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PubMed1991

Technological advances in poultry vaccines.

The work described in this paper represents an extended program utilizing both traditional and novel technologies to develop a range of poultry vaccines which target current or emerging opportunities in domestic and international marketplaces. The successes with the traditional products to date have been gratifying and the advent of a series of recombinant vaccines over the next few years holds promise for the generation of a range of novel immunobiologicals.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Characteristics of Pasteurella multocida isolated from humans, swine and poultry in Thailand.

Pasteurella multocida is a pathogen of animals and humans. Most of the patients have been associated with animals but many cases had not contacted them. The failure to diagnose P. multocida infections is mostly due to misidentification on gram stained smears and inadequate laboratory identification techniques. In order to compile detailed characteristics of the organism we studied the physical and biochemical properties of 70 isolates of P. multocida - 17 human, 23 swine and 30 poultry. All isolates produced catalase, oxydase, indol, nitrate reduction and ornithine decarboxylase. They failed to produce urease, gelatinase, methyl red, acetoin and could not grow on MacConkey agar, SS-agar, in nutrient broth with 0% or 6% NaCl. With respect to fermentable sugars, all isolates consistantly produced acid from glucose, mannitol and mannose. None of the cultures fermented lactose, maltose and dulcitol. Marked variations in the patterns of fermentation of arabinose and xylose were found. The characteristics tested are important to facilitate identification of P. multocida but could not be used to differentiate the host of the bacterium.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Salmonella infection sources in poultry flocks in northern Greece].

From 10 egg production poultry farms 1516 samples were collected and examined for the presence of salmonella. The samples were: 201 chicken, 36 sparrows, 35 rats, 35 pools of 20 flies each, 450 eggs, 60 mattresses, 188 feces, 425 feedstuffs and 86 water samples. Salmonellae were isolated only from 163 (10.8%) samples. From the 146 (89.6%) of these S. gallinarum was isolated. From the rest 17 (10.4%) the following mobile salmonella strains were isolated: two strains of S. virchow and Salmonella of subgroup II, four strains of S. typhimurium var. Copenhagen, seven strains of S. Livingstone, one S. enteritidis and one S. infantis The S. gallinarum was isolated from dead or sick chicken (46%), eggs (10.4%), rats Rattus norvegicus (14.3%) and mattresses 1.6%. The mobile salmonellae were isolated from feedstuffs (2%), flies (14.3%), rats (2.8%), feces (1%). From the present study, it seems that rats, chicken and eggs are important for the salmonella dissemination.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Association of fowl adenovirus serotype 12 with hydropericardium syndrome of poultry in India.

Eight fowl adenovirus (FAdV) isolates obtained from different geographical regions of India were typed by a virus-neutralization test (VNT) using rabbit antisera against all the 12 serotypes of FAdV and by PCR for the hyper-variable region of hexon gene combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using AluI and MboI restriction enzymes. It was found that six isolates belonged to FAdV-4, one to FAdV-12 and one to both of them. This study revealed the involvement of FAdV-12 alone or in association with FAdV-4 in precipitating inclusion body hepatitis--hydropericardium syndrome (IBH-HPS) among poultry flocks in the country.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed2006

Detection and isolation of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A viruses from blow flies collected in the vicinity of an infected poultry farm in Kyoto, Japan, 2004.

During the outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza that occurred in Tamba Town, Kyoto Prefecture in 2004, a total of 926 flies were collected from six sites within a radius of 2.3 km from the poultry farm. The H5 influenza A virus genes were detected from the intestinal organs, crop, and gut of the two blow fly species, Calliphora nigribarbis and Aldrichina grahami, by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the matrix protein (M) and hemagglutinin (HA) genes. The HA gene encoding multiple basic amino acids at the HA cleavage site indicated that this virus is a highly pathogenic strain. Based on the full-length sequences of the M, HA, and neuraminidase (NA) segments of virus isolates through embryonated chicken eggs, the virus from C. nigribarbis (A/blow fly/Kyoto/93/2004) was characterized as H5N1 subtype influenza A virus and shown to have > 99.9% identities in all three RNA segments to a strain from chickens (A/chicken/Kyoto/3/2004) and crows (A/crows/Kyoto/53/2004) derived during this outbreak period in Kyoto in 2004. Our results suggest it is possible that blow flies could become a mechanical transmitter of H5N1 influenza virus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The organization, control and coordination of measures for localization and liquidation of mass poultry loss and prevention of human diseases caused by avian flu in Ordynsk area of Novosibirsk region].

