Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Program Appropriateness”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,027 records · Page 57Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Club drugs and HIV infection: a review.

Club drug use is common among populations with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and populations at high risk for HIV infection. Club drugs have a myriad of acute and chronic medical consequences. Club drug-related visits to the emergency department and admissions for treatment of substance use have increased dramatically over the past 15 years. Most epidemiological data support the role of club drugs in increasing sexual risk behavior, with some studies demonstrating an independent association between use of certain club drugs and HIV infection. The direct influence of club drugs on progression of HIV disease remains to be determined; however, club drugs may interact with certain retroviral medications and have been associated with decreased adherence to medication. Clinicians should ask all patients about patterns of club drug use, counsel patients about the risks associated with club drug use, and refer patients to appropriate behavioral treatment programs for substance use when clinically indicated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Breast cancer screening among Chamorro women in southern California.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Pacific Islander women, yet relatively little is known about their cancer risks and screening behaviors. Chamorros are indigenous people from Guam, and California is home to the largest numbers of Chamorros on the mainland United States. This study examined the breast cancer risk, knowledge, and screening behaviors in a nonprobability sample of Chamorro women age 40 years and older in Los Angeles and Orange Counties (n = 227). The proportional incidence ratio for breast cancer among Chamorro women was found to be 0.7 compared with white women in California, indicating a lower current breast cancer risk for Chamorro women compared with white women. Thirty-seven percent of respondents ever performed a breast self-examination (BSE), 93% ever had a clinical breast examination (CBE), and 77% ever had a mammogram. In terms of screening maintenance, only 27% did BSE monthly, 66% received a CBE in the past year, and 25% received yearly mammograms. Significant correlates of CBE were higher educational attainment, married status, higher income, and health insurance coverage. Women who knew of breast cancer symptoms, would undergo treatment, and would like to know if they had breast cancer were also more likely to have ever had a CBE. With regard to mammography, older age, moderate income, married status, and use of traditional healers and healing practices were associated with higher screening incidence. Implications of these findings for developing culturally tailored and appropriate cancer screening programs are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Risk factors for sexually transmitted disease among rural-to-urban migrants in China: implications for HIV/sexually transmitted disease prevention.

The objective of the study was to identify risk factors associated with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among rural-to-urban migrants in Beijing in 2002. Migrants with STDs consisted of 432 migrants who sought STD care in two public STD clinics. Migrants without STDs included 892 migrants recruited from 10 occupational clusters. Multiple logistic regression was used for data analysis. Compared to migrants without STDs, migrants with STDs were more likely to report having engaged in commercial sex (selling or buying sex) (odds ratio [OR] = 2.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.71-4.25), multiple sex partners in the previous month (OR = 6.50, 95% CI: 3.73-11.32) and higher perceived HIV-related stigma (OR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.30-2.75). Being a migrant with an STD was also associated with female gender (OR = 4.10, 95% CI: 2.89-5.82), higher education (OR = 2.92, 95% CI: 1.40-6.06), and higher monthly salary (OR = 1.68. 95% CI: 1.23-2.29). Migrants with STDs visited their hometowns more frequently and had more stable jobs than migrants without STDs. Approximately 10% of the migrants with STDs and 7.7% of the migrants without STDs always used condoms. This study suggests that among migrants, acquisition of an STD is associated with higher participation in risk behaviors as would be expected, but also with higher perceived stigma, education, stable jobs, salary, and with female gender. Appropriate behavioral intervention programs are advocated to reduce the risk and stigma among the special population.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Spectrum of cystic fibrosis mutations in Serbia and Montenegro and strategy for prenatal diagnosis.

