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At least 1,027 records · Page 57Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Refractive error changes in law students.

We report two separate studies: a retrospective survey and a longitudinal study; both were designed to assess the changes in refractive error of a group of young adult law students. The retrospective survey compared the previous spectacle correction to the current refractive error in the ocular examination records of 87 members of the class of 1982 law students who were examined at the University of California, Berkeley School of Optometry. Forty-one students (47.1% of the sample, 12.9% of the entire class of 318) increased at least -0.50D in myopia in at least one eye. In the longitudinal study, we followed 16 first year law students for 6 months, measuring refractive error. Five eyes (15.6%) became at least +0.50D more hyperopic, and 12 eyes (37.5%) became at least -0.50D more myopic. These data represent analysis of a small number of eyes over a short period of time. An adult myopic shift is nonetheless evident. A methodology for accumulation of more meaningful data on the specific ocular component changes responsible for this effect is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Linearity of refractive change with age in childhood myopia progression.

Refractive records of young myopic patients were collected from six optometry practices. Statistical tests for linearity (F-test and statistical significance of the correlation coefficient) were applied to the myopic measurements made between 6 and 15 years of age. In 90 to 94% of these patients, refractive changes with time were linear. Refractive changes are greater when a patient is myopic rather than hyperopic or emmetropic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Clinical use of the Pepper Visual Skills for Reading Test in low vision rehabilitation.

The Pepper Visual Skills for Reading Test (VSRT) is an assessment instrument designed by Whittaker et al. to evaluate the reading skills of patients with macular degeneration who were able to read to their satisfaction before their vision loss. The VSRT was administered to 10 patients with macular degeneration and central scotomas from the Low Vision Optometry Program at the Hines Veterans Administration Hospital Central Blind Rehabilitation Center and the Visual Impairment Center to Optimize Remaining Sight (VICTORS) at Westside Veterans Administration Medical Center, Chicago. Reading skills were measured before and after a low vision treatment program. Results indicate that this test may be useful in designing low vision training programs, evaluating the progress of individual patients receiving low vision services, and evaluating low vision programs designed to rehabilitate those with reading difficulty.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Traumatic choroidal rupture in a six-year-old.

A six-year-old patient presented to the Southern College of Optometry for his first visual examination. The presenting complaint was a constant "burning of the eyes." Preliminary examination revealed an unexplained reduction in visual acuity in the left eye, which was unimproved by refraction. The indistinct disc margin noted in the left eye and a recent history of blunt trauma prompted a dilated fundus examination. This examination revealed an occult post-traumatic choroidal rupture with an associated choroidal neovascular membrane.

Child↗
PubMed1989

Reliability of assessing the cup/disc ratio using a 90 D lens photograph.

The reliability of estimating the cup to disc (C/D) ratio using a retinal camera photograph was compared to the same task using a photograph taken with the slit-lamp and +90 D lens. Twenty observers (10 optometry students, 10 faculty members) were asked to judge the C/D ratio of four eyes by the two photographic methods. When comparing the two clinically accepted photographic methods, statistically significant differences were noted for the vertical dimension estimate in two of four eyes. However, these differences were not clinically significant. C/D ratio estimates with the retinal camera photograph were typically larger than those of the slitlamp and +90 D lens photograph. Neither photographic method provided an advantage or disadvantage to clinicians with different levels of experience.

Fundus Oculi↗
PubMed1989

Declared vs. true age of patients.

The mean declared age of 137 male and 56 female optometry clinic patients was 2.4 years (SD = 3.8) lower than the birth certified or true age. Approximately 57% of the males and about 52% of the females had discrepancies between their declared and true ages. A more penetrating re-evaluation of prior claims concerning Nigerian (or other tropical countries) age-related health issues may be advisable in view of the present findings of age errors.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The Sunglass Standard and its rationale.

This paper reports on the 17-year development of the current Z80.3 Sunglass Standard. The dioptric tolerances of +0.125 to -0.25 D power, 0.125 D astigmatism, 0.25 delta prism, and 0.18 D power imbalance are based on research by optometry's leaders. The traffic signal and luminous transmittance requirements are the result of study of the literature and original research. There has been much misunderstanding regarding the UV transmittance specifications. They too were exhaustively researched and discussed. That work is reviewed in detail. New equations for calculating exposures are presented with sample spectra. Graphic evaluations of severe risk exposures are presented. They show that based on the accepted criteria, for reasonable assumptions the Standard offers a 10x margin of safety. Studies of retinal risk indicate the Standard provides ample protection. Some criteria need further study. Potential problems are based on the fact that some sunglasses are too dark for driving and that use of ordinary sunglasses for sports provides inadequate protection from injuries.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Variables related to the rate of childhood myopia progression.