Materials on the organization, the control and to coordination of actions of services in carrying out of actions on localization and liquidation of the centers of a mass destruction of birds and preventive measures of people diseases by avian flu during the period from July, 21 till September, 18, 2005 are submitted. The basic actions which have been carried out by a territorial department, the quarantine of poultry excluding contact with wild birds, depopulation of a sick and suspicious birds on disease and disinfection in the foci of a mass case, including installation disinfection barriers, etc. As a result of spent actions the bird's mass destruction has been stopped, quarantine is taken off 10.11.2005. The conclusion is made, that due to carrying out sanitary-preventive and antiepidemic measures it is possible not only to locate, but also completely to liquidate a mass destruction of birds.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health survey of backyard poultry and other avian species located within one mile of commercial California meat-turkey flocks.

A survey was conducted to characterize domestic and exotic bird populations, estimate seroprevalence to selected disease agents, and describe health management practices on 62 premises containing "backyard" flocks located within one mile of 22 commercial California meat-turkey flocks participating in National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS). Chickens were present on 56 backyard premises and turkeys on seven. Antibodies were identified against Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M. synoviae, M. meleagridis, Salmonella pullorum, Newcastle disease virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus, Bordetella avium, hemorrhagic enteritis virus, infectious bronchitis virus, and infectious bursal disease virus in 367 blood samples from 32 backyard premises. Twenty-two owners of backyard premises said they restricted visitor contact with their birds, and two required visitors to wear rubber boots and use boot disinfectant. Owners of seven premises used biologics and/or pharmaceutics for disease prevention. One family member worked on a commercial turkey ranch, but no other contact between owners, relatives, or employees and commercial poultry was reported.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Respiratory diseases in poultry caused by viruses--occurrence and diagnosis (author's transl)].

The highly intensive conditions, that economic necessity has forced upon the poultry industry, have resulted in strongly changed environmental conditions and management which combined with the use of a constantly increasing number of live vaccines has highly complicated clearing up the etiology in diseased flocks. This is true not least as far as respiratory diseases concerns, which thereby often run an atypical course. A review, however, not complete, is given of the occurrence and diagnostic procedures in respiratory diseases caused by viruses, the greatest importance attached to infections caused by adeno- and infectious bronchitis virus.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro studies with dimethyldithiocarbamate, possible new antimicrobial for use in poultry.

Tests were conducted to determine the in vitro efficacy of the dithiocarbamate analogue, dimethyldithiocarbamate (DmDTC), against selected poultry pathogens. Organisms studied were two bacteria, Pasteurella multocida and Escherichia coli, and a mold, Aspergillus fumigatus. Zone of inhibition and the minimum inhibitory concentration were determined for each organism. DmDTC was effective in vitro against all organisms tested, with A. fumigatus showing greatest overall sensitivity.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Poisoning due to ionophore anticoccidial drugs in poultry].

Ionophore polyether antibiotics are used as anticoccidial drugs in poultry. However, these pharmaceutical agents are also being increasingly used as growth-promoting substances in stock and pig farming. Overdosage of ionophore anticoccidial drugs may cause typical symptoms of poisoning, viz. paralysis and an increased proportion of rejects. In addition to providing a method for detecting a high dosage in the feed, histological examination and determination of the creatine phosphokinase level of the serum are found to be of importance. The ionophore anticoccidial drugs used and their incompatibility with therapeutical agents are reviewed in tabular form. Seven cases of poisoning in broilers, laying hens, breeding birds and turkeys in the province of Gelderland are also reported.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Nutritional and metabolic aspects of fatty liver disease in poultry.

There are two metabolic disorders of major commercial importance in poultry that involve the occurrence of fatty deposits in the liver. Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome (FLKS) affects young birds and the main manifestations, lipid infiltrations into liver and many other organs, are apparently secondary effects of the primary lesion that lies in carbohydrate metabolism. Although several nutritional and environmental factors influence FLKS, the main factor is the vitamin, biotin. In the absence of an adequate supply of biotin, the hepatic activity of pyruvate carboxylase, a biotin-dependent enzyme, becomes so low that gluconeogenesis in the liver via pyruvate becomes negligible. When the bird is then subject to a mild stress and/or short term fasting, liver glycogen reserves become rapidly depleted and a progressive hypoglycaemia develops that ultimatley proves fatal. Supplementing diets with adequate amounts of biotin can prevent the syndrome. Fatty Liver Haemorrhagic Syndrome (FLHS) is brought about by an excessive accumulation of fat in the livers of adult hens which weakens the cellular structure of the liver and allows fatal haemorrhaging to occur. The aetiology of the syndrome is not clear, but a major factor is an excessive intake of dietary energy. However, the involvement of hormonal and toxicological factors, as well as other nutritional factors, is also possible.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Multiresidue gas chromatographic method for determining organochlorine pesticides in poultry fat: collaborative study.

