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PubMed1998

The effect of professional education on the knowledge and attitudes of physical therapist and occupational therapist students about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Anxiety and fear about caring for people with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are concerns expressed by students in health care professions. This study was designed to evaluate the influence of education offered to physical therapist (PT) and occupational therapist (OT) students on their knowledge, attitudes, and willingness to provide services to people with AIDS. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-six undergraduate PT students and 23 undergraduate OT students completed a questionnaire at the beginning of their professional education program, following a 5-hour AIDS education seminar, and shortly before their graduation. The questionnaire consisted of 3 subscales designed to evaluate the respondents' knowledge, attitudes, and willingness to treat people with AIDS. RESULTS: At the time of graduation, the students in both disciplines showed improvement in knowledge about AIDS (14.3% for PT students and 13.8% for OT students) and more positive attitudes toward people with AIDS (7.4% for PT students and 5% for OT students). In both disciplines, the students' willingness to provide services for people with AIDS remained unchanged following the AIDS education seminar and at the end of the professional education program. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: The professional education offered to the cohort of students in this study appeared to be beneficial in improving their knowledge and attitudes toward people with AIDS, but it did not affect their willingness to work with this patient group.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2002

[An investigation on dust exposure level in workers of geological prospecting occupation].

OBJECTIVE: To make sure of the harmfulness degree of the dust in geological prospecting occupation. METHODS: The determination of respirable dust, total dust and the free silica concentrations was carried out at different working spots exposed to dust. Personal sampling equipment was used to collect the respirable dust. The data of respirable dust concentration in the research was compared to the historical data. RESULTS: As for respirable dust concentration level, 47.95% of 765 silica dust spots of geological prospecting occupation in 9 provinces(autonomous regions) were beyond the criteria. The profession and work type of the highest dust concentration was chiseling and sampling of geological prospecting [from 1996-2000, the dust concentration was (6.15 +/- 3.12) mg/m3]. The ratio of respirable dust to total dust was high in geological prospecting workers. The FSiO2 contentin dust to which geological prospecting workers exposed was high too. CONCLUSIONS: The respirable dust concentration of some types of work in geological prospecting occupation was obviously higher than the national criteria, especially in chiseling, sampling and drilling workers.

Dust↗

PubMed1986

Health professions: the origin of species.

Specialization is an important feature of post-World War II health sector development. Its value is indisputable. On the other hand, unchecked specialization also brings problems, notably of cost escalation and service profile twisting. To exploit the potentials of highly specialized medicine without neglecting the everyday problems that constitute the bulk of medicine, one needs a carefully constructed policy. To design such a policy, one needs, among other things, to understand the whys and hows of specialization. This reports discusses three different approaches to the understanding of the process of specialization: the sociological (S is a reflection of the selfish interests of the professions), the medical (S is the natural response to scientific and technological progress), and the economic (S is a result of increased market demand). Much is to be said in favour of the sociological explanation. Occupational groups do pursue interests of their own, centering on the construction and defence of job monopolies. The histories of the professions readily lend themselves to this kind of interpretation, and its gives, beyond doubt, valuable insight into the ways in which occupational groups relate to each other, to clients and to the surrounding society. This report, however, argues that the sociology of the professions is largely concerned with phenomena secondary to the process of specialization. It explains the behaviour of occupational groups, once they have been established. It does not, however, explain why they came into being in the first place. For that purpose, the perspective of medicine and, in particular, that of economy, may be more suitable. I support this position by data on the specialization of the health service system of Norway.

Delivery of Health Care↗

PubMed1978

Progress toward development of a general model for competence definition in health professions.

For the past three years a team of educational evaluators and health professionals has worked on development of (1) definitions of competence in occupational therapy, clinical dietetics and medical technology, and (2) associated prototype assessment instruments. This study has also involved an effort to develop a research methodology for pursuing similar investigations in other fields. That methodology, the Professional Performance Situation Model, proved appropriate for occupational therapy. A second application with clinical dietetics brough a number of significant modifications which support the view that PPSM is a valid special model for direct patient contact health professions. The third application, with medical technology, is intended to extend PPSM as a general model for competence definition in health professions. This article concentrates on the application of PPSM in clinical dietetics. It is argued that evidence for the feasibility and validity of PPSM is sufficient to justify confidence in the methodology. Completion of the next phase of development promises to support the authors' contention that they have developed a general paradigm for competence definition and assessment in all health professions.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed1998

The national occupational therapy practice analysis: findings and implications for competence.