This study was undertaken to examine the relations between the rate of childhood myopia progression and variables available in patient records. Data were obtained from four private optometry practices and two university-based longitudinal studies. Subjects were myopes with a minimum number of refractions between the ages of 6 and 15 years. Spectacle prescription types included single-vision lenses with exact distance correction or slight undercorrection, bifocal lenses, and single-vision lenses with overcorrection. Rates of progression were determined by linear regression. Three analyses were conducted: (1) for all patients, analysis of variance of rate as a function of heterophoria through the habitual nearpoint correction, an index of the amount of myopia at the initial examination age, sex, and clinical location; (2) for patients with esophoria through the distance ametropia correction, analysis of variance of rate as a function of correction type (full correction or slight undercorrection vs. bifocals), amount of myopia at the initial examination age, sex, and location; and (3) for patients with orthophoria or exophoria with ametropia correction, analysis of variance of rate as a function of correction type, amount of myopia at the initial examination age, sex, and location. The index of amount of myopia at the initial examination age was a significant variable, as was location. Patients with nearpoint esophoria through their habitual nearpoint correction had greater rates than patients with nearpoint orthophoria or exophoria with the habitual correction. For patients with nearpoint esophoria through the distance refractive correction, rates were less with bifocals than with full correction or slight undercorrection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Effects of dapiprazole on the reversal of pharmacologically induced mydriasis.

The ability of a new alpha-adrenergic antagonist, dapiprazole, to reverse mydriasis produced by phenylephrine 2.5% or 10%, tropicamide 0.5%, and the combination of phenylephrine 2.5% and tropicamide 0.5% was investigated. A double masked crossover design was used to study both efficacy of mydriatic reversal and time course. The safety of administration was evaluated as well. Subjects were optometry students and their spouses. The results demonstrate that dapiprazole is safe and effective for reversing mydriasis produced by both concentrations of phenylephrine, and partially effective in reversing mydriasis in eyes treated with tropicamide 0.5%, alone, or in combination with 2.5% phenylephrine.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1991

Clinical accommodation and heterophoria findings preceding juvenile onset of myopia.

This study was performed to test the hypothesis that accommodation and convergence differences precede the onset of myopia in children. Records of children who were emmetropic and became myopic (became myopic group) and children who remained emmetropic (remained emmetropic group) were collected from seven private optometry practices. The practices were located in Illinois, Iowa, Oklahoma, and Oregon. Near-point phorias and positive relative accommodation (PRA) findings were significantly different in the two groups by t-test. Negative relative accommodation (NRA) did not show a statistically significant difference in the two groups. Binocular cross-cylinder findings were shown by analysis of variance (ANOVA) to be significantly affected by group (became myopic vs. remained emmetropic) and by practice location. These results support the hypothesis that differences in accommodation and convergence function may be precursors of juvenile onset myopia.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1991

An ophthalmic survey of African patients presenting at rural eye clinics in South Africa.

The records of 10,254 people attending rural eye clinics in South Africa during 1984-85 were analyzed to determine the reasons for presentation. The main reasons for presentation were refractive error, conjunctivitis, and cataract. It is expected that population growth plus the increased vocational needs for the correction of refractive errors will result in an increased demand for optometric services in rural eye clinics. It is suggested that optometry has a major role to play in providing primary eye care services to the underserved populations of the South African homelands.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Symptoms related to abnormal tonic state: experimental results and computer simulations.

There have been numerous attempts to relate tonic accommodation and tonic vergence and their adaptive capabilities to a variety of parameters in vision science and clinical optometry. In this paper, investigations attempting to correlate the tonic state with nearwork symptoms will be reviewed. Results suggest that tonic vergence is more closely linked to near symptoms than is tonic accommodation. The results will be discussed in terms of a steady-state model of accommodation and vergence.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1993

Management of contact lens patients with pingueculae or pterygia.

Diplomates in the Contact Lens Section of the American Academy of Optometry were surveyed to determine how they managed contact lens patients with pingueculae or pterygia. Responses indicated that many patients with these conditions can be successful contact lens wearers. Specific management techniques used by these practitioners are reported.

