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PubMedDate not supplied

Optimism and coping with a breast cancer symptom.

This study was conducted to assess whether optimism was associated with less delay and anxiety in seeking care for breast cancer symptoms, expectations about such care seeking, and the likelihood of having breast cancer. The influence of optimism on delay and anxiety through expectations about care seeking or likelihood of breast cancer was also examined. Participants (N = 135) with breast cancer symptoms and no history of cancer were interviewed at a surgery clinic. Optimism was associated with less delay and anxiety in care seeking and with expectations of desirable outcomes of care seeking. After controlling for expectations about care seeking, the relationship of optimism and anxiety became nonsignificant. Adjusting for differences in occupational status, the relationship of optimism and delay was nonsignificant. Thus, optimism may influence anxiety in care seeking for breast cancer symptoms through situation-specific expectations. The influence of optimism on delay may be confounded with socioeconomic factors.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

HIV: patients attitudes to GPs.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the characteristics of HIV-infected patients attending hospital HIV outpatient clinics in Melbourne and to measure their attitudes to general practitioners. DESIGN: Data were collected by attending physician and by a self administered anonymous questionnaire given to patients sequentially and returned by prepaid envelope. SETTING: Tertiary hospital HIV outpatient clinics. PATIENTS: HIV-infected patients willing and able to participate. RESULTS: Response rate 61%. This sample had high occupational status and functional capacity, and 63% had had GP care before hospital attendance. Only a small number of GPs are involved, and their involvement declined after hospital care commenced. There was strong overall support for shared care, although only 7% supported predominant care by a GP in the terminal phase, and only 39% supported predominant care by a GP when completely well. The major factors determining attitude toward GPs were the GPs' attitude, confidentiality and service, with knowledge and skills being more important for GPs who have a special interest in HIV care. CONCLUSIONS: This group of patients have particular concerns about GPs that need to be addressed if GPs are to increase their involvement in HIV care.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ability of self care of chronically diabetic patients].

A descriptive study was performed in a population of 181 chronic diabetic patients or both sexes from the medical office No. 2, Chillán with the aim of determining their self-care capacities and factors related to this capacity. A self-care capacity scale based on a study about requirements and self-care capabilities developed by Joan E. Backacneider, was made up. This scale was applied with the purpose of measuring physical, medical, emotional, and motivational capabilities, as well as health orientation for the diabetic patient. Results obtained suggest that only 18.3% of these patients have a high self-care capacity, while 81.7% does not have this kind of capacity. Also it is concluded that factors associated with this self-care capability in these patients are self-confidence, schooling level, occupational status, and social and economic situation.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The female role as assessment of mental health of women within the general population of Cantabria].

This paper tries to analyse the relationship between traditional feminine role (marriage, motherhood and housing) and mental health in spanish women. The General Health Questionnaire 60-items (GHQ-60) was used to define "cases" in a random sample of the general population of Cantabria consisting of 630 women aged 17 and over. The rate of probable prevalence of psychiatric disorders was 26.4%. In contrast to previous studies, motherhood and traditional feminine role correlated with the lowest GHQ-60 mean scores. Occupational status was not related to mental health. Women living with husband, children, parents and/or parents-in-law scored lower on GHQ-60 than those living with husband and children. These results are discussed in the light of previous findings in the literature. At least, they reconfirm the importance of socio-cultural factors in community psychiatric disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Breast feeding among autochthonous and allochthonous mothers in Amsterdam, 1992-1993].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether breast feeding is related to family type, family size, maternal education, maternal occupational status and ethnic origin. DESIGN: Descriptive study. SETTING: Six child health centres in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. METHOD: In the period 1992-1993 the feeding practices of 961 children of 3 months were investigated by interviewing their mothers. RESULTS: In Amsterdam 21% of infants were exclusively breast-fed, 15% of infants were breast and formula fed and 64% of infants were exclusively formula fed. After adjustment for potential confounding variables, breast-feeding was associated with mother's educational level and ethnic origin. The breast feeding rate was 49% for mothers with a high education and 26% for mothers with a low education. Among Dutch mothers the frequency of breast-feeding was 37%, and among Surinam, Moroccan and Turkish mothers the frequencies of breast feeding were 16%, 34% and 43% respectively. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that besides socioeconomic factors cultural factors also play a part in the breast feeding practices of mothers. To promote breast feeding culture-based perceptions with respect to feeding and nursing of infants should be considered.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1994

[Demographic study of obsessive compulsive disorder].