A gas chromatographic electron capture detector method is described for the quantitative determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in poultry fat. The samples are rendered and cleaned up using automated gel permeation chromatography. The collaborative samples consisted of 10 fortified samples and one incurred residue sample, all in duplicate. Fortification levels ranged from 0.15 to 1.0 ppm for alpha-BHC, lindane, cis- and trans-chlordane, octachlor epoxide, o,p' and p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-TDE, hexachlorobenzene, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, endrin, methoxychlor, mirex, and toxaphene. The average recovery was 91.9% with a range of 81-102%. The ranges of coefficients of variation were: CVo = 3.39-14.79%; CVL = 0-16.6%; and CVx = 5.82-19.0%. The results indicate accuracy and precision comparable to other official methodology. The method has been adopted official first action.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1981

Mycoplasma-induced arthritis in poultry.

Mycoplasmaa-induced arthritis of poultry under field conditions is almost entirely caused by Mycoplasm synoviae (Ms) infection. Experimentally, Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma meleagridis and Mycoplasma iowae have all been shown to cause arthritis, tenosynovitis and lesions of periarticular tissue. However, greatest attention has been given to Ms in this respect. The leg joints are most consistently involved, and of these particularly the tibiotarsal-tarsometatarsal and tarsometatarso-phalangeal joints. Acute amd chronic arthritis have been described, and in the later the arthritic lesions may be progressive. The histopathological changes include invasion with heterophils (polymorphs) and later monocytes. Villus formation is shown by the synovium, and lymphofollicular aggregates appear. In severe cases, there is progressive erosion of articular cartilage and there are degenerative changes in underlying bone. Systemic changes include anemia, reticulitis, arteritis, and atrophy of the thymus and bursa of Fabricius. The mechanism of disease production may involve a direct inflammatory response as well as immunoinflammatory complexes.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Mycoplasmosis in poultry.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae and Mycoplasma meleagridis are the most widespread pathogenic poultry mycoplasmas. The epidemiology of the infections, and clinical signs, lesions, pathogenesis, diagnosis and control of disease are described. In epidemiology, the constant antigenic composition, variation in virulence, tropism, survival of the mycoplasma outside and within the host and susceptibility to drugs are outlined. The significance of species, age and immune status of the host and the importance of intercurrent infection and debilitating factors in the production of disease are given. The transmission of infection, clinical signs of disease, and gross and histopathological appearances of lesions are described. The interpretation of the pathogenesis of disease is based on the appearance of lesions in untreated birds and in bursectomized or thymectomized chickens. The means of recognizing infection, and the methods used in ameliorating the worst effects of disease or eradicating infection follow.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Annual review of serotypes of E. coli isolated from various lesions in poultry and their sensitivity to drugs in vitro (author's transl)].

550 Strains of E. coli, isolated from poultry, were typed. In addition, their sensitivity to various drugs was tested. A wide variety of serotypes was found to be present. Approximately 50% of the isolated strains of E. coli were found to be resistant to the tetracyclines, streptomycin and sulphafurazole. Chloramphenicol, neomycin and furazolidone usually were effective.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

A host-parasite list of the haematozoa of domestic poultry in sub-Saharan Africa and the isolation of Plasmodium durae Herman from turkeys and francolins in South Africa.

An annotated host-parasite list of the blood parasites of domestic poultry in sub-Saharan Africa is presented. This list contains the haematozoa found in domestic waterfowl (ducks, geese and muscovies) and phasianids (turkey, fowl and peafowl). In South Africa Plasmodium durae was isolated from 4 out of 8 backyard turkeys, from 3 out of 26 Swainson's francolins and from 1 redwing francolin, but not from 20 helmeted guineafowls and 9 greywing francolins. This points at Swainson's and redwing francolins as being the main natural hosts of P. durae in South Africa. The increase in the period of prepatency after intramuscular subinoculation as compared with the intravenous route was found to correspond to that of a 1,000 fold dilution of an intravenous inoculum of parasitized blood. This delay was not due to an intervening cycle of exoerythrocytic schizogony, but to large numbers of the injected erythrocytes apparently not finding their way into the circulation of the new host.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[The use of feed medications in swine and poultry facilities in the Weser-Ems region].

The use of medicated feed notably in large pig and poultry holdings is a major aspect of veterinary treatment against infectious diseases. Every single production of a medicated feed requires a specified written authorization by the veterinary practitioner and a carbon copy of this document must be sent to the responsible veterinary public health office. These documents-in the Weser-Ems region up to ca. 30,000 per annum-were entered into a computer database and analysed. The results are presented as diagrams and graphs. Information on the quantities of the various administered drug constituents is also included. With regard to current risks concerning residues and resistances the data gives qualified information on the per os treatment with antibiotics of food producing animals.

Animal Feed↗