We have screened 175 patients for molecular defects in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene using nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and sequencing. Six different mutations (F508del, G542X, 621+1G --> T, 2789+5G --> A, R1070Q, and S466X) accounted for 79.71% of CF alleles, with the F508del mutation showing a frequency of 72.28%. Another 12 mutations (R334W, 2184insA, I507del, 1525-1G --> A, E585X, R75X, M1I, 457TAT --> G, 574delA, 2723delTT, A120T, and 2907delTT) covered an additional 3.36%. A novel mutation (2723delTT) was found in one CF patient (F508del/2723delTT). Thus, a total of 18 mutations cover 82.57% of CF alleles. During our study, 72% of families at risk for having a CF child were found to be fully informative for prenatal diagnosis. Prenatal diagnosis was performed on 56 families; 76 analyses resulting in 16 affected, 38 carriers, and 22 healthy fetuses. These results imply that the molecular basis of CF in Serbia and Montenegro is highly heterogeneous, as is observed in other eastern and southern European populations. Because we detected more then 80% of CFTR alleles, results could be used for planning future screening and appropriate genetic counseling programs in our country.

Alleles↗
PubMed1994

Calculation of the molecular weight of proteins from electrophoretic and gel exclusion chromatographic experiments.

The molecular weights of proteins or protein subunits are frequently estimated from the electrophoretic mobility in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate, or from the elution volume in gel filtration chromatography. Using a series of standards of known size, a calibration curve is prepared which often yields a straight line in a semilogarithmic plot; interpolation from this line then gives the size of the sample. While this method is simple to apply, it does not give any estimate of the accuracy of the determined size. Furthermore there is no objective criterion for deciding if the calibration curve is linear, or a procedure for dealing with non-linear calibration curves. Here I report a method and a computer program which uses appropriate statistical methods to select the best straight or curved calibration line. The size of the unknown is then interpolated and an estimate or the error in this value is calculated.

Calibration↗
PubMed1976

Pharmacokinetic analysis using an electrical analogue.

After i.v. administration, the distribution and elimination of many drugs may be simulated by a compartmental mathematical model. The analogue can be used to construct such models in electrical terms. When programmed with an appropriate model, the analogue can be used in a wide range of predictive studies. The application of the analogue is illustrated by analysis of serial plasma concentrations of fentanyl and pancuronium.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Increased measles mortality in households with multiple cases in the Gambia, 1981.

Analysis of previously collected data from measles outbreaks in three Gambian villages demonstrated that an age of less than 3 years was the primary risk factor for death in the months following measles infection. No association was found between overall measles mortality and size of household or number of measles cases in a household. When the analysis was confined to patients less than 3 years of age (i.e., those most likely to die), measles mortality was strongly associated with the occurrence of more than five measles cases in a household. Intensive exposure to measles virus may, therefore, be a secondary risk factor for death following measles. Reducing measles mortality by altering social patterns and elevating socioeconomic status to reduce exposure to the virus is beyond the scope of most public health programs. Age-appropriate immunization, therefore, remains the principal strategy for preventing death following measles.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Symbolic kinship program.

This paper discusses a computerized algorithm to derive the formula for the likelihood ratio for a kinship problem with any arbitrarily defined relationships based on genetic evidence. The ordinary paternity case with the familiar likelihood formula 1/2q is the commonest example. More generally, any miscellaneous collection of people can be genetically tested to help settle some argument about how they are related, what one might call a "kinship" case. Examples that geneticists and DNA identification laboratories run into include sibship, incest, twin, inheritance, motherless, and corpse identification cases. The strength of the genetic evidence is always described by a likelihood ratio. The general method is described by which the computer program finds the formulas appropriate to these various situations. The benefits and the interest of the program are discussed using many examples, including analyses that have previously been published, some practical problems, and simple and useful rules for dealing with scenarios in which ancestral or fraternal types substitute for those of the alleged father.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Small fish models for identifying and assessing the effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals.

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), particularly those that affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis of vertebrates, have become a focus of regulatory screening and testing throughout the world. Small fish species, principally the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), and zebrafish (Danio rerio), are used as model organisms for several of these testing programs. Fish are appropriate models for testing EDCs, not only from the perspective of existing ecological impacts, but also in terms of species extrapolation. Specifically, there is a significant degree of conservation of basic aspects of the HPG axis across vertebrates, which provides a technically robust basis for using results from fish tests to predict likely modes/mechanisms of action of potential EDCs in other vertebrates. Different experimental designs/endpoints for partial- and full-life cycle tests with fish that enable a consideration of a broad range of EDCs are described. Examples of results with specific chemicals in tests with the fathead minnow, medaka, and zebrafish are presented and discussed in terms of sensitivity and specificity for different classes of EDCs.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Selection, acclimation, training, and preparation of dogs for the research setting.