Conjunctival Diseases↗
PubMed1993

Keating's asymmetric dioptric power matrices expressed in terms of sphere, cylinder, axis, and asymmetry.

Twelve years ago Keating pointed out that dioptric powers existed which could not be represented by the familiar three parameters sphere, cylinder, and axis. They are the equivalent powers of optical systems (including many eyes) with separated obliquely crossing astigmatic elements. Four parameters are required to represent such powers, and all four are unfamiliar to most clinicians and researchers. This note shows that it is, in fact, possible to transform the four parameters so that the three familiar parameters are retained and only one (called asymmetry) remains unfamiliar. The consequence is that it is always possible to represent a power by means of sphere, cylinder, axis, and asymmetry. Powers commonly used in practice all have asymmetry equal to zero which is why only the first three are usually necessary. Powers, however, do exist, and are of potential interest in optometry, for which asymmetry is not zero and cannot be omitted from the representation. Two numerical examples are given, including Keating's model eye.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

Contact lens wear, use of eye cosmetics, and Meibomian gland dysfunction.

The purpose of this study was to explore the interrelations among contact lens wear, use of eye make up, eye rubbing, and Meibomian gland dysfunction. Fifty optometry students were evaluated for Meibomian gland function (number of lower lid glands expressing freely with gentle pressure) and fluorescein staining of the cornea and conjunctiva. Subjects were questioned regarding contact lens wear, use of eye cosmetics, and frequency of eye rubbing. No relation was detected among Meibomian gland clogging, contact lens wear, cosmetic use, or eye rubbing in these subjects. The data suggest a relation among clogged glands, contact lens wear, and fluorescein staining. Future studies of older contact lens wearers are warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Critically reviewing the ophthalmic literature.

In the current era, where optometry's scope and very definition are evolving, the practitioner's ability to evaluate critically the profession's clinical and basic science literature is crucial. This paper reviews the components of a scientific paper both in theory and by specific example. Emphasis is placed on reading the literature without accepting it at face value, including the description of the study designs frequently encountered in clinical research, the features of a study design that make it appropriate or inappropriate to answer the central hypothesis, and a brief introduction to the common pitfalls of routinely used statistical analysis.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

Preteaching developmentally delayed preschoolers to aid vision screening.

Early identification and treatment of vision problems is a key element in learning. For preschool children already identified with developmental delay, vision screening and visual correction are particularly essential. Participants drawn from a public Special School District were 105 preschoolers ages 3 to 5 years identified as having developmental delay. Examples included autism, Down syndrome, physical handicap, or cognitive impairment. A partnership was created between the public preschool and the University Schools of Nursing and Optometry to implement vision screening. Teachers/teacher assistants were asked to characterize the children before and after preteaching and after vision screening. Using a semantic differential scale of bipolar descriptors, planned comparisons within a repeated measures MANOVA were statistically significant for all pairs before teaching vs. the mean of after teaching/after screening (p = 0.027) but not statistically significant for after teaching vs. after vision screening (p = 1.000). Results of this preliminary study suggest preteaching could be an important part of a successful vision screening partnership in that 102 (97%) of developmentally delayed children successfully completed screening for vision problems.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1995

Developing visual and reading efficiency in older adults.

The authors hypothesized that adults, ages 62 to 75 years, who are in good health for their age can be trained to read more efficiently using approaches similar to those reported for younger individuals. Recruited successively from the State College of Optometry's primary care clinic, the subjects were 20 volunteers who had minimum corrected Snellen visual acuity of at least 6/9 (20/30) at distance and near, no oculomotor anomalies, and no significant ocular diseases such as diabetic retinitis. After a reading efficiency pretest using the Eye-trac, an infrared eye-movement recording device, the subjects were assigned to either a control group or a reading efficiency training group. Those in the control group were tested again after the control period. All subjects were retested after experimental intervention that consisted of rapid visual processing, oculomotor, and Guided Reading training. The results revealed a statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in all aspects of reading efficiency, including reduced number of fixations and regressions per 100 words, increased average span of recognition, and improved reading rate without loss of comprehension, only in those who received training. Our recommendation is that training in reading efficiency should be stressed to a greater extent in reading, educational, and vision therapy programs at all age levels.

Aged↗