This study used a large, obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD) population (N = 157) without comorbidity, and compared them to the general population of the States of New York on the following demographic variables: sex ratio, age of onset, age first seen, marital status, occupation, birth trauma, substance abuse, religion, past psychiatric treatment, and parents' psychiatric history. A 1: 1 sex ratio with a significant gender difference was found for age of onset (females = 20.8; males = 16.3 years), and for age first seen (females = 26.4; males 20.3 years). Other significant findings were the following: More single male OCD patients, fewer widowed female patients, more white-collar workers, less drug abusers, more alcohol abstainers, and less non-problem drinkers as compared to the general population. Significantly also, more atheist/agnostic OCD patients were found as compared to other patients. For the first time, the findings can be evaluated against a comparative group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Obesity in preschool children: an intervention programme in primary health care in Singapore.

The Programme on Prevention and Management of Obesity in Preschool Children, aged three to six years, was implemented in 17 Primary Health Clinics in November 1991. The study sample comprised 1128 preschool children who qualified to enter the obesity register, using the defined criteria for obesity of 2 standard deviations above the normal weight for height and age. This group was divided into three categories, namely, mildly overweight (120% to below 140%), moderately overweight (140% to below 160%), and severely overweight (above 160%). The severely overweight category was referred to dietitians for follow-up management, while the other two categories were managed by the clinic staff through pre-planned nurse-conducted counselling sessions. In this paper, we analysed the first 1128 preschool children aged three to six years on the Programme with respect to their demographic characteristics; medical conditions; family history of obesity, diabetes, hypertension and ischaemic heart disease; number of siblings and parents' educational and occupational status. The Malay children showed significantly more severe grades of obesity compared to the Chinese and Indian children. A family history of obesity and hypertension among the three groups were significant (P < 0.001). After one year of follow-up with the intervention programme, the following were found: 40.4% (456) of the children improved in their obesity status and 20.2% (228) reached normal status. The severe, moderate and mild categories reduced from 6.3% to 5.9%, 29.3% to 23.2% and 64.4% to 50.7% respectively and was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An areawide cancer reporting network.

A cancer Surveillance Program was formed in 1970 to provide a mechanism for the early identification of some 22,000 cancer cases that are diagnosed annually among the large and varied population of Los Angeles County. The program's rapid reporting procedures facilitate early access to patients for interviewing and specimen collection. Routine review of all reports of microscopically diagnosed malignancies in hospitals throughout the county and screening of all of the county's death certificates provide virtually complete data on cancer incidence in the county. Case reports include information on age, ethnic group, birthplace, residence, religion, marital status, occupation, and industry. Continuing analysis of this information has led to the development of epidemiologic studies of several factors which may have an etiological relationship to human cancer. Among these factors are genetic susceptibility, exposure to air pollutants and industrial carcinogens and possible viral transmission.

California↗
PubMed1993

Prevalence and transmission of HTLV-I infection in Natal/KwaZulu.

A community-based seroprevalence survey for human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) was undertaken in the Ngwelezane district of Natal/KwaZulu. A total of 1,018 individuals was interviewed for risk factors and had blood drawn for serological examination. To exclude antibody cross-reactivity between anti-HTLV-I and anti-HTLV-II all Western blot HTLV-I-positive samples were further subjected to a Select HTLV test. For comparison, anonymous HIV testing was done. The areas of residence of patients with myelopathy associated with HTLV-I were also ascertained. The seroprevalence of HTLV-I was 2.6% (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.62-3.58). An age-related rise in HTLV-I seropositivity from 1.3% in the 15-24-year age group to 6.1% in the over 55-year-old group was noted. There was no significant association between HTLV-I antibody positivity and marital status, occupation, history of blood transfusion, scarification, age at first sexual experience and number of sexual partners. Anti-HIV-1 antibody testing revealed a positivity of 3.5% (95% CI 2.4-4.68) and the relative risk for co-infection with both HTLV-I and HIV-1 in the 15-24-year group was 1.16 (95% CI 1.08-1.24). The study also identified the first HTLV-II-seropositive case in the Natal/KwaZulu region. Up to December 1991, 90 cases of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis were seen at the Neurology Unit, Wentworth Hospital. The patients came from all parts of Natal, from Pongola in the north to Transkei in the south. The Natal/KwaZulu region is, therefore, an endemic HTLV-I area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Maternal attitudes towards spastic cerebral palsy.

