests were observed between the two groups of patients. Serum lactic and pyruvic acid concentrations were also determined both before and after infusion during the first three days of treatment. Blood lactic and pyruvic acid levels were found to rise significantly after fructose infusion, but not after glucose infusion. These changes, however, were limited and did not affect the lactate/pyruvate ratio.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Alteration of several indices of carbohydrate metabolism in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid following surgery on patients with intracranial aneurysms].

The content of the lactic acid (LA) and pyruvic acid (PA) was determined pre- and postoperatively in the arterial blood and CSF of 31 patients with intracranial aneurysms. A considerable elevation of the concentration of LA and PA was noted along with an increasing LA/PA in the CSF of patients with symptoms of ischaemic damage of the brain. During surgery under fluothane narcosis these patients also demonstrated a distinct elevation of the LA level along with an increasing LA/PA ratio. In the CSF the growing content of glycolysis metabolites was not accompanied by LA/PA changes. The employment of artificial hypotension had no important effect upon the changes of these parameters in the CSF.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

In vitro development of bovine one-cell embryos: Influence of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, amino acids and vitamins.

To elucidate the effect of nutrient substrates on embryo development, in vitro fertilized bovine one-cell embryos were cultured in a medium similar to synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF) but without glucose and containing 3.3 mM lactate, 0.3 mM pyruvate and 3 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA) at 39 degrees C in 5% CO(2) in air. Results indicated that addition of glucose was not only unnecessary, but it also had a deleterious effect on embryo development to the morula stage. Lactate supported embryo development up to the morula stage as well as pyruvate. Supplementation with 20 amino acids contained in basal medium Eagle's (BME) and minimum essential medium (MEM) improved development to the morula stage dramatically and increased the cell number compared with that of the controls. Addition of the vitamins from MEM to SOF had no beneficial effect. The SOF with amino acids did not increase the frequency of blastocysts 7 days after in-vitro fertilization but did increase the total number of cells compared with that of the controls. Frequency of blastocysts at Day 7 in SOF with amino acids was equivalent to that of co-culture although the total cell number was lower. These results demonstrate that a semi-chemically defined medium can successfully support the development of bovine embryos to the morula stage to a limited extent, but the medium lacks some nutrients or growth factors to fully support development through the blastocyst stage.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

Modified alkaloid pattern in developing tobacco callus.

Developing Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Wisconsin-38 callus grown on modified Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium with Kao organic acids (pyruvic, citric, malic and fumaric acids) contains abnormally high levels of nornicotine and total alkaloids when compared with the leaves of the donor plant. Nornicotine/nicotine ratios observed during callus development suggest that nicotine is converted into nornicotine in the callus, with subsequent movement of alkaloids into roots formed on the callus and into the agar medium. Addition of Kao organic acids to the medium increases alkaloid levels, but cannot account for the abnormal increase in nicotine demethylation. This study thus reports two new findings: (a) that the total alkaloid content of tobacco callus can be greatly enhanced to 3.75% on a dry weight basis by exogenous organic acids, and (b) that endogenous nornicotine can accumulate in tobacco tissue cultures.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1994

Structural elucidation of the specific capsular polysaccharide of Rhodococcus equi serotype 7.

Structural analysis of the specific capsular polysaccharide produced by Rhodococcus equi serotype 7 indicated it to be a high-molecular-weight polymer consisting of equal molar amounts of D-galactose, D-mannose, L-rhamnose, and pyruvic acid. By employing a combination of chemical and NMR techniques, it was established that the polysaccharide is composed of the linear repeating trisaccharide units: [formula: see text] -->3)-alpha-D-Galp-(1-->3)-alpha-D-Manp-(1-->3)-alpha-L-Rhap -(1-->, in which the cyclic pyruvic acid acetal groups bridging the O-4 and O-6 positions of the alpha-D-Manp residues have the S-configuration. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the native and pyruvic acetal-free polysaccharides were fully assigned.

Bacterial Capsules↗
PubMed1987

Blood levels of thyroid hormones and certain metabolites in relation to moult in the harp seal (Phoca groenlandica).

1. Changes in blood levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), free fatty acids (FFA), glucose, pyruvic acid and lactic acid in the harp seal during moult, were studied. 2. Serum levels of both T4 and T3 showed significant increase in the moult phase from that in the pre-moult phase. While T4 level continued to remain high during the early and late post-moult phases, T3 level dropped in the latter two phases to the same low pre-moult level. 3. The T3/T4 ratio was significantly higher during the pre-moult phase than that in all the other phases. It is suggested that the high pre-moult T3/T4 ratio marks the initiation of moult. 4. There were no significant changes in the levels of the metabolites studied except that of FFA which was highest in the moult phase indicating the hormonal basis of lipid mobilization.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Structure of minor oligosaccharides from the lipopolysaccharide fraction from Pseudomonas stutzeri OX1.

A minor oligosaccharide fraction was isolated after complete de-acylation of the lipooligosaccharide extracted from Pseudomonas stutzeri OX1. The full structure of this oligosaccharide was obtained by chemical degradation, NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF MS spectrometry. These experiments showed the presence of two novel oligosaccharides (OS1 and OS2): [structure: see text] where R=(S)-Pyr(-->4,6) in OS1 and alpha-Rha-(1-->3) in OS2. All sugars are D-pyranoses, except Rha, which is L-pyranose. Hep is L-glycero-D-manno-heptose, Kdo is 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid, Pyr is pyruvic acid, P is phosphate.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