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PubMed1989

Psychiatric symptoms, cognitive stress and vulnerability factors. A study in a remand prison.

In a consecutive sample of 208 male prisoners interviewed on the tenth day (T1) after entry, high levels of psychiatric symptoms as measured by the GHQ were recorded. These GHQ scores were strongly correlated with perceived worries and concerns of the prisoners ('cognitive stress'). After 60 days of detention (T2), a significant fall in GHQ scores was observed, and they were still correlated with cognitive stress. A significant negative correlation between cognitive stress at T1 and GHQ scores at T2 was observed. The relationship between potential vulnerability factors (life experiences, social network, personality factors) and GHQ scores was not strong at either T1 or T2. Psychiatric symptoms are common during the early phase of imprisonment but are not durable.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1993

Remands and psychiatric assessments in Holloway. Prison II: The non-psychotic population.

Non-psychotic remand prisoners who were referred by Holloway's doctors to outside psychiatrists, or who were the subject of court reports, or who were diagnosed as mentally handicapped, were followed up to the time of sentence. Most of the referred women were minor offenders with diagnoses of mental handicap or personality disorder. They were usually refused beds on treatability criteria and then released with non-custodial sentences. Some were highly disturbed, and it seemed that the police who charged them, the courts who remanded them and the prison psychiatrists who referred them, all found it hard to accept that psychiatry had so little to offer these people. Local health and social services need to address the problems raised by this small group of women. Arsonists more often obtained beds than minor offenders, and were likely to be imprisoned when hospital places were not forthcoming.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Prevalence of psychiatric morbidity among remand prisoners in Scotland.

BACKGROUND: Determining the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among remand populations has been made a priority in England and Wales. Differences in legal process and psychiatric services in Scotland make similar research there important. METHOD: Demographic data were collected on 389 prisoners, the clinical Interview Schedule was completed and cognitive function assessed. RESULTS: The prevalence of major psychiatric disorders was low. Less severe symptoms were more common. The sample was of average IQ, but low educational attainment. Reported drug abuse was high. CONCLUSIONS: Few of those interviewed required hospital care, but other symptoms and drug-related problems may place heavy demands on prison medical and psychiatric services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behaviour of young adult prisoners. Randomised, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence that offenders consume diets lacking in essential nutrients and this could adversely affect their behaviour. AIMS: To test empirically if physiologically adequate intakes of vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids cause a reduction in antisocial behaviour. METHOD: Experimental, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial of nutritional supplements on 231 young adult prisoners, comparing disciplinary offences before and during supplementation. RESULTS: Compared with placebos, those receiving the active capsules committed an average of 26.3% (95% CI 8.3-44.33%) fewer offences (P=0.03, two-tailed). Compared to baseline, the effect on those taking active supplements for a minimum of 2 weeks (n=172) was an average 35.1% (95% CI 16.3-53.9%) reduction of offences (P<0.001, two-tailed), whereas placebos remained within standard error. CONCLUSIONS: Antisocial behaviour in prisons, including violence, are reduced by vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids with similar implications for those eating poor diets in the community.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Prison medicine: ethics and equivalence.

Guidelines for good medical practice do not reflect the complex reality of the ethical problems that arise in prison. Perhaps the best a doctor working in prison can do is realise that there are ethical dilemmas everywhere, try to recognise them and feel the tension.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2003

Predictors of risky sex of young men after release from prison.

A longitudinal study of demographic and behavioural characteristics associated with risky sexual behaviours of young men after release from prison. One hundred and six men were interviewed in prison and at one week and six months after release. Overall, 37% reported a previous sexually transmitted disease (STD) diagnosis. In the 30 days before incarceration, 33% had had sex with a risky partner, and 59% had had multiple female sex partners. After release, 38 (36%) men reported having had risky sex (>or=2 female sex partners and unprotected vaginal sex): 12 (13%) at one week and 31 (34%) at six months. The only factor independently associated with risky sex was the use of alcohol/drugs before sex: one-week odds ratio (OR)=6.11 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.42-26.40), six-month OR=3.05 (95% CI: 1.30-9.42). Behavioural intervention programmes for incarcerated men should address drug and alcohol use and its contribution to higher risk for HIV and STDs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Screening for sexually transmitted diseases and hepatitis in 18-29-year-old men recently released from prison: feasibility and acceptability.