Attitudes of 120 mothers of spastic children aged 2-12 yrs were assessed by using Mother's Attitude Scale. Attitudes of mothers towards spastics were highly influenced by the severity of handicap and IQ of the child (r < 0.74). Mother's education, family income, occupational status, type of habitat had significant but low correlation with her attitudes (0.23 to 0.35). Age, sex of the child and type of family did not influence attitudes. Study group mothers (rural or urban) have better attitudes towards spasticity compared to control group mothers. This difference was more discernible among mothers belonging to age group below 30 years of age. The study emphasizes the necessity of constant counselling of mothers so that their attitudes may improve and help in more effective care of the child.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The feminine role as a determinant of mental health among the women of the general population of Cantabria].

This paper tries to analyse the relationship between traditional feminine role (marriage, motherhood and housing) and mental health in spanish women. The General Health Questionnaire 60-items (GHQ-60) was used to define "cases" in a random sample of the general population of Cantabria consisting of 630 women aged 17 and over. The rate of probable prevalence of psychiatric disorders was 26.4%. In contrast to previous studies, motherhood and traditional feminine role correlated with the lowest GHQ-60 mean scores. Occupational status was not related to mental health. Women living with husband, children, parents and/or parents-in-law scored lower on GHQ-60 than those living with husband and children. These results are discussed in the light of previous findings in the literature. At least, they reconfirm the importance of socio-cultural factors in community psychiatric disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Follow-up and social consequences of Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis].

PATIENTS: We studied the course and particularly the social consequences of Crohn's disease (n = 107) and ulcerative colitis extending beyond the sigmoid colon (n = 22) during the first 6.1 respectively 6.3 years after onset. RESULTS: Under common treatment, the disease activity decreased and the body mass index increased significantly in the majority of patients, but about 30% of them reached no continuous remission. The professional training was delayed in 23% of patients with Crohn's disease and 9% of those with ulcerative colitis. However, by objective datas and in the patients' own opinion the effect of both diseases on the professional qualification and occupational status which were reached in the end was small. The percentage of partly occupied patients and those without work compared to that of healthy ones. 11% of patients with Crohn's disease and 14% with ulcerative colitis had to retire prematurely. The patients' family status and the number of their children matched largely that of healthy men and women of same age.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Clinico-statistical notes on some characteristics of thyrotoxicosis].

Statistical analysis was used to examine certain environmental and biological aspects of thyrotoxicosis, specifically: marital status, occupation, sex, age of onset of menarche and menopause, number of pregnancies and miscarriages, blood groups (ABO, Rh system). The results showed a significant prevalence of non-married working women among patients suffering from thyrotoxicosis. They also showed that the patients under examination reach menarche at an earlier age and the menopause at a later age than a control group, and the figures were statistically significant.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1993

A South African outpatient drug treatment centre.

The Cape Town Drug Counselling Centre is an outpatient drug treatment service which has been operational since 1985. Statistics obtained from 1990 are detailed, describing patient characteristics in respect of referral sources, age, sex, occupational status, educational level and drugs abused. The typical client profile that emerges is of a young employed male of limited education, referred from a non-professional source, who smokes cannabis alone or with methaqualone (Mandrax). Management of clients, which includes psychotherapy with an emphasis on group-work and medical intervention, is described, and proposed areas for further research are outlined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

A uniform with uniformity.

Clothing is a powerful form of non-verbal communication, conveying socio-economic status, occupational role and even the authority and power vested in that role. The traditional hospital nursing uniform reflects its historic military and religious foundations, and, many would say, the servile rank of the wearer.