Dogs have made and will continue to make valuable contributions as animal models in biomedical research. A comprehensive approach from time of breeding through completion of in-life usage is necessary to ensure that high-quality dog models are used in studies. This approach ensures good care and minimizes the impact of interanimal variability on experimental results. Guidance related to choosing and developing high-quality laboratory dogs and managing canine research colonies is provided in this article. Ensuring that dogs are healthy, well adapted, and cooperative involves good communication between vendors, veterinarians, care staff, and researchers to develop appropriate dog husbandry programs. These programs are designed to minimize animal stress and distress from the postweaning period through the transfer and acclimation period within the research facility. Canine socialization and training programs provided by skilled personnel, together with comprehensive veterinary health programs, can further enhance animal welfare and minimize interanimal and group variability in studies.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2004

TROD: T7 RNAi Oligo Designer.

We have developed T7 RNAi Oligo Designer (TROD), a web application for RNA interference studies. TROD greatly facilitates the design of oligodeoxynucleotide sequences for the in vitro production of siRNA duplexes with T7 RNA polymerase. Given a query cDNA sequence, the program scans for appropriate target sequences based on the constraints of the T7 RNA polymerase method and published criteria for RNA interference with siRNAs. The output is an ordered and prioritized list of ready-to-order DNA oligonucleotide sequences, with links to perform a BLAST search to ascertain target sequence specificity. The TROD web service is available at http://www.cellbio.unige.ch/RNAi.html.

DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases↗
PubMed2003

Antibiotic resistant infections due to Streptococcus pneumoniae: impact on therapeutic options and clinical outcome.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population. The development of increasing resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics is making treatment of infections due to this organism much more difficult. The ultimate impact of high-level antibiotic resistance on therapeutic options and clinical outcomes of various pneumococcal infections is unclear and remains to be determined. Use of the conjugate pneumococcal vaccine has markedly decreased invasive pneumococcal disease in children under 5 years of age; however, its impact on decreasing antibiotic resistance is currently unknown. RECENT FINDINGS: Studies suggest that response to therapy and clinical outcome of infections due to pneumococcal isolates with intermediate resistance to the beta-lactam antibiotics is no different from that of infections due to susceptible isolates. However, evidence is accumulating that infections caused by highly resistant pneumococcal isolates are associated with higher rates of treatment failure and mortality than infections due to susceptible strains. SUMMARY: Use of a conjugate pneumococcal vaccine in conjunction with educational intervention programs that promote appropriate and judicious antibiotic use is a safe and effective means of decreasing the prevalence of pneumococcal disease in the pediatric population, decreasing the use of broad-spectrum antibiotic agents and potentially decreasing the amount of antibiotic resistance currently being seen.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Improving cancer pain management using a performance improvement framework.

Pain is an important issue in quality of care and is increasingly cited as an outcome used to evaluate effectiveness of nursing care. Research indicates that nurses are not well prepared to care for patients with pain. Thus many patients are inadequately assessed and treated and consequently receive less than optimal pain management. The article describes the development, implementation, and evaluation of a pain education program designed to provide clinical nurses with the knowledge necessary to use appropriate pain management techniques. Program content stresses the use of a performance improvement framework for changing clinical practice in individual clinical settings.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Continuing education in the community hospital: an interprofessional approach.

The need for continuing medical education has been growing over the past decade but is largely unmet by, and within, most community hospitals. In this paper the author outlines the development of a systematic, interprofessional, self-directed approach to postgraduate education with a local community hospital. Also described is the format followed in assessing educational needs, evaluating resources, and initiating appropriate and necessary programs. Although care must be taken to avoid too much interdisciplinary involvement solely for the sake of the concept itself, the interprofessional model would appear to meet most educational needs, both individually and collectively, at the community hospital level.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗
PubMed2004