OBJECTIVE: This article reports some of the findings from a national study of occupational therapy practice conducted by the National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy (NBCOT) as part of its fiduciary responsibility to ensure that its entry-level certification examination is formulated on the basis of current practice. METHOD: The NBCOT developed a survey with input from approximately 200 occupational therapy leaders and then used it to solicit information about current practice from 4,000 occupational therapists and 3,000 occupational therapy assistants. The sample included geographical location, experience level, and practice area distributions. RESULTS: Approximately 50% of the sample responded to the survey. Data indicate similarities and differences in occupational therapist and occupational therapy assistant practice (e.g., occupational therapists spend more time conducting evaluations, planning interventions, and supervising, whereas occupational therapy assistants spend more time providing interventions), an increased emphasis on population-based services (e.g., serving a business or industry rather than an individual worker), and an emphasis on occupation as a core knowledge base for practice. From a continuing competency perspective, the data can be useful to the profession; we can plan continuing education to address topics that practitioners have indicated are critical to their practice. CONCLUSION: The findings will be useful for revising the entry-level certification examination and may guide thinking about the parameters of continuing competence because the responses represent a cross-section of the profession.

Certification↗

PubMed1996

Latex allergy. Review of 44 cases including outcome and frequent association with allergic hand eczema.

BACKGROUND AND DESIGN: Latex allergy is a type I reaction to natural rubber latex (NRL) proteins with clinical manifestations ranging from contact urticaria to fatal anaphylaxis. Previous US studies on NRL allergy have largely been reported by allergists with little detailed information on concomitant hand eczema, contact allergy, or on outcome. The charts of all patients with latex allergy seen between 1980 and 1994 in a dermatology department are reported with results of history; prick, scratch, wear, and patch tests; latex radioallergosorbent test; and follow-up questionnaire. RESULTS: There were 44 patients (37 female) with NRL allergy; 34 of whom had atopy. In 38 it was occupationally related, with all but two in health-related professions. Of the six nonoccupational cases, three had spina bifida. Twenty-nine had local skin reactions of urticaria and/or pruritus; seven, anaphylaxis; and eight, contact urticaria with other systemic symptoms. The diagnosis was based on a positive prick or scratch test to NRL in 37 cases, a class 2 or greater latex radioallergosorbent test in five cases, and strongly positive wear test results to an NRL glove in two cases. Thirty-six patients had hand eczema, with 26 having relevant positive patch test results that included glutaraldehyde, latex and vinyl gloves, and rubber chemicals. Follow-up revealed one patient quit work and eight changed jobs or tasks because of NRL allergy, 33 of 39 continued to have symptoms at work, and 12 had lost work time because of latex allergy symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Latex allergy was frequently seen in health care or dental workers, which was frequently associated with systemic symptoms, hand eczema, and allergic contact dermatitis. Most continue to work, but remained symptomatic. Patients with NRL allergy should be provided information on nonlatex devices and latex avoidance in medical, dental, and occupational settings. Low-NRL allergen gloves should be worn by coworkers of health care workers with NRL allergy.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The "Freiburg Spinal Study"--epidemiology of occupationally-induced spinal diseases of health care employees in Germany].

Musculoskeletal diseases are very common in modern societies. As several international investigations have shown that the etiology of these diseases is correlated with working conditions in some professions. With financial subsidy by the German insurance company for the regulation and compensation of occupational diseases in the health care sector (BGW), we investigated in 6 different projects the possible relation of working conditions and musculoskeletal diseases among health care professionals, esp. nurses. Our contribution describes the design of the different sub-projects and presents some results. The summarising discussion points out that there was a strong tendency in all sub-projects to confirm the hypothesis that nurses run a significantly higher risk to suffer from work-related musculoskeletal diseases and disorders. The results of the sub-project "cohort study in nursing pupils" support this hypothesis. The results do not only supply important background information for the process of compensating occupational diseases in this field but also indicate a tremendous personal and structural need for more and better prevention.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

[Stressors in health occupations. Do females have a greater health risk?].

Stressors and health risks in medical professions are still largely ignored. A survey on different studies in nurses, students, doctors and dentists by this author is compared to results of other authors. Special attention is given to role-strain and health risks of women in health jobs. In nursing attention and care for patients is the most important stressor, followed by team conflicts, insecurity, lack of autonomy, workload and authority conflicts. Burnout is the most important shortterm health risk, longterm consequences are scarcely researched. Where direct comparison was studied nurses named higher stress values than doctors. The stressors mentioned by the latter concern great responsibility and decision-making under time pressure, workload, increasing criticism by the public combined with a demanding attitude. Female doctors in addition complain about the strain of emergency services. They especially suffer from the role-strain between job stressors and family responsibilities. Early signs of this stress combination can already be found in female students, but the whole career of female doctors is marked by it. Overall mortality of doctors decreased during the last decade when compared with the general population, but is still worse than that of other professionals of comparable education. Especially suicide-rates are high, for males 2-3 times, for females even 5-6 times that of the general population. This may be explained by a high toll of psychiatric diseases, particularly addiction and depression. All these facts are surprisingly little observed and reflected by the medical community when compared with increasing preventive activities in other job situations.

Female↗

PubMed1982