Clothing↗
PubMed1993

Racial comparison of outcomes of male Department of Veterans Affairs patients with lung and colon cancer.

BACKGROUND: A study was performed to distinguish between genetic vs socioeconomic factors or artifacts inherent in retrospective studies to discover explanations for the apparent shorter survival of blacks than whites with lung and colon cancer. METHODS: Detailed biological and socioeconomic data were collected prospectively from a large cohort of patients with advanced lung and colon cancer who had not previously received chemotherapy and who consented to be entered in the clinical trial. Twelve medical centers within the Department of Veterans Affairs hospital system (Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study 188) entered patients between May 1981 and May 1986. These patients were evaluated and treated in a uniform manner within this hospital system and followed up to death. Outcome measures included time to tumor progression, tumor response, and survival. RESULTS: A total of 719 patients were entered in the study, 704 of whom were either black or white men. Blacks were found to have a significantly lower socioeconomic status than whites as measured by marital and educational status, occupation, income, housing, and number of individuals residing in household. Blacks had a significantly lower frequency of prior tumor resection and a significantly increased frequency of mediastinal lymph node involvement and of metastasis than whites. Trends existed toward a shorter time interval from original diagnosis to entry and a lower frequency of prior radiation therapy among blacks in comparison with whites at the time of entry to the study. However, no differences in intensity of treatment or follow-up, time to progression, response to treatment, or overall survival (measured from entry to the study to death) were observed for blacks vs whites. CONCLUSIONS: Lung and colon cancer are not necessarily more aggressive diseases in blacks than in whites. Based on a comparison of these data with those reported from other practice settings, we postulate that lung and colon cancer outcomes may be similar among black and white patients who receive equal access to comparable medical care in spite of socioeconomic differences. Findings suggest that future studies might focus profitably on racial factors that may exist at the time of patient entry to the health care system.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1993

Maternal attitude to sweet eating habits and risk of overweight in offspring: a ten-year prospective population study.

The possible effect of maternal attitude to sweet eating habits on their offspring's risk of overweight is a common concern. This study addresses the influence of mothers' reports on and attitude to sweet eating habits on the subsequent risk of overweight of their offspring in young adulthood. A study of a randomly selected cohort of 9-10 year old children from schools in the Copenhagen municipality was performed in 1974. A decade later a follow-up was carried out, and 86% of the target population participated. Overweight was defined as the 90th percentile of body mass index distribution (weight/height2 (kg/m2)). The odds ratio of overweight in young adulthood was assessed by logistic regression analysis taking into account body mass index in childhood, gender and social background (both parents' school education, householder's occupational status, and quality of dwellings in childhood rearing areas). The results showed that the risk of overweight was significantly increased if the mother reported lacking knowledge about her offspring's sweet eating habits (OR = 4.5; 95% confidence limits: 1.7-12.1; P = 0.003). The risk was insignificantly increased if the mothers expressed acceptance of sweet eating habits (OR = 1.9; 0.8-4.2; P = 0.1), and if more than an average amount of money was given for sweets (OR = 2.0; 1.0-3.8; P = 0.06). On the other hand, how often the child was actually allowed to eat sweets, and the mother's acceptance of sugary food did not significantly influence the risk.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1995

Acute admissions to medical departments. A comparison between an urban and a rural district.

To compare hospitalization into medical departments, acute admissions into a city hospital and into a district hospital were compared prospectively over a two-week period. Patients referred to the city hospital were on average older, were more frequently living alone and they had a greater amount of social care attendance in their homes. On the other hand, distribution of referral diagnoses, overall patient activity, occupational status and contact with relatives were similar in the two areas. Sub-acute or acute illness was considered the main cause of admission in both areas; the amount of admissions for social reasons was 13 percent to the city hospital versus 3 percent to the district hospital. Relevant alternatives to hospitalization seemed to exist in 50 percent of the admissions to the city hospital versus only 3 percent to the district hospital. Since patients admitted for social reasons block hospital beds for a longer time period than those admitted for other reasons, these differences may to some extent explain why length of hospital stay is longer in city hospitals than in rural ones.

Acute Disease↗