Men entering prisons have high rates of sexually transmitted disease (STD), hepatitis, and HIV. This study sought to determine the acceptability and feasibility of screening for STD and hepatitis in young men released from prison. Participants were interviewed six months after release and offered free screening. Of 42 (56%) eligible men who participated in the qualitative interview, 33 (79%) provided at least a blood or urine specimen. Eight of 33 (24%) men tested had chlamydia, trichomoniasis, hepatitis B or C virus (HBV or HCV). Three of 32 (9%) had chlamydia, three of 32 (9%) had trichomoniasis, two of 28 (7%) had prior syphilis, and two of 28 (7%) had HCV. Of 28 tested for HBV, six (21%) were immune, two (7%) had chronic infection, and 20 (71%) were susceptible. Barriers to screening included lack of forewarning, inconvenience, and insufficient incentive. In conclusion, screening for STD and hepatitis among former inmates can be acceptable and feasible. Forewarning, reducing the time burden, and providing monetary incentives may increase screening rates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

HBV and HIV screening, and hepatitis B immunization programme in the prison of Marseille, France.

This study estimated the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serological markers among inmates and evaluated inmates' compliance with an HBV immunization programme. During the mandatory consultation at the sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic of the Marseille Prison (HIV counselling, and syphilis/HIV screening), physicians offered serological testing (anti-HBs, anti-HBc, HbsAg, anti-HIV) and Engerix B vaccination to each entrant. The number participating in the survey is 391/411 (89%); 75% were aged 18 to 35 years and 79% were men; 42% reported having had multiple sexual partners during the last 12 months. Report of an intravenous drug user (IDU) sexual partner was more frequent among women than men (22% vs 8%). Injecting drug use over lifetime was reported by 23%; 27% declared having shared their injection equipment during the last 12 months. 124/267 (32%) had an HBV marker: anti-HBs + only (immunized): 2.3%; anti-HBs + and anti-HBc +: 21.7%; anti-HBc + only: 6.4%; HBsAg +: 1.3%. The HIV seroprevalence was 6% (21% among IDUs). This survey underlines the high HBV and HIV seroprevalence among prisoners and the high proportion of inmates at risk for these infections. There is an urgent need for immunization and education programmes in this population. It demonstrates an HBV immunization programme is feasible and accepted by inmates and staff members.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Transsexual orientation in HIV risk behaviours in an adult male prison.

The present study examined the consequences of being a self-reported transsexual male and HIV risk behaviours in a state penal system. The specific research question was whether or not sexual orientation of inmates influences the level to which they evidence HIV risk behaviours. A total of 153 participants volunteered to participate in the study of which 31 described themselves as being transsexual. Based on risk ratios and using transsexual inmates (TIs) as the reference group, they were 13.7 times more likely to have a main sex partner while in prison [95% CI=5.28, 35.58]. Moreover, TIs were 5.8 times more likely than non-transsexual inmates (NTIs) to report having more than one sex partner while in prison [95% CI=2.18, 15.54]. It is obvious from these findings that TIs require more preventive support than their NTI confederates. In addition to TIs being protected from assault and battery by NTIs, they need social support and carefully developed preventive informational materials.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Patient satisfaction with telemedicine in a prison environment.

