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PubMed1990

Comparisons of female and male early adolescent sex role attitude and behavior development.

This study contrasted female and male early adolescent sex role attitude and behavior development in an ecological context as defined by Bronfenbrenner. Data were the results of a state-wide survey of early adolescents and their parents. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to test both sex role attitude development and behavior development models. Only the models for attitude development were significant. The level of traditionalism of female sex role attitude development was significantly influenced by maternal employment, the level of traditionalism of the father's sex role attitudes in interaction with the amount of time he spent with his daughter, and chronological age. In contrast, the level of traditionalism of male sex role attitude development was significantly influenced by the level of traditionalism of the mother's sex role attitudes in interaction with the level of closeness to the mother that was reported by the son, and both mother's and father's perception of pubertal age. The implications of the findings for human development theory, early adolescence as a stage of development, and sex role theory and research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Self, self-concept, identity, and homosexual identity: constructs in need of definition and differentiation.

This paper uses symbolic interactionist theory to develop a theoretical framework that relates, defines, and differentiates the terms self, self-concept, identity, and homosexual identity. It argues that it is useful to view self and identity as constructs consisting of analytically separate dimensions and components, and defines and specifies the dimensions and components contained within the constructs of self and identity. It then critically examines the way Cass (1983/1984) defines the terms self, self-concept, identity, and homosexual identity, and her idea of a "fully developed homosexual identity." It concludes by noting the implications an interactionist framework has for understanding the homosexual identity.

Ego↗
PubMed1979

Female-to-male transsexuals compared to lesbians: behavioral patterns of childhood and adolescent development.

We report detailed interview data on a clinical sample (N = 15) of female-to-male transsexuals (FTs) compared to a matched research sample (N = 15) of lesbians (Ls). Both groups were relatively young, with a mean age of 21 years 10 months (FTs) and 23 years 8 months (Ls), respectively, and were of middle or lower SES. Both groups did not differ from each other in respect to frequency of tomboyish behavior or interest in doll play and other aspects of materanl rehearsal. Male peer preference was more often remembered among the FTs, but the difference between the groups was only of borderline significance. The groups differed significantly regarding childhood cross-dressing (80% for FTs, 0% for Ls), gender identity confusion in adolescence (absent among Ls), and negative reaction to breast development and menarche (approximately 70% for FTs, 10% for Ls). The similarities and differences between the two groups in childhood and adolescent development are relevant for clinical management and the differential diagnosis of transsexualism vs. lesbianism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Eating attitudes and behaviors of pre- and postpubertal females: clues to the etiology of eating disorders.

Eating disorders are most likely to occur in females in early adolescence. In the hope of identifying the nature of the changes occurring across puberty which may predispose adolescents to eating disorders three groups, 30 prepubertal girls, 28 postpubertal girls, and 28 adult women matched on height and weight to the postpubertal group were compared for meal pattern characteristics and food intake regulation, as well as changes in eating attitudes and behaviors. They completed a set of psychometrics measuring their eating attitudes, body image, and disposition and also maintained 7-day diaries of everything they ingested, time of ingestion, and subjective and social conditions. Neither the overall intakes nor the meal sizes significantly differed between age groups. The prepubertal females ate the most relative to body weight, ate with more other people present and earlier in the day. They were relatively happy, calm, slightly hungry, unrestrained, satisfied with their bodies and depression was associated with lower intake. The postpubertal group, on the other hand, were relatively restrained, ate faster, and ate only 76.5% of the recommended amount. They had a more negative body image, greater dissatisfaction with their bodies, and greater restraint of eating than the prepubertal group, and depression was associated with higher intake. These changes may leave the young woman extremely vulnerable and under the appropriate conditions or with the appropriate personality type may lead to the development of an eating disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Mother and adolescent knowledge of sexual development: the effects of gender, age, and sexual experience.

As part of a larger study on the impact of personal and family characteristics on adolescents' HIV risk and risk-reduction behavior, 90 adolescents and 73 mothers were asked to define in their own words seven terms related to sexual development: ejaculation, hormones, menstruation, ovulation, puberty, semen, and wet dreams. Mother and adolescent knowledge of sexual development terms and the effects of age and sexual experience on that knowledge were examined. Results suggest that the mothers were not able to adequately define the sexual development terms and thus may be ill-prepared to teach their children about sex or reinforce information they learn in school. Since adolescent knowledge did not significantly increase with age and sexual experience, the researchers suggest that continuing sex education about normal sexual development is needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Two women and their mothers: on the internalization and development of mother-daughter relationships.

This is a report from a 30-year followup study conducted by a member of Margaret Mahler's original separation-individuation research team. Based on a series of unstructured, clinical interviews with the original subjects and psychological testing of the subjects and their mothers, two mother-daughter pairs are compared from the perspective of the meaning of each daughter to her mother, how that meaning influenced the separation-individuation process, and how it influenced the unfolding of each daughter's life as a woman. Because the mother-child pairs were observed several times a week by both participant and nonparticipant observers beginning during the preverbal period, this study offers a unique opportunity to examine the influence of the earliest interactions on adult life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Special symbols in early female oedipal development: fantasies of folds and spaces, protuberances and concavities.

The authors present three examples, from the observation of pre-latency girls, of the use of anatomic regions for symbolic purposes. In the two cases, the first interdigital fold became the locus for castration anxiety; and in the other, the laryngeal prominence and jugular notch served as the focus for symbolic displacement of psychosexual concerns. The employment of these particular symbols, to the best of the authors' knowledge, has not been reported previously in the literature. The authors conclude by calling for further investigation into the relationship between the processes involved in such symbol-formation and those that occur in neurosogenesis.

Anxiety, Castration↗
PubMed1989

Gay youth and AIDS.

Gay male teenagers face considerable adversity during their "coming out" process due to the AIDS epidemic. They must decide whether to be tested for HIV-1 infection, whether to postpone sexual activity, how to select a partner, and which kinds of sexual practices to engage in. Gay youth often make such decisions based upon misinformation and faulty premises. This paper reviews what is known about gay youth and AIDS, and assesses their possible risk for HIV-1 infection. It is recommended that school and community-based health education programs be developed to teach gay and bisexual youth about safe sex. Moreover, research is needed into sociocultural variations among gay youth in order to develop appropriate and effective intervention strategies for AIDS risk reduction in this diverse population.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

The semiotics of gender.

The semiotics of gender are investigated in this article for the purpose of exploring the way that deep unconscious motives in relationship to cultural biases give rise to gender concepts. Theories of semiotic processes, including Jacques Lacan's concept of the psychoanalytic signifier, are explained briefly and applied to the signs of gender. The article concludes that gender concepts develop out of biology, unconscious feelings, and social patterning, and are not given, natural, and irrevocable.

Cultural Characteristics↗