Effectiveness of exercise in management of fibromyalgia.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Exercise was established as an integral part of the nonpharmacological treatment of fibromyalgia approximately 20 years ago. Since then many studies have investigated the effects of exercise-either alone or in combination with other interventions. This review will discuss the benefits of exercise alone and provide practical suggestions on how patients can exercise without causing a long-term exacerbation of their pain. RECENT FINDINGS: Short-term exercise programs for individuals with fibromyalgia have consistently improved physical function, especially physical fitness, and reduced tenderpoint pain. Exercise has also produced improvements in self-efficacy. These effects can persist for periods of up to 2 years but may require participants to continue to exercise. Most exercise studies have examined the effects of moderately intense aerobic exercise. Only in the past 2 years have muscle-strengthening programs, in isolation, been evaluated. To be well tolerated, exercise programs must start at a level just below the capacity of the participants and then progress slowly. Even with these precautions, exercise may still produce tolerable, short-term increases in pain and fatigue that should abate within the first few weeks of exercising. SUMMARY: Future studies should investigate the possible benefits of low-intensity exercise and test strategies that may enhance long-term compliance with exercise. Individuals with fibromyalgia also need to be able to access community exercise programs that are appropriate for them. This may require community instructors to receive instruction on exercise prescription and progression for individuals with fibromyalgia.

Exercise Therapy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychosocial interventions for patients with head and neck cancer: past, present, and future.

A diagnosis of head and neck cancer, like any cancer diagnosis, is often accompanied by much fear and uncertainty. In addition, patients with head and neck cancer face difficulties in eating, chewing, drinking, breathing, speaking, as well as changes in appearance. Simultaneously, the burden of head and neck cancer is often manifested in psychosocial dysfunction, which can have a negative impact on quality of life. Although a phenomenon well recognized, little is known about many factors that influence or impact psychosocial dysfunction in individuals with head and neck cancer. Even less is known about the effective management of psychosocial dysfunction. To date, there is evidence to suggest that psychosocial interventions generally provide an overall positive effect. Moreover, some intervention studies, such as education alone, have failed to achieve the desired results. In addition, some studies suggest an advantage of cognitive- behavioral therapy over other forms of psychological treatment. With the growing impetus to investigate factors associated with psychosocial dysfunction, and considerable advancement in the development and validation of many global and disease-specific measures, there is an opportunity for further research to develop an appropriate clinical intervention program for such patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The elderly patient with burns: treatment considerations.

When therapists treat elderly patients with burns, they should ask themselves several questions: Am I treating elderly patients with burns "just like other patients with burns?" Am I assessing the patient's joint mobility and strength as critically as I should? Am I ensuring that further tissue trauma is avoided by instructing the nursing staff in turning/transfer techniques? Am I routinely monitoring heart rate and blood pressure? Am I requiring repetition and practice of exercises before the patient's discharge? Is my patient safe to function in the environment to which he or she is being discharged? Most physical changes in the elderly population are attributed to the aging process but often are due to diminished movement disorders arising from poor physical fitness and disuse. The "slowdown" in the older adult may result from a lack of appropriate movement practice and failure to receive reinforcement for activity. Regardless of age, physiological challenges result in enhanced functional status. Training for a specific skill increases performance in that skill just as strength training increases strength. Practice or repetition of a task improves movement and response time for that task. Appropriate physical training programs for the elderly can (1) counterbalance age-associated declines in work capacity and physical performance; (2) maintain and improve range of motion, strength, flexibility, balance, and endurance; and (3) reduce the disability of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and musculoskeletal systems that may result in decreased risk of falls and accidents. Practice of a task and maintenance of physical fitness helps ensure a high level of motor performance and speed as a person grows older. One is never too old to exercise!

Accidental Falls↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of alarm systems for medical equipment.

The provision of automatic alarm systems on medical equipment is generally designed to supplement the user's ability to monitor a variety of device and patient variables simultaneously. The potential value of such systems in improving the safety and efficacy of medical care is accompanied by the potential for false reliance on or other misuse of the alarm systems. Therefore the alarm provisions become an important aspect of clinical engineering assessment of equipment with respect to selection, user training, hazard analysis, and the provision of effective and appropriate preventive maintenance programs.

Biomedical Engineering↗