Prison inmates were surveyed about their perceptions of the use of videoconferencing in clinical consultations. A 14-item questionnaire was used to assess satisfaction with the patient-physician clinical interaction. Of the 299 inmates surveyed immediately after their teleconsultations, 221 completed questionnaires that were suitable for analysis (74%). Only 9% of patients indicated that they were not satisfied with the teleconsultation. They rated the telemedicine context well above the midpoint of the scale (16) on both an information-exchange and a patient-comfort dimension, with means of 29 and 24, respectively. There was a significant difference (P < 0.01) in the patient-comfort dimension in terms of the location of the prisoners. No significant differences were found in patient satisfaction related to the specialty of the physician. The results suggest that many contextual factors must be considered to understand the communicative implications of patient satisfaction with telemedicine.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Suicide: the crisis in the prison service.

Suicide presents major management difficulties in the prison service. This article examines factors that contribute towards suicide in prisons and discusses recommendations for tackling the problem more effectively.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preparing nurses to work effectively in the prison environment.

Nurses who go to work in prisons begin their new career without having had any specific preparation for this unique and diverse role. The demands placed upon nurses are unlike any they will have experienced in their previous clinical posts. The work of a nurse in prison contains elements of both mental health nursing and practice nursing. The context in which this nursing occurs means that the nurse is presented with complex clinical and professional dilemmas. Consequently, few nurses start to work within this specialty with all of the core competencies required to be clinically effective and confident in their role. This article describes how this unmet educational need was addressed by the development of a diploma level module.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2006

Outcomes of Project Wall Talk: an HIV/AIDS peer education program implemented within the Texas State Prison system.

We report select outcomes from an evaluation of Project Wall Talk, a community-based, peer-led HIV prevention education program implemented in 36 Texas State prison units. Peer educators completed questionnaires prior to receipt of a 40-hour intensive training (N = 590) and at 9-month follow-up (N = 257). Students (N = 2506) completed questionnaires pre- and post-receipt of peer educator-led HIV education sessions. Peer educators and their students showed significant increases in HIV-related knowledge. Peer educators showed significant increases in assessment of their skills as educators. For both peer educators and students, significant differences in HIV-related knowledge were indicated across categories of prior educational level attained and race/ethnicity; no such differences were indicated at follow-up. Compared with baseline, a significantly greater proportion of peer educators reported ever having had an HIV test. After receiving peer-led education, a significantly smaller proportion of students reported they knew their HIV status and more indicated plans to take an HIV test. Additionally, in months 12 and 18 following program implementation, the numbers of HIV tests at the five units that implemented the peer education program were roughly twice that of five, matched comparison units without the peer education program. Based on peer educator reports, we projected that peer educators (N = 257) may have as many as 84,000 or more annual opportunities to share HIV-related knowledge with other prisoners outside the classroom.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Standardization of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised in a Spanish prison sample.

This investigation examined the reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) in male adult Spanish prison populations (n = 117). The interrater reliability and internal consistency coefficients were high, and similar to those obtained in other countries. This data provides support for the homogeneity and unidimensionality of the psychopathy construct in Spanish male prison samples. The analysis of factor structure also replicated the two factor solution of previous studies. The two factors showed different patterns of intercorrelations with several self-report measures of personality, demographic, and criminal history variables, which confirmed the construct validity of PCL-R. The results confirm the psychometric properties of the PCL-R as a measure of psychopathy in Spanish male inmates, and suggest that psychopathy is a construct also observed in Southern European countries.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Work in the prison system: a study of correctional officers in Greater Metropolitan Salvador, Brazil].

A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify possible associations between working conditions and health among correctional officers in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The study used a stratified proportional random sample of 311 individuals who answered a non-identifiable self-applied questionnaire. The following results were obtained by logistic regression: (a) psychologically inadequate workplace, insufficient basic work conditions, no leisure time, lack of sports practice, >/=nine years working in the prison system, excessive work hours, >/=48 hours work/week, and inadequate organizational conditions at work were associated with minor psychological disorders; (b) lack of specific training, female gender, >/=48 hours work/week, psychologically inadequate workplace, no leisure time, and lack of sports practice were associated with persistent stress, (c) age >/=45 years, >/=nine years working in the prison system, excessive work hours, lack of sports practice, inadequate basic and organizational work conditions, and minor psychological disorders were associated with health complaints.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

[Behavior associated with HIV and HCV infection in female prison inmates in São Paulo, Brazil].

An increase has been observed in AIDS and hepatitis C cases in women, including female prison inmates. This study focused on inmates' behavioral factors associated with risk of HIV and HCV transmission in a women's detention facility in São Paulo, Brazil. Behavioral questionnaires were applied and HIV and HCV serology were performed. The selected measure of association was odds ratio for both the bi and multivariate logistic regression analyses. 290 inmates participated in the study. HIV and HCV prevalence rates were 13.9% and 16.2%, respectively. Statistically significant associations were observed (p < 0.05) between HIV and the following variables: partner with AIDS OR = 6.9 (2.7-35.2); injection drug users (IDU) OR = 3.3 (1.6-14.7); regular partner OR = 3.7 (1.5-8.3), and between HCV and: IDU OR = 13.7 (4.4-42.7); IDU partner OR = 4.9 (1.9-12.2); previous arrest OR = 2.8 (1.2-6.5) adjusted for: partner with AIDS, IDU, IDU partner, drug user, and previous arrest. In conclusion, parenteral risk was associated with HIV and HCV infection and sexual risk with HIV. Appropriate and continuous preventive programs are recommended in the prison.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Perceived health and use of health care services in inmates of an Andalusian prison, 1999].

BACKGROUND: The study of the health condition of the populations under confinement in penitentiaries is based on the evidence of a more deteriorated health than the general population and a greater degree of social exclusion, which is associated with worse general health. This study is aimed at ascertaining how the inmates of an Andalusian penitentiary perceive their health condition and the use made thereby of the healthcare services, as well as the factors associated with those variables. METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. The data was collected with a questionnaire. The sample size was 450 inmates, 90.4% of whom were males. RESULTS: Seventy-two percent of those taking part in the study considered their health to be good or very good, 32.7% stating having seen the doctor once a month or more often. A total 43.1% of the participants stated having chronic illnesses, mainly HIV (19.1%) and hepatitis C (18.2%); 40.9% stating that they take medication. Worse health was perceived among the older inmates, those who have to serve longer than a five-year sentence, those who are repeat offenders and those not having pending trials. Those perceiving their health to have deteriorated over the past year have chronic illnesses and take medication. The regression model for the use of healthcare services shows that they are used to a greater extent by those who are serving a longer than a 5-year sentence, those who have been in prison for less than a year and those who take medication. CONCLUSIONS: The results show the importance of increasing the monitoring of possible addictive disorders upon entering prison and of the trend and treatment of chronic diseases.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed2006

Relative efficacy of a multisession sexual risk-reduction intervention for young men released from prisons in 4 states.

OBJECTIVES: We compared the effects of an enhanced multisession intervention with a single-session intervention on the sexual risk behavior of young men released from prison. METHODS: Young men, aged 18 to 29 years, were recruited from US prisons in 4 states and systematically assigned to the prerelease single-session intervention or the pre- and postrelease enhanced intervention. Both interventions addressed HIV, hepatitis, and other sexually transmitted infections; the enhanced intervention also addressed community reentry needs (e.g., housing, employment). Assessment data were collected before intervention, and 1, 12, and 24 weeks after release. RESULTS: A total of 522 men were included in intent-to-treat analyses. Follow-up rates ranged from 76% to 87%. Unprotected vaginal or anal sex during the 90 days before incarceration was reported by 86% of men in the enhanced intervention and 89% in the single-session intervention (OR=0.78; 95% CI=0.46, 1.32). At 24 weeks, 68% of men assigned to the enhanced intervention reported unprotected vaginal or anal sex compared with 78% of those assigned to the single-session intervention (OR=0.40; 95% CI=0.18, 0.88). CONCLUSION: Project START demonstrated the efficacy of a sexual risk-reduction intervention that bridges incarceration and community reentry.

Adolescent↗